跨文化交際-黑龍江大學(xué)-崔常亮老師-chapter2CommunicationandInternat

Chapter2Communicationand1/46AnidiomHumanbeingsdrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature,buthabitsandcustomskeepthemapart.

Confucius2/46Learning

objectives:Chapter3Communication1.Toknowdifferentdefinitionsandcomponentsofcommunication2.Toidentifythecharacteristicsofcommunication3.Toknowtherelationshipbetweencultureandcommunication4.Toknowthedefinitionandthefourformsofinterculturalcommunication.3/46ChapterOutlineCommunicationandInterculturalCommunicationCommunicationCultureandCommunicationInterculturalCommunicationCommunicationDefinedComponentsofCommunicationInterculturalCommunicationDefinedFormsofInterculturalCommunicationCharacteristicsofCommunicationDynamicSystemicSymbolicIrreversibleTransactionalSelf-reflectiveContextual4/46PartIBackground&Lead-in(10mins)5/46Lead-inCase:

SheHasThreeHandsI.Readthecaseandretellthestory.

1.aChinesedoctor,apatientandaphysiotherapist2.“Whotookmypeanutbutter?”3.TheChinesewomanfeltaccused.4.Thepatientfeltpainandcried“ouch!”6/46“Oh,Ididn’tdothat,”saidthephysiotherapist.“Itwasthatdoctoroverthere,”andhepointedtotheChinesewoman.“Howcouldshehavedoneitsinceshe’sontheothersideoftheroom?”thepatientpointedout.“Ah,shehasthreehands.”thephysiotherapistreplied.

angry7/46PartIIBody(40min-50min)8/46Thedefinitionofcommunication

Componentsofcommunication

Chapter3CommunicationTextACommunication9/46COMMUNICATION.CommunicationisderivedfromtheLatinword‘communicare’,meaningtosharewithortomakecommon,sowhenwecommunicateweshareourthoughts,hopes,andknowledgewithothers.10/46WesternPerspectiveofcommunicationEasternperspectiveofcommunicationThedefinitionofcommunication

Chapter3Communication11/46WesternPerspectiveofcommunication(西方人觀點(diǎn)）

Inwesterncultures,communicationisstudiedasthe

meansoftransmittingideas.Westernculturesemphasizetheinstrumentalfunctionofcommunication;thatis,effectivenessisevaluatedintermsofsuccessinthemanipulationofotherstoachieveone’spersonalgoal.Chapter3Communication12/46Easternperspectiveofcommunication（東方人觀點(diǎn)）

DefinitionsofcommunicationfrommanyAsiancountriesstressharmony,whichismostnotableincultureswithaConfuciantradition.Easterncultures’understandingwoulddefinecommunicationasaprocesswhereallpartiesaresearchingtodevelopandmaintainasocialrelationship.Chapter3Communication13/462.Componentsofcommunication

Asender/sourceisthepersonwhotransmitsamessage.

Amessageisanysignalthattriggerstheresponseofareceiver.

Encodingreferstotheactivityduringwhichthesendermustchoosecertainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendanintentionalmessage.

Chapter3CommunicationEncoding

（編碼）Channel/Medium（渠道）Channel/Medium

isthemethodusedtodeliveramessage.Message（信息）Sender/Source（信息源）14/46Decoding（解碼）Decodingistheactivityduringwhichthereceiverattachesmeaningtothewordsorsymbolshe/shehasreceived.Receiver（信息接收者）Areceiverisanypersonwhonoticesandgivessomemeaningtoamessage.Feedback（反饋）Theresponseofareceivertoasender’smessageiscalledfeedback.

Noise（干擾）Noiseisatermusedforfactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages,includingexternalnoise，physiologicalnoise,psychologicalnoiseandsemanticnoise.Noiseisinevitable.15/46(1)External

Noise

Soundsthatdistractcommunicators:voicesinthenextroom;annoyingringofsomeone’scellphoneinameeting;etc.Othertypesofexternalnoisethatdon’tinvolvesound:anovercrowdedroomorasmellycigar(2)PhysiologicalNoise

illnessesanddisabilities(3)PsychologicalNoiseforceswiththesenderorreceiverthatinterferewithunderstanding:egotism;hostility;preoccupation;fear;etc.(4)SemanticNoisecausedbyusing

differentlanguages;theuseofjargon;differentunderstandingofthemessagedelivered;etc.16/46THECOMMUNICATIONPROCESS

17/46Classactivity

Chapter3Communication

PictureAnalysisWhatarethecomponentsofcommunicationreflectedinthefollowingpicture?18/46TextB

CharacteristicsofCommunication

19/46Pre-readingTask:Teacher:Whocanguesswhatitis—asmallanimalwithfourlegsthatpeopleoftenkeepasapetandcancatchmiceeasily?20/46Communicationisdynamic（動(dòng)態(tài)）Communicationisanongoingactivity.Itisnotfixed.Awordoractiondoesnotstayfrozenwhenyoucommunicate;itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanotherwordoraction.

21/46b.Communicationissystematic（系統(tǒng)性）Communicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargersystem.Wesendandreceivemessagesnotinisolation,butinaspecificsetting.Settingandenvironmenthelpdeterminethewordsandactionswegenerate.Dress,language,topicselection,andthelikearealladaptedtocontext.

22/46c.Communicationissymbolic（符號(hào)性）Symbolsarecentraltothecommunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthatarecommunicated.Asymbol

isaword,action,orobjectthatstandsfororrepresentsaunitofmeaning.People'sbehaviorsarefrequentlyinterpretedsymbolically,asanexternalrepresentationoffeelings,emotions,andinternalstates.23/46d.Communicationisirreversible

（不可逆轉(zhuǎn)）Communicationisanirreversibleprocess.Wecanneverundowhathasalreadybeendone.Althoughwemaytrytoqualify,negate,orsomehowreducetheeffectsofourmessage,onceithasbeensentandreceived,themessageitselfcannotbereversed.24/46e.Communicationistransactional

（交互式）Atransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversations.25/46f.Communicationisself-reflective（自?。〩umanbeingshaveauniqueabilitytothinkaboutthemselves,towatchhowtheydefinetheworld,andtoreflectontheirpast,present,andfuture.26/46g.Communicationiscontextual

（情境）Allcommunicationtakesplacewithinasettingorsituationcalledacontext.Bycontext,wemeantheplacewherepeoplemeet,thesocialpurposeforbeingtogether,andthenatureoftherelationship.Thusthecontextincludesthephysical,social,andinterpersonalsettings.27/46TextC28/46ACTIVITY:GESTURES/FACIALEXPRESSIONSAREDETERMINEDBYCULTURE29/46CULTUREANDCOMMUNICATION

Therelationshipbetweencommunicationandculture:Communicationandculturearetwosynonymoustermsandtheyareinseparable.Cultureislearned,actedout,transmitted,andpreservedthroughcommunication.Cultureinherentlycontaincommunicationsystems.30/46Therelationshipbetweencultureandcommunicationiscomparedtotherelationshipbetweenamapandajourney.Howdoyouunderstandandinterpretthissimile?Answer:Culturesareboththemapsofaplace(therulesandconventions)andthejourneysthattakeplacethere(actualpractices).31/46Thewaycultureaffectscommunicationstyle:Eachcultureencouragesaparticularcommunicationstyleexpectedwithinit.Thisimpliesnotonlyusingcorrectsymbols,butalsoapplyingtheappropriatecommunicationstylefortheoccasion.Communicationstylesincludemannerisms,phrases,ritualsandcommunicationcustomsappropriateforvarioussituationsinaculture.Areaslikeloudness,pitch,rate,andcertainstancesandgesturescharacterizecommunicationbehaviors.Aspecificcultureexpectsan“ideal”communicationstyle.32/46InterculturalcommunicationdefinedTextDInterculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionandsymbolsystemaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.33/46FormsofInterculturalcommunicationa.InternationalCommunication（國(guó)際交流）b.

InterethnicCommunication（跨種族交際）c.InterracialCommunication（跨民族交際）d.

intraculturalCommunication

（文化內(nèi)交際）34/46Internationalcommunication（國(guó)際交流）InternationalcommunicationtakesplacebetweenNationsandgovernmentsratherthanindividuals;itisquiteformalandritualized(儀式化).UnitedNationsConference35/46Interracialcommunication跨種族交際Interracialcommunicationoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraces.36/46Interethniccommunication（跨民族交際）Interethniccommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeopleofthesameracebutdifferentethnicbackgrounds.37/4638/46Intraculturalcommunication文化內(nèi)交際Itisdefinedascommunicationbetweenoramongmembersofthesameculture.

39/46PartIIITask(atleast10min)40/46PleasematchColumnAwithColumnB.ColumnA

ColumnB1.externalnoiseA.speakinggrammarthatthedecodercannotunderstand2.physiologicalnoiseB.nervousnessaboutapublicspeech3.psychologicalnoiseC.aseriouscold4.semanticnoiseD.apersonspeakingoverthephoneloudly41/46ComponentsofCommunicationsenderencodingcontextreceiverdecodingfeedbackc