園林水景營(yíng)建

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現(xiàn)代園林中水景工程的作用及其特點(diǎn)

1

摘要

水是大自然中最活躍的元素，是聯(lián)系人類與自然的橋梁，在人工環(huán)境中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。文章討論了園林水景的基本概念、基本特征和功能作用，分析了水體景觀的進(jìn)展。針對(duì)水體的特征及功能提誕生態(tài)性、文化性的水體景觀特色。基于理論討論基礎(chǔ)，結(jié)合現(xiàn)實(shí)園林工程，探討水體景觀的存在問題并提出合理性建議和措施。關(guān)鍵詞：水景工程特性分類景觀效應(yīng)

2

名目

1前言····································································································1

1.1討論背景····················································································1

1.2討論目的和意義·········································································12現(xiàn)代園林中水景工程的內(nèi)容······························································2

2.1現(xiàn)代園林中水景工程的組成······················································2

2.2主要水景工程的分類·································································2

2.2.1城市水系規(guī)劃····································································2

2.2.2依水景觀的水景工程·······················································2

2.2.3臨水駁岸、護(hù)坡和水池工程·············································3

2.2.4水景工程中的動(dòng)植物配置················································43現(xiàn)代園林水景應(yīng)當(dāng)具備的特色··························································4

3.1形——靜態(tài)水面劃分·································································4

3.2聲——水聲再造·········································································4

3.3光影因借·····················································································5

3.3.1倒影成雙············································································5

3.3.2借景虛幻············································································5

3.3.3優(yōu)化畫面············································································5

3.3.4逆光剪影············································································5

3.3.5動(dòng)靜相隨············································································54當(dāng)前水景工程存在的主要問題·························································5

4.1規(guī)劃布局不合理，脫離地方城市特色·····································5

4.2民眾對(duì)水景工程的作用熟悉不深，愛護(hù)意識(shí)有待提高··········6

4.3水邊的硬質(zhì)護(hù)岸，減弱了水體的自凈力量·····························6

4.4部分雨水收集和排放工程，起到適得其反的作用··················6

4.5水體中生物單一，水體自凈力量差··········································65措施和建議··························································································6

5.1樹立科學(xué)的進(jìn)展觀，進(jìn)行合理的規(guī)劃和布局·························6

5.2加強(qiáng)宣揚(yáng)和立法，規(guī)范完善法律體系·····································7

5.3整治和改造一些舊的水景工程體系·········································7

5.4完善園林中的雨水收集和排放系統(tǒng)·········································7

5.5努力營(yíng)造水中生物的多樣性·····················································7

5.6加快濕地的開發(fā)建設(shè)，做好與大水體的溝通·························7

5.7加強(qiáng)水景工程的綜合管理························································86總結(jié)·····································································································8后記·······································································錯(cuò)誤！未定義書簽。參考文獻(xiàn)································································································93

1前言

水，作為一種自然要素，在開發(fā)建設(shè)吞噬的都市空間，有其獨(dú)特魅力。有了水，空間就有了靈性。經(jīng)過設(shè)計(jì)的人工水景相比于自然水景更具有空間氛圍，更適合于玩賞，還具有平安、易于掌握的優(yōu)勢(shì)。繼“綠化熱”之后的“水景熱”給人們供應(yīng)了一個(gè)全新的環(huán)境概念觀。回歸自然，返樸歸真正成為現(xiàn)代人生活的時(shí)尚。

1.1討論背景

隨著現(xiàn)代環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)的興起，水景開頭強(qiáng)調(diào)人的參加性，最大程度地滿意人們對(duì)水親近的心理．水景從單一裝飾、美化的功能加入了休閑、消遣等富有人性化的設(shè)計(jì)。跌水、水幕、音樂噴泉等等一些新的形式開頭大量消失。同時(shí)水景的表現(xiàn)形式也受到現(xiàn)代審美觀念的影響而產(chǎn)生很大的變化，尤其是建筑藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域的象征主義、抽象主義、表現(xiàn)主義、將來主義，以及立體主義、解構(gòu)主義等等。這些流派的消失與興起，轉(zhuǎn)變了人們基于古典主義抱負(fù)的審美概念。許多新奇的表現(xiàn)形式開頭消失在水景設(shè)計(jì)中。同時(shí)隨著材料學(xué)、工程學(xué)、動(dòng)力學(xué)、自動(dòng)化掌握等學(xué)科的進(jìn)展，為水景的營(yíng)建與應(yīng)用制造了更加便利的技術(shù)條件，水體的造型手段也更加豐富與多變，施工也更加便利快捷。

城市的進(jìn)展與環(huán)境景觀的空前富強(qiáng)，水景工程的設(shè)計(jì)與應(yīng)用更加廣泛?，F(xiàn)在的水景已不僅限于：水景園、公園或私家庭園，而是以各種形式消失在城市的各個(gè)角落，成為城市空間中亮麗而又布滿生命力的元素?，F(xiàn)代城市水景的表現(xiàn)形式以及設(shè)計(jì)觀念都大大超出了以往水景的范圍，水景的營(yíng)建也不再是簡(jiǎn)潔地考慮一池一塘的問題，人們已經(jīng)熟悉到現(xiàn)代城市水景的運(yùn)用不應(yīng)也不能再簡(jiǎn)潔照搬古典理水的手法，它應(yīng)當(dāng)是對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的繼承和發(fā)揚(yáng)和對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的超越與變革。城市公共空間水景設(shè)計(jì)需要更多地考慮到整體大環(huán)境、大空間的特征、風(fēng)格、情感表達(dá)以及景觀可持續(xù)性進(jìn)展的要求，以使水景能充分發(fā)揮美化環(huán)境的作用，更多地與現(xiàn)代城市的進(jìn)展節(jié)奏、人的思想意識(shí)、可持續(xù)進(jìn)展的生態(tài)理念、當(dāng)代藝術(shù)的進(jìn)展特點(diǎn)親密相關(guān)。

1.2討論目的和意義

我國(guó)的水景建設(shè)在近些年取得了很大的進(jìn)步，水的造型力量及應(yīng)用已是傳統(tǒng)古典園林所無法比擬的。形式豐富了，應(yīng)用敏捷了，但問題也消失了。首先，有些地方一味追求大（氣概大、規(guī)模大、場(chǎng)面大），結(jié)果許多水景卻因后期昂揚(yáng)的管理費(fèi)與運(yùn)作費(fèi)而運(yùn)行不了幾次，便成了枯燥的擺設(shè)，不僅沒有起到美化作用，反而成了藏污納垢的場(chǎng)所，這樣的水景缺乏社會(huì)價(jià)值；其次，設(shè)計(jì)形式單調(diào)，藝術(shù)內(nèi)涵不夠，尤其不能滿意當(dāng)今人們的審美要求，并且沒有持續(xù)欣賞的生命力，這樣的水景缺乏美學(xué)價(jià)值；再次，有些設(shè)計(jì)者缺乏充分的想象力和足夠的文化底蘊(yùn)，沒有成熟而又獨(dú)特的設(shè)計(jì)理念，只會(huì)照搬照抄，學(xué)了形式卻沒能得到神韻，消失了一些與環(huán)境不協(xié)調(diào)，而且造成了大量的水資源鋪張，對(duì)周邊的生態(tài)環(huán)境造成了破壞，這樣的水景缺乏生態(tài)價(jià)值。這些無疑都是中國(guó)現(xiàn)代水景進(jìn)展中的憾事。這可能也是高速進(jìn)展的城市建設(shè)不行避開的階段。1

2現(xiàn)代園林中水景工程的內(nèi)容

2.1現(xiàn)代園林中水景工程的組成

水是現(xiàn)代園林水景工程的靈魂，景因水而得名，水借景而生輝。正是由于水所具有的聚散、動(dòng)靜、滲透、蒸發(fā)等特性，才給予現(xiàn)代園林的水景工程具有“水型美”、“動(dòng)靜美”、“水聲美”和“噴射美”的特色，使園林更增加迷人的魅力。

水景工程包括城市水系規(guī)劃、小型水閘、駁岸、護(hù)坡、水池和相應(yīng)的園林建筑、園林小品及與之相配套的植物配置等。從理論上對(duì)中國(guó)現(xiàn)代園林的水景工程進(jìn)行深化的分析和探討，并在實(shí)踐中加以論證，具有特別重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。

2.2主要水景工程的分類

2.2.1城市水系規(guī)劃

城市水系規(guī)劃是水景工程的重要組成部分，城市園林水體又是城市水系的一部分。進(jìn)行城市綠地規(guī)劃和有水體的公園設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)都要收集、了解和踏查城市水系現(xiàn)狀與水系規(guī)劃。城市用地的水系是難得的自然風(fēng)景資源，也是城市生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量的要素，應(yīng)當(dāng)大力愛護(hù)城市現(xiàn)有的自然?水體，在愛護(hù)的前提下加以開發(fā)利用。布置水景的要領(lǐng)首先是“疏源之去由，察水之來歷”[2]，水有源、流、派和歸宿。園林中的水景是城市水體的一部分，要著眼于局部與整體的關(guān)系，并兼顧交通航運(yùn)、消防平安、防洪蓄水、生產(chǎn)生活用水以及巡游觀光和城市綠化等多項(xiàng)功能。綜合各功能要素，科學(xué)規(guī)劃，合理布局。城市水系規(guī)劃為各段水體確定了一些水工掌握數(shù)據(jù)，同時(shí)也劃定了各段水體的主要功能。依據(jù)這些數(shù)據(jù)來進(jìn)一步確定園林進(jìn)水、出水口的設(shè)施和水位，使園林內(nèi)的水體務(wù)必完成城市水系規(guī)劃所給予的功能，并達(dá)到園林水景工程的需求。

2.2.2依水景觀的水景工程

依水景觀的水景工程是園林水景中的一個(gè)重要組成部分，由于水的特別性，打算了依水景觀水景工程的異樣性。在探討其審美特性時(shí)，要充分把握水的特性及與之的關(guān)系，利用水體豐富的變化形式，可形成各具特色的水景工程，如園林小品中亭