人工智能對知識產(chǎn)權(quán)法律及實踐的影響

AI

and

legal

techAI

IMPACT

ON

IP

LAW

AND

PRACTICE人工智能對知識產(chǎn)權(quán)法律及實踐的影響Associate

Professor

Frantzeska

PapadopoulouFrantzeska

Papadopoulou副教授Stockholm

University斯德哥爾摩大學(xué)AI;

is

it

really

an

issue

for

lawyers?人工智能：是否真的跟律師有關(guān)？It

changes

the

way

people

makebusiness

–

and

it

is

a

hot

businessitself人工智能改變了商業(yè)，而且其本身也是熱門的商業(yè)方向AI

raises

a

number

of

legal

concerns人工智能也產(chǎn)生了多個法律關(guān)切點It

also

changes/will

change

the

waylawyers

work人工智能還改變了／將改變律師的工作方式The

technologyTECHNOLOGY技術(shù)AI;

a

historical

perspective人工智能；歷史視角1997

IBMsupercomputer

Deep

Blue(beats

chess

master

Garry

Kasparov)1997年，IBM超級計算機“深藍(lán)”（打敗國際象棋大師加里·卡斯帕羅夫）2002

First

household

robot

introduced

(vacuum

cleanercalled

Rumba)2002年，第一臺家用機器人（“倫巴”真空吸塵器）2008

Google

introduces

speech

recognition2008年，谷歌引入語音識別技術(shù)2010Microsoft

Xboxlaunches

Kinect

tracking

human

body

movement

in

their

video

game

devices2010年，微軟Xbox在游戲設(shè)備中上線Kinect體感跟蹤功能2011

Apple

releases

Siri.

IBM

Watson

computer

beats

champions

of

TV

game

showJeopardy2011年，蘋果發(fā)布Siri；IBM“沃森”打敗智力問答競賽節(jié)目《危險邊緣》冠軍2012

Autonomous

vehicles,

access

to

bigdata

etc2012年，自動駕駛汽車、大數(shù)據(jù)訪問等THE

MARKET市場The

market

and

value

市場與價值340.000

patented

inventions

since

2013

(WIPO)根據(jù)世界知識產(chǎn)權(quán)組織統(tǒng)計，人工智能相關(guān)發(fā)明專利自2013年以來已注冊340,000項Gartner:

business

value

created

by

AI

will

reach

$3-9

trillion

by

2022根據(jù)高德納數(shù)據(jù)，到2022年，人工智能創(chuàng)造的商業(yè)價值將達(dá)到3~9萬億美元Extensivecollaboration

between

private

sector

and

universities

and

the

race

to

be

firstbetween

innovation

groups校企合作廣泛，競爭首創(chuàng)A

number

of

industries

doing

business

in

another

way,

an

interesting

example:

the

artmarket一些行業(yè)實踐新模式。值得一提的案例：藝術(shù)市場An

example:the

art

market

舉例：藝術(shù)市場Chronicled:

Blockhain

techand

AIin

order

to

adress

the

issue

ofcounterfeiting

in

art

by

placing

amicrochip

–

when

scanned

it

will

givethe

authorship,

chain

of

ownersetc時序記錄：使用區(qū)塊鏈和人工智能

技術(shù)，解決藝術(shù)品仿冒問題。置入

微芯片，掃描后可顯示藝術(shù)品作者、所有人歷史記錄等信息。The

art

market

藝術(shù)市場The

Next

Rembrandt!下一個倫勃朗！Can

the

master

be

brought

backtocreate

one

more

painting?能讓大師復(fù)活，再創(chuàng)作一幅作品嗎？Algorithmic

creation

–

GAN算法創(chuàng)造－生成對抗網(wǎng)絡(luò)Exhibition

”Faceless

portraits

technology

”

exposed

inNYC

inearly2019

is

a

collaboration

between

anartificialintelligence

programme

(AICAN)

and

itscreator

Dr

Ahmed

Elgammal

(who

until

then

was

asoftware

researcher

and

not

an

artist.)

Works

of

artare

produced

based

on

the

stored3000

Renaissanceportraits,

allowing

howeverfor

the

expression

of

theevolution

of

the

art)2019年初在紐約展出的“無名肖像技術(shù)”，是AI程序（AICAN）與其創(chuàng)造者AhmedElgammal博士（當(dāng)時他仍是軟件技術(shù)研究員，并非藝術(shù)家）的合作成果。所生成作品以數(shù)據(jù)庫中存儲的3000幅文藝復(fù)興時期肖像為基礎(chǔ)，但允許對藝術(shù)演變過程的表達(dá)。The

art

market

藝術(shù)市場THE

LAW

AND

LEGAL

TECH法律與法律技術(shù)IP-related

issues

in

AI人工智能中的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)相關(guān)問題Patentability

of

AI-inventions

(see

EPO

updated

guidelines)人工智能發(fā)明的可專利性（見歐洲專利局新指南）Inventorship/authorship發(fā)明人／作者AI

as

an

author?

Machine

learning

can

in

fact

develop

itsown

code.人工智能是作者嗎？機器學(xué)習(xí)事實上能夠開發(fā)自己的代碼。AI

opening

up

for

even

broader

participation

of

users/recipients

in

the

creative

process

(see

forinstance

Netflix

smash

hit

Stranger

Things,

based

on

users

searching

for

its

core

themes

throughits

algorithm…)人工智能讓更多的用戶／接收者參與創(chuàng)作過程（如Netflix爆款電視劇《怪奇物語》就是通過算法，基于用戶對核心主題關(guān)鍵詞的搜索記錄而創(chuàng)作的）Liability

of

AI

applications人工智能應(yīng)用的責(zé)任歸屬AI

as

a

tool

for

IP

laywers人工智能作為知識產(chǎn)權(quán)律師的工具Do

we

really

need

help?

(see

Boolean

search

features

of

LexisNexis

and

Westlaw)我們真的需要幫助嗎?（見律商聯(lián)訊和萬律兩個法律數(shù)據(jù)庫的布爾搜索特征）Repeatable

results

possible

(time,

fatigue

not

an

issue)能產(chǎn)生可復(fù)驗的結(jié)果（時間消耗、人員疲勞不再是問題）The

questions

we

can

pose

to

AI

nowadays

are

more

and

more

complex

andqualified現(xiàn)在，我們能夠向人工智能提出的問題越來越復(fù)雜、專業(yè)We

do

not

always

ask

AI

because

it

is

faster…it

isoften

much

more

correct

thanhumans我們并不總是因為速度快而訴諸人工智能……而往往是因為它比人類更準(zhǔn)確Current

AI

trends

當(dāng)前人工智能的趨勢Due

diligence

(uncover

background

information)盡職調(diào)查（揭示背景信息）Legal

analytics

(data

from

past

case

law,

judge’s

history

to

showtrends/partners)法律分析（根據(jù)判例和法官既往判決資料，揭示趨勢／人物關(guān)系）Document

automation文檔自動化Intellectual

Property

search

and

management知識產(chǎn)權(quán)搜索與管理Due

diligence

盡職調(diào)查eBrevia

-

AI

extracting

relevant

textual

datafrom

legal

contracts

and

other

documents

–

50documents

in

less

than

a

minuteeBrevia-通過人工智能，從法律合同和其他文檔中提出相關(guān)文本數(shù)據(jù)：一分鐘不到，便可處理50份文件JPMorgan

-

COIN

(Contract

Intelligence)extracts

150

attributes

from

12000

commercial

agreementsin

only

a

few

seconds

(what

would

require

approximately

36000

hours

oflegal

work)摩根大通-COIN（合約情報系統(tǒng)）只需幾秒鐘，就能從12000份商業(yè)協(xié)議中提取150個屬性（約等于36000小時法務(wù)人工工作量）ThoughtRiver:

can

even

alarm

for

risky

contractsimmediatelyThoughtRiver:甚至可以立即針對風(fēng)險合同發(fā)出警報Legal

Robot:

scorecontracts

based

on

language

complexity,

legal

phrasing

and

enforceabilityLegal

Robot：基于語言復(fù)雜度、法律措辭和可執(zhí)行性對合同進行打分Legal

analytics

法律分析Casetext

(allow

laywers

to

forecastan

opposing

counsel’s

arguments

by

finding

opinions

that

werepreviously

used

by

lawyersCasetext（一方律師通過尋找其他律師的過往主張，預(yù)測對方律師會采用的論點與論據(jù)）Loom:

judge

rulings

to

track

trendsLoom：根據(jù)法官的判決追蹤趨勢Lex

Machina

(statistics

on

time

to

trial,

likelihood

that

a

certain

party

or

attorney

will

settle

the

case)Lex

Machina（庭審前所需時間、某當(dāng)事方或者其代理律師庭外和解的概率等統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)）Project

Debaser

AI

designed

to

make

coherent

arguments

against

a

human

opponentProject

Debaser（能與人類對手辯論、作出連貫論述的人工智能系統(tǒng)）American

Law

Professor,

Daniel

Martin

Katz

created

an

algorithmwith

the

objective

of

predictingoutcomes

in

the

SupremeCourt

(in

fact

went

through7700

cases

from

1953-2013

and

was

right

in

70%of

the

cases)美國法學(xué)教授Daniel

Martin

Katz開發(fā)了用于預(yù)測美國最高法審判結(jié)果的算法（針對1953~2013年的7700個案件，該算法準(zhǔn)確率達(dá)到70%）IP

知識產(chǎn)權(quán)WIPO

database

for

trademark

search世界知識產(chǎn)權(quán)組織商標(biāo)檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫EUIPO

search

functions歐盟知識產(chǎn)權(quán)局檢索功能SmartShell:

generates

draft

responses

to

USPTO

officeactions

based

on

the

officeaction,claims

andapplication

(it

also

produces

legal

and

technical

arguments

in

response

to

grounds

of

rejection)SmartShell：基于美國專利及商標(biāo)局各個辦事處的行動、主張和應(yīng)用，產(chǎn)生針對其行動的初步應(yīng)對方案（也針對其駁回理由，生成法律和技術(shù)性論述）TransPerfect

(AI

in

translation

based

on

artificial

neural

networks)TransPerfect（基于人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的AI翻譯）TrademarkNow:

Trademark

search(similarity,

creating

new

names)TrademarkNow：商標(biāo)檢索（近似性、新商標(biāo)創(chuàng)意）Patent

search/prior

artsearch

(see

also

recent

USPTO

initiative)專利檢索／前案檢索（另見近期美國專利及商標(biāo)局的行動計劃）TurboPatent:

automatically

generates

patent

applications

based

on

disclosures

provided

by

an

applicant(possibilityto

predict

possible

grounds

of

rejection)TurboPatent：基于申請人披露的信息，自動生成專利申請（可預(yù)測可能的駁回理由）AI

Limitations

人工智能的局限性AI

is

only

as

strong

as

its

algorithm

+

data

(AI

doeswhat

it

is

programmed

to

do)人工智能之優(yōu)勢全在于算法＋數(shù)據(jù)（人工智能系統(tǒng)按照事先編寫的程序運行）A

human

must

supervise

and

review

the

results(cannottrust

100%)人類必須監(jiān)督和審核人工智能的結(jié)果（不能100%信賴）

A

2019

MIT

studyconcerningtranslations:

humantranslations

stillmore

accurate

(the

AI

translations

arebest

when

a

couple

of

words

or

shot

phrases)2019年麻省理工學(xué)院針對翻譯開展的一項研究表明：人類翻譯依然更加準(zhǔn)確（在只有一兩個單詞或者短語的情況下，人工智能是最佳選擇）Oral

interaction(even

thoughthis

is

developing

aswell)口語會話交互（但相關(guān)技術(shù)也在發(fā)展之中）Will

it

influence

the

way

lawyers

work?人工智能會影響律師的工作方式嗎？In

a

Deloitte

study

from

2016

it

is

claimed

that

114.000

employmentsin

thelegal

sector

will

disappear

in

UK

in

a

20

years

period德勤在2016年的研究中聲稱，未來20年內(nèi)，英國法律業(yè)將減少114,000份工作崗位Richard

Susskind:

”In

10

years

time

if

you

were

to

look

at

the

top

20legal

providers

by

revenue,

half

will

be

non-lawyers”Richard

Susskind：“十年之后，按收入排名的前20家法律服務(wù)提供商中，有一半會是非傳統(tǒng)律所”AI

AND

EDUCATION人工智能與教育What

does

this

mean

for

us

educating

future

lawyers?對于我們培養(yǎng)未來的律師，這意味著什么？AI

will

continue

to

develop人工智能將繼續(xù)發(fā)展Critical

perspective

–

making

value

out

of

basic

legalservices關(guān)鍵視角：從基礎(chǔ)法律服務(wù)中產(chǎn)生價值Oral

advocacy口頭辯論Lawyers

will

be

better

informed律師的知情度會提高Clientswillbe

better

informed客戶的知情度也會提高More

complicated

analytical

skills更復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù)分析技能Negotiation

skills談判技能Monitor

AI

–

skills

in

AI

necessary監(jiān)控人工智能：有必要培養(yǎng)人工智能領(lǐng)域的技能Lawyers:

analytical,

strategic

management,

risk

ma