新概念英語第一冊語法精粹

一．

時態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時，現(xiàn)在進行時，一般過去時，現(xiàn)在完成時，一般將來時，過去進行時，過去完成時，過去將來時1.一般現(xiàn)在時表示一般性，經(jīng)常性的動作或一般性事實。含有be動詞的句子Heisateacher.Thegirlisverybeautiful.TimandJackarestudents.★變疑問句將be動詞移到句首Isheateacher?Isthegirlverybeautiful?AreTimandJackstudents?★變否認句在be動詞后面加notHeisnotateacher.Thegirlisnotverybeautiful.TimandJackarenotstudents.★肯定答復及否認答復Yes,heis.No,heisnot.Yes,sheis.No,sheisnot.Yes,theyare.No,theyarenot.不含有動詞的句子，即含有一般動詞的句子第三人稱單數(shù)及單數(shù)名詞Helikesbooks.Shelikeshim.Thedoglikesbones.★變疑問句在句首加does,動詞變?yōu)樵虳oeshelikebooks?Doesshelikehim?Doesthedoglikebones?★變否認句在主語及動詞之間加doesn’t,動詞變?yōu)樵虷edoesn’tlikebooks.Shedoesn’tlikehim.Thedogdoesn’tlikebones.★肯定答復及否認答復：Yes,hedoes.No,hedoesn’t.Yes,shedoes.No,shedoesn’tYes,itdoes.No,itdoesn’t.注意：第三人稱單數(shù)形式一般在動詞后面加S，不要和名詞復數(shù)混淆，變否認句或疑問句時名詞復數(shù)沒有任何變化。其他人稱及復數(shù)名詞Iwanttohaveabath.Wehavesomemeat.Thestudentslikesmartteachers.★變疑問句在句首加doDoyouwanttohaveabath?Dowehaveanymeat?Dothestudentslikesmartteachers?★變否認句在主語和動詞之間加don’t.Youdon’twanttohaveabath.Wedon’thaveanymeat.Thestudentsdon’tlikesmartteachers.★肯定答復及否認答復Yes,Ido.No,Idon’t.Yes,wedo.No,wedon’tYes,theydo.No,theydon’t.2.現(xiàn)在進行時表示現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作。構(gòu)成：主語＋be動詞＋動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞＋其它成分〔現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成見附錄〕Wearehavinglunch.Heisreadingabook.Thedogisrunningafteracat.Theboysareswimmingacrosstheriver.★變疑問句將be動詞移到句首Arewehavinglunch?Ishereadingabook?Isthedogrunningafteracat?Aretheboysswimmingacrosstheriver?★變否認句在be動詞后面加notWearenothavinglunch.Heisnotreadingabook.Thedogisnotrunningafteracat.Theboysareswimmingacrosstheriver.★特殊疑問句：what,which,how,where,who,etc.疑問詞＋動詞＋主語＋現(xiàn)在分詞Whatareyoudoing?Whatisshedoing?Whatisthedogdoing?(必背)沒有進行時的動詞表示狀態(tài)，思想，感情和感覺的動詞不能表示正在進行的動作1.表示感覺，感官的詞see,hear,like,love,want,2.have,has當”擁有”講時沒有進行時3.一般過去時表示過去發(fā)生的動作或事件，常和表示過去的時間狀語連用，如yesterday,lastnight,thedaybeforeyesterday,3daysago,含有be動詞的句子，將動詞變?yōu)檫^去式，am,is的過去式為was，are的過去式為wereIwasatthebutcher’s.Youwereastudentayearago.Theteacherwasverybeautifultenyearsago.★變疑問句將be動詞移動到句首Wereyouatthebutcher’s?Wereyouastudentayearago?Wastheteacherverybeautifultenyearsago?★變否認句在be動詞后面加notIwasnotatthebutcher’s.Youwerenotastudentayearago.Theteacherwasnotverybeautifultenyearsago.★肯定答復否認答復Yes,Iwas.No,Iwasnot.Yes,youwere.No,youwerenot.Yes,he/shewas.No,he/shewasnot.★特殊疑問句：Whatdidyoudo?(必背)不含有be動詞的句子，將動詞變?yōu)檫^去式，動詞過去式構(gòu)成見附錄Ifinishedmyhomeworkyesterday.Theboywenttoarestaurant.TheSawyerslivedatKingStreetayearago.★變疑問句在句首加did，動詞變?yōu)樵虳idyoufinishyourhomeworkyesterday?Didtheboygotoarestaurant?DidtheSawyersliveatKingStreetayearago?★變否認句在主語和動詞之間加didnotIdidnotfinishmyhomeworkyesterday.Theboydidnotgotoarestaurant.TheSawyersdidnotliveatKingStreetayearago.★肯定答復及否認答復Yes,Idid.No,Ididn’t.Yes,hedid.No,hedidn’t.Yes,theydid.No,theydidnot.4.現(xiàn)在完成時構(gòu)成：主語+助動詞have,has+過去分詞用法：1)

表示過去發(fā)生的和現(xiàn)在有某種聯(lián)系的動作，常和just,usually,already,since等時間副詞連用Ihavejusthadlunch.(飽了，不用再吃了)Hehashadacupoftea.〔不渴了，不用再喝〕Theyhavealreadyhadtheirholiday.〔不能再度假了〕Theboyhasalreadyreadthebook.〔已經(jīng)知道書的內(nèi)容了，不用再看了〕2)

詢問別人是否做過某事一般用現(xiàn)在完成時：Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?HaveyoubeentoBeijing?Haveheseenthefilm?3)

表示開始于過去并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作IhavelivedinBeijingfortwentyyears.Ihaveworkedforthisschoolfor1year.4)

表示一種經(jīng)歷，經(jīng)驗：去過…地方，做過…事情，經(jīng)歷過…事情Ihaveneverhadabath.Ihaveneverseenafilm.Ihaveneverbeentocinema.IhaveeverbeentoParis.Havebeento表示去過，havegoneto表示去了IhavebeentoLondon.(人已經(jīng)回來)HehasgonetoLondon.〔人還在那里〕5)

表示一種結(jié)果，一般不和時間副詞聯(lián)用Ihavelostmypen.Ihavehurtmyself.Hehasbecomeateacher.Shehasbrokenmyheart.句型變化：★變疑問句將助動詞移到句首，變否認句在助動詞后面加not.e.g.Haveyoulostyourpen?Ihavenotlostmypen.★肯定答復及否認答復Yes,Ihave.No,Ihavenot.★特殊疑問句：Whathaveyoudone?Whathashedone?一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別：但凡有明確的表示過去的時間狀語的句子為過去時注意：有些動詞表示的動作有一個終點，不能再延續(xù)，因此不能和表示一段時間狀語連用錯：I’veleftBeijingfor3days.對：IleftBeijing3daysago.Ihavebeenawayfrombeingfor3days.5.一般將來時表示將來將要發(fā)生的動作，經(jīng)常和tomorrow,nextyear,thedayaftertomorrow,theyearafterthenext,infivehours’time,etc.表示將來的詞聯(lián)用結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+助動詞will+動詞原形IwillgotoAmericatomorrow.ThepilotwillflytoJapanthemonthafterthenext.Jackwillmoveintohisnewhousetomorrowmorning.★變疑問句將助動詞移到句首WillyougotoAmericatomorrow?WillthepilotflytoJapanthemonthafterthenext?WillJackmoveintohisnewhousetomorrowmorning?★變否認句在助動詞后面加notIwillnotgotoAmericatomorrow.ThepilotwillnotflytoJapanthemonthafterthenext.Jackwillnotmoveintohisnewhousetomorrowmorning★肯定答復及否認答復Yes,Iwill.No,Iwillnot.Yes,he/shewill.No,he/shewillnot.Yes,hewill.No,hewillnot.★特殊疑問句：Whatwillyoudo?6.過去完成時：用法：在過去的時間里，兩個動作中，發(fā)生在前的哪個動作要用過去完成時。結(jié)構(gòu)：had+過去分詞Aftershehadfinishedherhomework,shewentshopping.TheyhadsoldthecarbeforeIaskedtheprice.ThetrainhadleftbeforeIarrivedatthestation.After/before引導的時間狀語從句放在句首要在句子后面加逗號，如果放在主句后那么不用加?！?/p>

變疑問句將助動詞移到句首Hadshefinishedherhomework?★

變否認句在助動詞后面加notShehadn’tfinishedherhomework.★

肯定答復及否認答復Yes,shehad.No,shehadn’t.★

特殊疑問句：Whathadshedone?7.過去進行時表示過去正在進行的動作,經(jīng)常用在when,while,as引導的狀語從句中。結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were+doingWhenmyhusbandwasgoingintothediningroomthismorning,hedroppedsomecoinsonthefloor.Whilewewerehavingdinner,myfatherwaswatchingTV.8．過去將來時結(jié)構(gòu)：woulddoShesaidshewouldgoherethenextmorning.一．

特殊句型：therebe句型，begoingto結(jié)構(gòu)1.Begoingto結(jié)構(gòu)表示打算，準備，方案做某事★結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+be動詞+goingto+動詞原型Iamgoingtomakeabookcase.Theyaregoingtopaintit.Thefatherisgoingtogivethebookcasetohisdaughter.★變疑問句將be動詞移到句首Areyougoingtomakeabookcase?Aretheygoingtopaintit?Isthefathergoingtogivethebookcasetohisdaughter?★變否認句在be動詞后面加notIamnotgoingtomakeabookcase.Theyaregoingtopaintit.Thefatherisnotgoingtogivethebookcasetohisdaughter.★肯定答復及否認答復Yes,Iam.No,Iamnot.Yes,theyare.No,theyarenot.Yes,heis.No,heisnot.★特殊疑問句Whatareyougoingtodo?Whataretheygoingtodo?Whatisthefathergoingtodo?(必背)2.Therebe句型表示哪里有什么東西(某處有某物)Thereis＋單數(shù)名詞＋表示場所的詞〔一般為介詞詞組〕Thereisabookinthisroom.ThereisapenonthetableThereare＋復數(shù)名詞＋表示場所的詞〔一般為介詞詞組〕Therearetwopensonthetable.Therearethreeschoolsthere.★變疑問句將be動詞移到句首Isthereabookinthisroom?Aretheretwopensonthetable?★變否認句在動詞后面加notThereisnotabookinthisroom.Therearenottwopensonthetable.★肯定答復及否認答復Yes,thereis.No,thereisnot.Yes,thereare.No,therearenot.一．

問句：一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，選擇疑問句，反意疑問句，選擇疑問句，否認疑問句一般疑問句:助動詞/be動詞+主語Areyouateacher?Doyouwanttohaveacupoftea?特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句Whatisyourname?選擇疑問句:orDoyouwantbeeforlamb?反意疑問句:肯定陳述句+否認疑問局部，否認陳述局部+肯定疑問局部Youdon’tneedthatpen,doyou?否認疑問句:一般疑問句+否認詞Aren’tyoulucky?Don’tyouwanthavearest?二．

冠詞用法：a/an/the的一般用法詳細見筆記三．

限定詞：some,any,many,muchsome,any修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，some用于肯定句，any用于否認句和疑問句，注意，當期待對方的答案為肯定答復時用somemany修飾可數(shù)名詞，much修飾不可數(shù)名詞，在口語中表示很多一般不用many,much,而用alotof,在否認句中表示很多用many,much.Ihavealotofmoney.Idon’thavemuchmoney.四．

名詞：種類，復數(shù)，名詞所有格1．名詞分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞無法分開的東西：water,tea,bread,milk,rice〔米〕抽象的東西：love,beauty,coldness〔寒冷〕不可數(shù)名詞有以下特點：不能用a,an修飾不能加s和單數(shù)be動詞或動詞搭配可數(shù)名詞：單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞要用冠詞修飾，復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞要在名詞后面加s,名詞復數(shù)共有以下幾種變化：規(guī)那么變化的名詞復數(shù)形式規(guī)那么1一般情況+se.g.shell→shellsbook→books規(guī)那么2以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾+ese.g.fox→foxeschurch→churches,bus→buses,watch→watches規(guī)那么3以o結(jié)尾+s或+ese.g.potato→potatoes,Negro→Negroes,hero→heroes,tomato→tomatoes，〔口訣：黑人英雄愛吃土豆和西紅柿〕，剩下一般加s,radio→radios規(guī)那么4以f,fe結(jié)尾的，變f,fe為vese.g.life→liveshalf→halves,shelf→shelves,city→cities,wife→wives規(guī)那么5以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾,變y為i+ese.g.sky→skiesfly→flies不規(guī)那么變化的名詞復數(shù)形式單數(shù)manwomanfootgoosetooth復數(shù)menwomenfeetgeeseteeth單數(shù)childsheepdeermousefish復數(shù)childrensheepdeermicefish五．

介詞(注意總結(jié)書上詞組)六．副詞：用法及形容詞變副詞的變化副詞可以修飾形容詞，動詞，副詞或整個句子。如：Thebookisverygood.Herunsfast.Shecameherequiteearly.CertainlyIwillgowithyou.變化：1．

直接在形容詞后加-ly,careful-carefully,slow-slowly,2．

以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的形容詞，把y變I,加-ly,happy-happily,lucky-luckily3．

有些詞形容詞和副詞的形式相同，不需要做任何變化fast,hard,late4．

有些詞加上-ly后意思與原詞相差很遠：neary-nearly,high-highly,late-lately,一．

情態(tài)動詞的使用：can,must,may,might,need,1．情態(tài)動詞can〔能夠〕,must〔必須〕,may〔可以〕結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+can/must/may+動詞原型Hecanmakethetea.Sallycanairtheroom.WecanspeakEnglish.★變疑問句將情態(tài)動詞移到句首Canhemakethetea?CanSallyairtheroom?CanwespeakEnglish?★變否認句在情態(tài)動詞后面加notHecannotmakethetea.Sallycannotairtheroom.WecannotspeakEnglish.★肯定答復及否認答復Yes,hecan.No,hecannot.Yes,shecan.No,shecannot.Yes,wecan.No,wecannot.★特殊疑問句：Whatcanyoudo?(必背)注意：情態(tài)動詞的句子沒有第三人稱單數(shù)的變化，不要在情態(tài)動詞或動詞后面加S。2．Must/haveto的區(qū)別must表示必須，是主觀上覺得應(yīng)該做，haveto是不得不，是由于客觀條件逼迫的必要要做must只能用在表示現(xiàn)在和將來的句子里，而havetodo可以用在任何時態(tài)3．must,may,might表示猜想：mustdo表示對現(xiàn)在事實的猜想musthavedone表示對過去事實的猜想musthavebeendoing表示對過去正在進行的事實的猜想may/mightdo,may/mighthavedone表示沒有任何事實依據(jù)的猜想，might的可能性更小。can’t/couldn’t表示不可能4．need用法：表示“需要”時為實意動詞，后面可以加名詞，也可以加不定式：Ineedapen.Doyouneedanybeer?No,Idon’t.Ineedtohavearest.Needdoing=needtobedone，表示被動Theflowersneedwatering.Need在否認時做情態(tài)動詞使用Youneedn’tgosoearly.=Youdon’tneedtogosoearly.MustIcleanthedeskrightnow?No,youneedn’t.一．

不定代詞及不定副詞：SomeanynoeverythingsomethinganythingnothingeverythingonesomeoneanyoneanythingeveryonewheresomewhereanywhereanywhereeverywherebodysomebodyanybodynobodyeverybodyIlookedformybookeverywhere,butIcan’tfinditanywhere.Ifyouwantgosomewhere,ifyouwanttobesomeone,youmustwakeup.Help!Somebody?Anybody?Youarereallysomething.Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbeginourclass.Wheredidyougo?Iwentnowhere.Nobodyisathome.Ihavenothingleft.二．感慨句：What+名詞+主語+謂語Whatabeautifulgirlsheis!How+形容詞+主語+謂語Howbeautifulthegirlis!三．

祈使句：第二人稱：let+其他人稱代詞祈使句的否認，加don’t反意疑問祈使句〔第二人稱〕祈使句表示請求，命令，建議，邀請等，謂語動詞一律用原型，句子中通常不用主語，句末用驚嘆好或者句號，用降調(diào)。★肯定句動詞原型例，Comehere,please.Godownstairs,please.Standup.Sitdown.Bequiet.Becareful.祈使句中如果有喚語，一定要用逗號隔開，放在句首或者句尾Comein,Amy.Sitdownhere,Tom.Mary,givemeabookplease.★否認：Don't+動詞原型Don'tcomehere.Don’tsitdown.Don’tstandup.Don’tgivemeit.letsb.doLetmepass.Letushavearest.Let’shavearest.(反意疑問)：Let’shaveawalkalongtheriver,shallwe?Letusgooutforadrink,willyou?四．

倒裝句：so/neither的倒裝eg.Hecanswim.SocanI.Ididn’tgotoclass.NeitherdidI.結(jié)構(gòu)：so/neither+be+

主語so/neither+助動詞+

主語so/neither+情態(tài)動詞+

主語一般現(xiàn)在時,do,does/am,is,are現(xiàn)在進行時,am,is,are一般過去時,did現(xiàn)在完成時,have,has一般將來時,will,shall,過去進行時，was,were過去完成時，had過去將來時,would五．

直接引語/間接引語如果引語的主句所用動詞為過去時，那么間接引語要做相應(yīng)變化：時態(tài)，人稱，時間地點及指示詞時態(tài)變化：一般現(xiàn)在時——一般過去時現(xiàn)在進行時——過去進行時一般過去時——過去完成時現(xiàn)在完成時——過去完成時一般將來時——過去將來時begoingto——was/weregoingto/wouldcan----------------couldmay---------------might時間地點及指示詞的變化：here—there,tomorrow—thenextday,thefollowingday,this—that…人稱變化：根據(jù)句意改變?nèi)朔Q。六．

直接賓語/間接賓語主語＋及物動詞＋間接賓語＋直接賓語直接賓語是及物動詞的直接對象，間接賓語是及物動詞的動作所涉及的人或事務(wù)，也可以說間接賓語表示動作是對誰做的，或者是為誰做的。所以間接賓語要用名詞或者賓格代詞來擔當。Hegivesmeabook.me間接賓語,abook直接賓語直接賓語和間接賓語的位置調(diào)換時要加一個介詞to或for主語＋及物動詞＋直接賓語＋介詞+間接賓語Givemeabook.Givethebooktome.Sendhisaletter.Sendalettertohim.Showhimthenewdress.Showthenewdresstohim.一．

從句：賓語從句，定語從句〔限定性〕，表語從句，狀語從句〔if引導的真實條件句〕賓語從句：如果賓語從句的主句中的動詞為過去時，那么賓語從句中的時態(tài)要和主句統(tǒng)一；如果賓語從句為疑問詞引導，那么語序要用陳述語序，即主語在前，動詞在后。定語從句：表語從句：

狀語從句〔if引導的真實條件句〕：主句用一般將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時Whatwillyoudoifyouwinalotofmoney?Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwillstayathome.二．

動詞不定式做賓語及賓語補語的用法(詳細用法請見NECII)結(jié)構(gòu)：todo,用法：可以做除謂語以外的所有成分，語法上稱之為非謂語動詞。做賓語：在一些動詞后常用不定式做賓語，例如：want,like,ask,try…做賓補：wantsb.todo,asksb.todo,likesb.todo…附錄：代詞及be動詞名詞復數(shù)動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式動詞現(xiàn)在分詞動詞過去式過去式的讀音形容詞的比擬級形容詞和副詞的最高級代詞及be動詞第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數(shù)復數(shù)單數(shù)復數(shù)單數(shù)復數(shù)主格Iweyouyoushe/he/itthey賓格meusyouyouher/him/itthem代詞所有格myouryouryourher/his/itstheir名詞性代詞mineoursyoursyourshers/his/itstheirsbe動詞現(xiàn)在時Amareareareisarebe動詞過去時waswerewerewerewaswere名詞的復數(shù)規(guī)那么變化的名詞復數(shù)形式規(guī)那么1一般情況+se.g.shell→shellstoy→toys規(guī)那么2以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾+ese.g.fox→foxeschurch→churches規(guī)那么3以o結(jié)尾s或+ese.g.radio→radiospotato→potatoes規(guī)那么4以f,fe結(jié)尾的，變f,