工廠供電系統(tǒng)外文翻譯

附錄四英文文獻(xiàn)及譯文Analysisofthereasonsforthelowpowerfactorofthefactorypowersupplysystem,andtoimprovepowerfactorandtotakeeffectiveidleworkcompensationmeasureisdiscussed.Tosavedtheelectricalenergy,raisedenterprisepseconomicefficiencyhasimportanteffect。Largeandmedium-sizedenterprisesPeiDianJianwithresponsibilityforthewholeenterprisemanagementanddistributionofelectricity.Atpresent,mostoftheenterprisemanagementmodePeiDianJianobsolete,lowautomatization,difficulttoadapttotherequirementsofthedevelopmentofenterprises.Inviewofthissituation,wehavedevelopedPeiDianJianmonitoringandmanagementsystem.Thissysteminthecomputerasthecore,real-timemonitoringofelectricparameters,PeiDianJianallthedataprocessing,dynamicdisplayofstatementsandoutput.ThissystemcanbeusedinthePeiDianJianenterprisetechnicalrenewalandthetransformationofenterprisetodowellplanned,saveelectricity,improveeconomicbenefithasimportantsignificance.Weusethemainsbyhugepowersupplysystemisprovided,allthenetworksupplycircuitisonlyforeachofthepowersupplysystem,network,atinybranchesoutput.Metalwiresconnectedbygoodconductorsofpowersupplycircuit,eachofitssourcepowersubstation,andthenfromthatpowertoclienttosubstationanditslevelinscale,thousandsofkilometersandhundredsofkilometersofkilometers.Barewireintheairintheverticaldistributionofatmosphericmountainwhilehighandlow,inaccordancewiththeQing,fromdozensofricetothousandsofmetersandhundredsofmetersaboveallcommon.2kmInsuchalargescope,theverticaldistributionandwideforsubstationonline,duetoweather,nomatterwhereorbydirectdischarge,cloudscloudindischarging,intheairandgoodconductorsofbarewireeasilyinductiveordirectlightningintroductionto.Thisisthepowersystemandpowerequipmenttobestruckbylightningexternalenvironment.PowersupplysystemandelectricdefensemethodsoflightningAnalysisofthepowersupplysystemandelectriceasilybestruckbylightning,candrawonelectricalequipment,defenselightningdamage,shouldbeperfectedinthepowersupplysystem,andavoidthunderlightningprotectionmeasures,thecoreproblemishowtomaximizeeffectivelyortruncatethehighvoltageandthethunderandlightning,strongflowunderthefrequencyofmorethan10KHzseitchinginvasion.transformersegregationlawsToeffectivelycutfromthehighvoltagepowerandstrongcurrents,currentlyusetransformerisolationmethod.So-calledisolationmethod,isbasedontransformertransformerequation:EM=4144fNBMSTypeofEMfortransformeroriginal(vice),unitV;potentialedgeFforpowersource)frequency,unit(speed,Ntheoriginal(vice)sideofcoil,TheintensityofmagneticcorematerialsBM,unitWb/M2,Sforthecorearea,unitM2.Thisequation,powerfullightninginvadethetransformer,duetotransformervoltageelectricraythanthenormalsupplyofhighpressuremanytimes,makeincentivemagneticinductionthanthemaximumallowedbymagneticcoretransformercorestrengthBM,thusthemagneticsaturation,transformer--electricityfailure,GaoLeivoltagetransformtemporarilycannottransfertothetransformer,adeputysideoftransformerprotectionlightningchannel,thedeputyofelectricalequipmentload.Whilethereareusuallyinstalledtransformerpowervalvecanbepowerfullightningandthelightningflowintotheearth,andinthesafe,highvoltage,current,powerFlow,fuseswillfuseoff.StopSo,alwayspackedtransformerelectricalequipmentconfigurationoftransformer,thanbylightningbadprobabilityisgreatlyreduced.Whyinthefallafterthepowersupply,sluicestoptherewillstillbestruckbylightningdisasters.Thishappenedbecauselightning,invadingtransformerconnectedbyviceandloadofelectricalequipmentbasedonlow,stillcanexist,theseinductionlightninginductionlightningelectronicsproductswillcauseoflightning.Thisproblemisoftenneglected,manylightningdisasters,theeventisnotsolvedtheproblem.Thesuccessfuldevelopmentoflightningpower,forwesolvethisproblem.LightningarresterpowerFortruncatedorstophigh-pressureseitchinginmetalwirestoloadcausedbylightning,electric1890inventedtheclearanceofthewayafterthelightningseriesfuse,1922madeusWestinghousecarbonizedsiliconarresters.Tousethe1972Japandielectricpropertiesresearchintofellsecondswithnogaps(ZnO)service.Currentpowersupplysystemiswidelyusedinsuchpowerlightning.Znoarresterbyzincoxidethermistors,eachthermistorsaccordingtoneedtohaveitmadeincertainswitchingvoltage(psa).Wheninthelowervoltagearrestersendsswitchingvoltage(psa),highresistancethermistorspresentstate,arresterdoesn'twork.Whenlightningarresterendswhen,inthevoltagesaboveswitchingvoltage(psa),thermistors,lowresistancebybreakdown,evenclosecircuitstate,inaveryshorttime(50ns′s,10-9)arresterishigh,theworkofalightningthroughintroducingtheearthgroundingsafety.When,afterthelightningarresterstabilised,voltageonbothendsofthelowervoltageswitchingvoltage(psa),thermistorsandpresentstateofhighvalue,lightningarresterstopworking,electricconductionnormalpower.FenLiuXingavoidthunderFenLiuXingavoidthunder,isthecoreofwirecableintransmissionseriesontwocapacitor,inputshuntcapacitorinaninductancecoil.So,whenthecapacitanceandinductancecoilcapactanceCLreasonablechoiceofinductance,makethroughtwomorethan10frequencycapacitor,muchlikeKHzTVsignalfrequencyspeedtosignfordozensofhundredsofmegabytesspeedsignalsthroughthecapacitance,andlightningfrequencycircuitreactancesmallmajorityin100KHz,whenlightningthroughthecapacitance,willproducelargerpressuredrop.Andthroughthesituation,highcapacitancesignalsthroughtheinductancegreaterpressuredropwhenL,muchlowerfrequencyoflightning,throughthelowimpedance,largedischargebylightning,XieRugrounding.Televisionantennalightningcurrentsharethislineshuntprincipleandmethod.Productionofequipment,suchasmechanicalprocessingmachine,withvariouskindsofcrane,withinductionmotor,etc,theselargeandelectricpowerloadisperceptualload,makethepowerfactorofpowersupplysystem,theinfluenceofdistributiontransformerlinesandeconomicoperationofpowersector,reachthepowerfactor,thusmustadoptthereactivepowercompensationmeasurestoimprovethepowerfactor,andcansaveenergyandreduceconsumption.Thepowerfactorofsystemofpowersupplyisanimportanttechnicalandeconomicindexes,thepowerfactorofelectricequipmentisreflectedtheactivepowerandtheratioofpowernai.Relevantprocedure:highvoltagepowersupplypowerplant,themaximumloadofpowerfactormaynotbelessthan0.9,Otherfactories,powerfactormaynotbelessthan0.85.ThemainfactorsthataffectthepowerfactorThepowerfactorofacelectricequipment,mainlybecauseinitsworkingprocess,inadditiontogeneratepowerloss,alsoproducereactivepowerloss.Thereforeimprovingpowerfactortheessenceoftheproblemistoreducetheelectricequipmentofreactivepowerconsumption.Asynchronousmotorandpowertransformerisreactivepowerlossofthemainequipmentandpowerlinesofreactivepowerloss,itiscurrentthroughthelines.Circuitreactance.Parallelcompensationinpowercapacitorssupplysystemoffactoryinstalledposition,havehighconcentratedcompensation,low-pressureconcentratedcompensationandseparatecompensationon-spotthreemodes,etc.Theoreticallyspeaking,thereactivepowercompensationisthebestwayofreactivepower,whereisproduced,thewholesystemwherecompensationwillnotreactivecurrentflow,butinactualpowersupplysysteminthisisimpossible.Wecurrentlyhavea10kvpowersupplysystem,andhasthreeswitchpowertransformersubstation,threeworkshops800kVArespectively,560kVAcapacity,630kVA.Dynamicloadhundredsofmachinetoolsandmachining,electricweldingmachine,etc.Combinedwithpractical,electricityloadduringloadfluctuationchangeisbig,thecharacteristicsofsmallloadaftermidnight,inordertoavoidovercompensation,andmeetaftermidnightonallloadcasesareadoptedtoimprovethelowvoltageoffset,automaticreactivecompensationdevices.分析了工廠供電系統(tǒng)功率因數(shù)偏低的原因,探討了提高功率因數(shù)的方法及采取的有效無(wú)功補(bǔ)償措施,對(duì)節(jié)約電能,提高企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益有重要意義。大、中型企業(yè)配電間擔(dān)負(fù)著整個(gè)企業(yè)的電力管理與分配任務(wù)。目前,多數(shù)企業(yè)的配電間管理方式陳舊,自動(dòng)化程度低,難以適應(yīng)企業(yè)發(fā)展的要求。針對(duì)這種情況,我們研制了配電間監(jiān)測(cè)與管理系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)以計(jì)算機(jī)為核心,實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)配電間的全部電力參數(shù),經(jīng)數(shù)據(jù)處理后,動(dòng)態(tài)顯示并輸出各類報(bào)表。該系統(tǒng)可用于企業(yè)配電間的技術(shù)更新和改造,對(duì)企業(yè)搞好計(jì)劃用電、節(jié)約用電、提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益具有重要意義。我們使用的市電是由龐大的供電系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供的,每一路供電線路僅是供電系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一細(xì)小分枝輸出端。由良導(dǎo)體金屬輸電導(dǎo)線連接的每條供電線路,其源頭從發(fā)電廠到變電站,再到輸變電網(wǎng)再到用戶端,其水平尺度都在數(shù)百公里、上千公里乃至上萬(wàn)公里。裸露在空氣中的導(dǎo)線在大氣中的垂直分布依山而高,依箐而低,從幾十米到幾百米上千米以至兩千米以上都常見(jiàn)。在這樣大范圍、垂直分布又廣的整個(gè)供變電網(wǎng)上,由于天氣原因,無(wú)論在哪里遭到直擊雷還是有云間放電、云內(nèi)放電,裸露在空氣中的的良導(dǎo)體導(dǎo)線很容易感應(yīng)或直接將雷電引入。這就是供電系統(tǒng)和用電設(shè)備易遭雷擊的外部氣象環(huán)境原因。供電系統(tǒng)和電器防御雷電的主要方法分析了供電系統(tǒng)和電器易遭雷擊的原因,可以得出,防御雷電對(duì)用電設(shè)備的危害,應(yīng)該從完善供電系統(tǒng)的防雷避雷措施做起,而且,核心的問(wèn)題就是如何最大限度地有效遏制或截?cái)噙^(guò)高的雷電壓和過(guò)強(qiáng)的雷電流,阻止10多KHz以下頻率的雷電波侵入。變壓器隔離法為有效地切斷來(lái)自電網(wǎng)的高電壓和強(qiáng)電流,目前普遍采用變壓器隔離法。所謂變壓器隔離法,就是根據(jù)變壓器方程:EM=4144fNBMS式中EM為變壓器原(副)邊電勢(shì),單位V;f為電源(信號(hào)源)頻率,單位Hz;N原(副)邊線圈匝數(shù);BM鐵芯材料的磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度,單位Wb/M2;S為鐵芯的截面積,單位M2。由此方程可知,當(dāng)強(qiáng)大的雷電侵入到變壓器時(shí),由于雷電壓比電網(wǎng)給變壓器正常的供電壓高許多倍,使得激勵(lì)的磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于鐵芯允許通過(guò)的最大磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度BM,因而變壓器鐵芯飽和,變壓器的磁———電變換暫時(shí)失效,高雷電壓不能傳輸?shù)阶儔浩鞲边?從而截?cái)嗔死纂娡ǖ?保護(hù)了變壓器副邊所負(fù)載的用電設(shè)備。同時(shí)變壓器一般還安裝有閥型電源避雷器,可有效將強(qiáng)大的雷電流安全引入大地,在電流過(guò)大、電壓過(guò)高時(shí),電流熔斷器會(huì)熔斷掉閘,停止供電。所以,凡是裝了變壓器的用電設(shè)備比未裝變壓器的,被雷擊壞的機(jī)率就大大降低。為什么在掉閘停止供電后,仍會(huì)有雷擊災(zāi)害發(fā)生。這是因?yàn)榘l(fā)生雷擊時(shí),侵入變壓器副邊及連接所負(fù)載的用電設(shè)備的低壓輸電線上,仍然還會(huì)存在有感應(yīng)雷電,這些感應(yīng)雷電仍會(huì)對(duì)電器電子產(chǎn)品造成雷電災(zāi)害。這個(gè)問(wèn)題常被忽視,不少雷電災(zāi)害事件,究其根源,就是沒(méi)有解決好這個(gè)問(wèn)題。電源避雷器的研制成功,為我們解決好這個(gè)問(wèn)題提供了幫助。電源避雷器防雷法為截?cái)嗷蜃柚垢邏豪纂姴ㄔ诮饘賹?dǎo)線上的傳播給負(fù)載電器造成雷電災(zāi)害,自1890年發(fā)明了間隙串聯(lián)熔斷方式的避雷器以后,1922年美國(guó)西屋公司制成了炭化硅避雷器。到了1972年日本利用電介質(zhì)的伏秒特性研制成了配電用無(wú)間隙氧化鋅(ZnO)避雷器。目前供電系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用較廣的就是這類電源避雷器。氧化鋅避雷器由氧化鋅壓敏電阻構(gòu)成,每塊壓敏電阻根據(jù)需要在制成時(shí)有它一定的開(kāi)關(guān)電壓(壓敏電壓)。當(dāng)加在避雷器兩端的電壓低于開(kāi)關(guān)電壓(壓敏電壓)時(shí),壓敏電阻呈現(xiàn)高阻值狀態(tài),避雷器不工作。當(dāng)發(fā)