新人教版(2019)高中英語必修一、必修二、必修三語法匯編

新人教版（2019）高中英語必修一、必修二、必修三語法匯編必修一Ⅰ.Phrases短語(1)短語或詞組(Phrases)是具有一定意義但不構(gòu)成句子或從句的一組詞。1名詞短語(NounPhrase):指以一個(gè)名詞為中心構(gòu)成的短語，在句中的功能相當(dāng)于名詞。2形容詞短語(AdjectivePhrase)指以一個(gè)形容詞為中心構(gòu)成的短語，在句中的功能相當(dāng)于形容詞。3副詞短語(AdverbPhrase):指以一個(gè)副詞為中心構(gòu)成的短語，在句中的功能相當(dāng)于副詞。短語類型組成功能例子名詞短語(NounPhrase)(限定詞)+(形容詞、形容詞短語、描述性名詞)+名詞+(介詞短語)語在句中當(dāng)作名詞用，一般用作主語、賓語、表語或賓語補(bǔ)語。abeautifulcampussomeschoolclubsabeautifulcampusofmyschool形容詞短語(AdjectivePhrase)(副詞)+形容詞+(介詞短語)在句中當(dāng)作形容詞用，可以修飾名詞或代詞，還可以用作表語或者賓語補(bǔ)語。verysuitablereallyveryconfusingstrongenoughgoodfornothing副詞短語(AdverbPhrase)(副詞)+副詞在句中當(dāng)作副詞用，可以修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞。veryquicklyquitewellfartoofastmuchmorecreatively說明:1在“組成”中，括號里的成分是可選項(xiàng)。2在名詞短語的“組成”中，限定詞包括冠詞(a/an/the)、指示代詞(this、that、these、those等)、物主代詞(my、your、his、her、our、their等)和不定代詞(some、no、neither、both等)。3副詞enough在修飾形容詞或者副詞構(gòu)成形容詞短語或者副詞短語時(shí)，一般放在所修飾的形容詞或者副詞后面。Ⅱ.Tenses時(shí)態(tài)(1)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(ThePresentContinuousTense)表示將來初中階段學(xué)習(xí)過begoingtodo和will/shalldo的形式表示將來意義，英語中還可以用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(bedoing)表示計(jì)劃安排好要采取的行動(dòng)或要做的事情。如:WhatareyoudoingfortheNationalDayholiday?你國慶假期打算做什么?Samistakingadvancedliteraturenextterm.薩姆下學(xué)期要選修高級文學(xué)。WearespendingtheSpringFestivalinSanya.Myparentshavebookedtheairtickets.我們打算在三亞過春節(jié)。我爸媽已經(jīng)訂好機(jī)票了。在使用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來的句子中，除非上下文意思清楚，通常都需要時(shí)間狀語。如:Areyoumeetingyourcoachthisweekend?這個(gè)周末你要和教練見面嗎?Wearehavingafewguestsovertomorrow.明天有幾位客人要來。bedoing表示將來與begoingtodo和willdo的比較1bedoing、begoingtodo都可以表示即將要做的事情。前者更強(qiáng)調(diào)事先計(jì)劃好的安排，確定要做的事情；后者表示說話者的打算和意圖，還可表示根據(jù)當(dāng)前情況作出的預(yù)言。試體會下面兩個(gè)句子的不同含義:A:Hey，yourroomisreallyamess.嗨，你的房問真是一團(tuán)糟……B:Iknow.I'mcleaningitthisafternoon知道啦，我打算今天下午就打掃。B:Iknow.I'mgoingtocleanit.知道啦，我會打掃的。2bedoing與willdo表示即將發(fā)生的事情時(shí)，will更強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人意惠和瞬間的決定。試體會下面句子中兩者的用法:A:Oh.it's8:20.I'mgoingtobelateformyclass.I'mgivingmystudentsaveryimportanttestthisMorning.噢,8:20啦，我上課要遲到了。今天早上我要給學(xué)生一場重要考試呢。B:Honey,don'tworry.I'lldriveyoutoyourschoolrightaway.親愛的，別擔(dān)心。我馬上開車送你去學(xué)校。Ⅲ.TagQuestions附加疑問句附加疑問句，又稱反意疑問句，主要用于口語，其作用是說話人向?qū)Ψ津?yàn)證自己的陳述或者判斷，也可以用于祈使句表示請求或者建議。1附加疑問句的組成附加疑問句包括陳述部分和附加疑問部分。附加疑問部分一般由助動(dòng)詞、be動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和表示主語的代詞構(gòu)成。組成例句肯定式陳述部分+否定附加疑問部分Youoftenplaybadminton，don'tyou?You'regoingtothegymwithme，aren'tyou?否定式陳述部分+肯定附加疑問部分It'snotarealsport,isit?Theycan'tfinishitbyFriday,canthey?含有否定詞的陳述部分+肯定附加疑問部分Nobodysawhimwalkintotheroom,didthey?You'veneverbeentoPars,haveyou?祈使句+附加疑問部分Comealongwithme,willyou?/canyou?/won'tyou?/can'tyou?Don'tmakeanynoise,willyou?2附加疑問句的回答附加疑問句的答語與一般疑問句類似，注意其與漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣的差異。如:(1)A:The29thOlympicGameswereheldinBejing,weren'tthey?B:Yes.theywere.(Yes,that'sright.)A:MichaelJordanstartedtoplaybasketballincollege,didn'the?B:No,hedidn't.Hefirstplayedinateamatseniorhighschool.A:Davidhasbeentoaboxingmatch,hasn'the?B:No,hehasn't.HealwayswatchesboxingonTV.(4)A:Youcan'tcook,canyou?你不會做飯，是嗎?B:Yes,Ican.I'mgoodatcooking.不，我會。我做飯很好。3時(shí)加疑問部分的讀法陳述部分一般用降調(diào)，而附加疑問部分既可用升調(diào)也可用降調(diào)，但含義有所不同。通常情況下，用升調(diào)時(shí)，多表示疑問或請求;用降調(diào)時(shí)，多表示求證或希望對方同意。如:Theschoolteamhavewonthegoldmedal,↗haven'tthey?Theschoolteamhavewonthegoldmedal,↘haven'tthey?IVRestrictiveRelativeClauses限制性定語從句(1)(2)在復(fù)合句中，修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫作定語從句。1關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞定語從句通常由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，說明事物的具體信息，從句位于被修飾詞之后。如:Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceofficer.住在我們隔壁的那位男士是一位警官。Adroneisanaircraftwithoutapilotthatisoperatedbyremotecontrol.無人機(jī)是一種無飛行員被遙控操作的飛機(jī)。Wewillstartatthepointwhereweleftofflasttime.我們從上次結(jié)束的地方開始吧。上面例句中的man、aircraft和point都是被定語從可修飾的詞，叫作先行詞。其后的黑體部分是定語從句，其中who和that叫作關(guān)系代詞，where叫作關(guān)系副詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的通通常有關(guān)系代詞that、which、who(賓格whom所有格whose):關(guān)系副詞where、when、why等。2關(guān)系代詞that、which、who(賓格whom)引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞例句that在從句中作主語或賓語指物Thisisabookthatinterestsalargenumberofpeople.(作主語)Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?(作賓語)指人Hethatwouldeatthefruitmustclimbthetree.(作主語)Heisaman(that)youcansafelytrust.(作賓語)which在從句中作主語或賓語指物Thebuswhichhasjustleftwasthelastonetoday.(作主語)Thefish(which)/boughtthismorningwerenotfresh.(作賓語)Who、whom在從句中分別作主語或賓語指人TheexpertwhovisitedourclassyesterdayisfromCanada.(作主語)Ishetheboywhoalwayswinsmathscompetitions?(作主語)Theone(who/whom)wearetalkingaboutisascientist.(作賓語)Thisistheteachertowhom/referred.(作賓語)說明:關(guān)系代詞that、which、who(賓格whom)在從句中作賓語時(shí)，特別是在口語或非正式的書面表達(dá)中，常常省略。3關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句先行詞既可以是人，也可以是物。whose在從句中作定語。如Sheisthegirlwhosebrotherisstudyingabroad.Theroomwhosewindowfacessouthismine.Italkedwiththemanwhosehousewasdestroyedintheflood.HehaswrittenabookwhosenameI'veforgotten.4關(guān)系副詞when、where、why引導(dǎo)的定語從句定語從句可以由關(guān)系副詞when、where、why等引導(dǎo)關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語。當(dāng)when、where引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，其對應(yīng)的先行詞分別是表示時(shí)間的名詞和表示地點(diǎn)的名詞。關(guān)系副詞例句when在從句中作時(shí)間狀語ThefirstofOctober,1949,isthedaywhen(=onwhich)thePeople'sRepublicofChinawasfounded.I'llneverforgetthetimewhen(=duringwhich)wevisitedXian.Doyourememberthedaywhen(=onwhich)wefirstmet?where在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語Thisistheplacewhere(=at/inwhich)wefirstmet.Thehotelwhere(=at/inwhich)westayedwasveryclean.Irecentlywentbacktothetownwhere(=inwhich)myfatherwasborn.I'dliketoliveinacountrywhere(=inwhich)thereisplentyofsunshine.why在從句中作原因狀語That'sthereasonwhy(=forwhich)hemissedhisbus.Ididn'tgetapayrise,butthiswasn'tthereasonwhy(=forwhich)/left.必修二IRestrictiveRelativeClauses限制性定語從句(3)第一冊介紹了定語從句的定義、功能、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的種類和用法以及“介詞+關(guān)系代詞"的用法。根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系緊密程度不同，可將定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。一般說來，限制性定語從句在意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如果省略，所修飾的先行詞往往不明確。這種定語從句前面一般不用逗號；而非限制性定語從句往往是對先行詞的附加說明，為先行詞提供補(bǔ)充信息，即使去掉，也不會影響先行詞的明確性，它與主句之間通常用逗號限開。如:Weknewthescientistwhohadstudiedtheproblem我們了解那個(gè)研究過該問題的科學(xué)家。(若把從句去掉。則不明白是哪位科學(xué)家)WeknewthephysicalscientistHawkins,whohadstudiedtheproblem.我們了解物理科學(xué)家金斯，他研究過該問題。(若把從句去掉，仍然知道是哪位科學(xué)女)非限制性定語從句會在后面的冊次詳細(xì)介紹，本冊進(jìn)一步介紹有關(guān)限制性定語從句的知識。1在much或all后用that不用which，作定語從句的賓語時(shí)可以省略。例如。Therewasnotmuch(that)wecoulddowhenitwasraining.Thatisallthatworks.2關(guān)系代詞做動(dòng)詞的間接賓語時(shí)，用to或for。例如:√Whoisthegirlthathegavetheflowerto?xWhoisthegirlthathegavetheflower?無關(guān)系代詞時(shí)，也要用to或for。例如:TheladyIwrotethepoemforwasmysister.3正式英語中，介詞可置于從句之首，whom或which之前。例如:Thisisthegreatwritertowhomourteacherwasreferring.Heaskedaquestiontowhichtherewasnoanswer.注意，介詞不可置于who或that之前。4定語從句的謂語如果是以介詞結(jié)尾的短語動(dòng)詞，則不可把介詞移至從句之首。例如:Hereceivedtheemailhewaslookingforwardto.ⅡThePassiveVoice被動(dòng)語態(tài)大家在初中階段已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成和用法、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)以及含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。本冊繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的知識。1現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)(thepresentcontinuouspassivevoice)的構(gòu)成(以動(dòng)詞ask為例)肯定式否定式疑問式IamHe/She/itisWearebeingasked...YouareTheyareIamHe/She/itisWearenotbeingasked...YouareTheyareAmlIshe/she/itArewebeingasked...?AreyouArethey2現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)(thepresentperfectpassivevoice)的構(gòu)成(以動(dòng)詞ask為例)肯定式否定式疑問式IhaveHe/She/ithasWehavebeenasked...YouhaveTheyhaveIhaveHe/She/ithasWehavenotbeenasked...YouhaveTheyhaveHavelHashe/she/itHavewebeenasked...?HaveyouHavethey3短動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)說態(tài)短語動(dòng)詞是一種固定的詞組，由“動(dòng)詞+副詞”或”動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞”構(gòu)成，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)動(dòng)詞。“及物動(dòng)詞+副詞”“及物動(dòng)詞+介詞”以及“及物動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞”構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞可用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:Atlasttheyputoutthefire.→Atlastthefirewasputout.Haveyousentforadoctor?→Hasthedoctorbeensentfor?Myclassmatescaughtupwithmeinthisexam.→Iwascaughtupwithbymyciassmatesinthisexam.許多“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞”以及“不及物動(dòng)調(diào)+副詞+介詞”構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，也可以有賓語，也可用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:Theboyslaughedathimforthefoolishmistake.→Hewaslaughedatforthefoolishmistake.Theylookeddownonpeasantsintheolddays.→Peasantswerelookeddownonintheolddays.注意:短語動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)不可分割的整體。在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不可丟掉構(gòu)成短語動(dòng)詞的介詞或副詞。4帶有雙賓語的句子在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，這兩個(gè)賓語的任何一個(gè)都可作被動(dòng)句的主語。例如:Theteachergavethestudentanewbook.→Thestudentwasgivenanewbook(bytheteacher).主動(dòng)句的間接賓語成了被動(dòng)句的主語，直接賓語仍位于動(dòng)詞之后。Anewbookwasgiventothestudent(bytheteacher).主動(dòng)句的直接賓語成了被動(dòng)句的主語，間接賓語可位于to或for之后。5帶有復(fù)合賓語的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，賓語補(bǔ)足語要相應(yīng)變?yōu)橹髡Z補(bǔ)足語。例如:EverybodycalledherBigSister.→ShewascalledBigSister(byeverybody).Peoplelastsawthelostgirlplayingneartheriver→Thelostgirlwaslastseenplayingneartheriver.要注意，主動(dòng)語態(tài)中作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不帶to的不定式，在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)必須帶to。例如:Theengineermadetherobotcleanthewindowsofthetallbuilding.→Therobotwasmadetocleanthewindowsofthetallbuilding.ⅢPastParticiples過去分詞(1)(2)非謂語動(dòng)詞主要指動(dòng)詞不定式(Infinitives)、動(dòng)詞-ing形式(The-ingform)和過去分詞(Pastparticiples)三種動(dòng)詞形式。初中階段已介紹過動(dòng)詞不定式和-ing形式的部分用法。高中階段除了繼續(xù)介紹這兩種非謂語動(dòng)詞形式的用法。還要介紹動(dòng)詞的過去分詞的用法。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞由動(dòng)詞原形加ed構(gòu)成。不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞沒有統(tǒng)一的構(gòu)成規(guī)則。過去分詞一般表示完成的和被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。過去分詞在句子中一般可以用作定語(theattribute)、賓語補(bǔ)足語(theobjectcomplement)、表語(thepredicative)和狀語(theadverbial)，但不能單獨(dú)構(gòu)成謂語。用法例句定語過去分詞如果單用，一般放在名詞的前面:如果是分詞短語，一般放在名詞的后面。Beforetheshow，hundredsofexcitedvisitorswaitedintheirseatseagerly.TheNomansruledEnglandafterthewell-knownBattleofHastingsinthe11thcentury....andtheoldestcastlebuiltbytheNormanrulersinWindsornearby.Comeandreadthepoemwrittenbyaneight-year-oldboy!賓語補(bǔ)足語Ifeltmyselfoftenconfusedatfirst.Shehadherpaintingboxedsoitwasdeliveredsafely.Wefoundourselvesshockedbythelargenumberofvisitors.表語IneverthoughtIwastalentedatanythingtodowithmusic.Theaudiencewereamazedbythebeautifulmusicthesix-year-oldpianistplayed.Mycousinisveryinterestedinpainting.狀語BornintheUSAon2January1970,WhitacrebeganstudyingmusicattheUniversityofNevadain1988.Movedbythismusic,hesaid,"itwaslikeseeingcolorforthefirsttime."Wellknownasasuccessfulband,theimpactmembersshowquiteafewstrikingabilities.必修三IThe-ingForm動(dòng)詞-ing形式(1)(2)動(dòng)詞+ing形式由“動(dòng)詞原形+-ing”構(gòu)成。動(dòng)調(diào)-ing形式可在旬中作主語、賓語、表語、定語、賓語補(bǔ)足語和狀語，但不能單獨(dú)作謂語。成分用法例句定語如果是單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語，常放在被修飾詞前作前置定語；如果是動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語作定語，則常放在被修飾詞后作后置定語。Itwasgreatfunwalkingalongthestreets,enjoyingtherelaxingatmosphere!Ijustcan'ttakemyeyesoftheshininglightsontheChristmastreeseverywhere.FamiliescelebratingtheLunarNewYearcanenjoyexcitingdragondancesandcamivalstogether.表語一種表示主語的性質(zhì)、特征和狀態(tài)，其作用相當(dāng)于形容詞；另一種具體說明主語的內(nèi)容，即主語等同于表語，兩者可互換Youlookamazingtonight.Seeingisbelieving.Themostimportantthingisgettingthereintime.賓補(bǔ)置于某些及物動(dòng)詞和賓語之后，補(bǔ)充說明賓語的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在這種情況下，及物動(dòng)詞通常是表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞。Alongtheway,wesawmanypeopleplayingmusic，singing，anddancing.Sheheardsomeoneknockingatthedoor.Youhavekeptmewaitingthewholemorning.狀語可以表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、讓步、結(jié)果，方式或伴隨狀況，其作用相出于狀語從句。此外，動(dòng)詞-ing形式的邏輯主語應(yīng)與句中主語一致。Havingdressedupnicely,wewentouttohavesomegoodiocalfoodandenjoythecelebrations.Thinkingofallthepeoplestillinneedofhelp.DrLinopenedaprivateclinic.Shesatatthedeskreadinganewspaper.llInfinitives動(dòng)詞不定式(1)初中階段大家已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語和目的狀語的用法。動(dòng)詞不定式作定語和狀語的用法如下頁表格所示:成分用法例句定語一般置于被修飾詞之后用作后置定語Scientistsweredeterminedtohelphumansrealisetheirdreamtoexplorespace.On12April1961，YurGagarinbecamethefirstpersonintheworldtogointospace.Sendingpeopletootherplanetsorevenbeyondthesolarsystemisnotaneasygoaltoachieve.Jessiegotanewtoytoplaywith.Shehasnofriendtodependon.狀語可以表示目的、結(jié)果或原因等Scientistsworkhardtofindoutthesecretsoftheuniverse.Asweallknow,anastronautneedstobehealthyandcalminordertoworkinspace.Youmustbeintelligentenoughtogetarelatedcollegedegree.I'mafraidthewholeprocessistoocomplicatedtoexplaininafewwords.Weweresurprisedtofindthathehadalreadyleft.IIIModalVerbs情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示說話人對某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度。初中階段大家已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了一些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，這里將對情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特征、功能和用法進(jìn)行總結(jié)。1情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基木特征(1)在形式上,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的各種變化，只有could,would,hadto,might等幾個(gè)過去式，其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詢?nèi)鏼ust,oughtto等的過去式皆與現(xiàn)在式同形。(2)在意義上，大多數(shù)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有多個(gè)意義。如can可以表達(dá)"能力""可能""許可"等(3)在用法上，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與助動(dòng)詞一樣，須后接動(dòng)詞原形，構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞。2情動(dòng)詞的否定式及縮略形式情態(tài)動(dòng)詞否定式縮略形式情態(tài)動(dòng)詞否定式縮略形式cancannot/cannotcan'tshallshallnotshan'tcouldcouldnotcouldn'tshouldshouldnotshouldn'tmaymaynotwillwillnotwon'tmightmightnotmightn'twouldwouldnotwouldn'tmustmustnotmustn'tneedneednotneedn'tdaredarenotdaren'toughttooughtnottooughtn'tto3情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主要表意功能用法例句表示能力Thelittleboycanreadandwrite.Icouldfeelthegroundshaking.表示可能和推測Thoseofyouwhoarefamiliarwiththegamewillknowthis.Theymadeabetwhichwouldsettletheirargument.Oh,youmustbeSylvia'shusband.itmayseemluckytoyoubutnottome!Thatmightnotbetrue.Thereoughttobeenoughspaceforallofus.表示許可或禁止Youcangooffdutynow.Youcan'topenituntiltwoo’clock.Youmaynotsmokeinhere.Youshouldn'ttakeherhelpforgranted.Youmustn'tdothat.表示發(fā)出指示或提出請求Willyoupleasetakehertothelibrary?Couldyouoffermeworkhere?Canlaskaquestion?Mayweaskwhatyou'redoinginthiscountry?表示提出幫助或發(fā)出邀請Willyoustayforlunch?Wouldn'tyouliketocomewithme?MayIhelpyou?Shalliputitinabox?表示提出建議Youcouldasktheteacherforhelp.Youshouldwritehimaletter.You'dbetterservehimquickandgethimoutquick.ThecookiesSusanmadearedelicious.Yououghttotrysome.表示愿望Wouldyourecommendtheplaytootherpeople?Iwouldliketoknowtheda