《英語語法》課件

Abriefintroductionofthesubject—Grammar〔《英語語法》課程簡介〕Whatisgrammar?TheimportanceofgrammarItsimportanceinEnglishsubjectItsimportanceinmajors’studySomeinterestingexamplesingrammarMeansoflearninggrammar

〔語法的定義〕Grammaristhestructuralsystemofalanguage.Ifwesayvocabularyisjustlikebricksorconcreteinbuilding,thengrammarisjustlikerebar.Grammarmakesyourlanguagecorrectandaccurate.聽說讀寫中語法的重要性：Grammarisimportantindevelopingstudents’listening,speaking,readingandwritingabilities.一道TOFLE聽力題Hedoesn’texercisebecausehelikesto.Helikestoexercisebyhimself.Heexercisesforreasonsotherthanenjoyment.He’sgladhedoesn’thavetoexercise.Hedoesn’thaveenoughtimetoexercise.

正確答案BPayattentiontothesesentences:Thegroup’sfirstbookoninformationsystemsisbeentestinginIndonesia.Thegroup’sfirstbookoninformationsystemsisbeingtestinIndonesia.Thegroup’sfirstbookoninformationsystemsisbetestedinIndonesia.Thegroup’sfirstbookoninformationsystemsisbeingtestedinIndonesia.這是專業(yè)生聽寫中的錯誤舉例，最后一句是正確的句子。下頁同。ThebookscouldbeprintorreadonacomputerorcopyontoaCDorDVD.ThebookscouldbeprintedorreadonacomputerorcopyontoaCDorDVD.ThebookscouldbeprintedorreadonacomputerorcopiedontoaCDorDVD.Observethefollowingsentencesinmajors’writing:〔觀察學(xué)生作文中的語法錯誤〕Somepeopleholdtheansweris“yes”.Weshouldbehonesty.Withoutdoubtness,honestnessisaverysignificantpolicyforagoodperson.Butistellingthetruthalwaysbetterthantelllies?Mymotherwassoangrythatgoingtopunishusstrictly.Somepeoplesuspectthatisitreallyimportanttobehonesty?Lookatthissentence:〔其他有趣的例子〕Watchwaslost.×A/Thewatchwaslost.This/Thatwatchwaslost.My/Mary’s/Anoldman’swatchwaslost.One/Every/No/Neitherwatchwaslost.Another2examples:Hisallbooksareonthedesk.×Mythatdictionarywasbroughtlastyear.×Allhisbooksareonthedesk.Mydictionary/Thatdictionarywasbroughtlastyear.Thatdictionaryofminewasbroughtlastyear.GrammaticalHierarchy

〔語法層次〕ThegrammaroftheEnglishlanguageisorganizedintofiveranks:thesentence,theclause,thephrase,thewordandthemorpheme.Eachrankiscomposedofoneormorethanonegrammaticalunitoftheimmediatelowerrank.Thesentenceisthehighestrankofgrammaticalunitwhilethemorphemeistheminimumorthelowestrank.Morphemes〔詞素〕:theminimumorsmallestgrammaticalunit,thesmallestmeaningfulelementofspeechFreemorphemes:acompletemeaning,asimplewordBoundmorphemes:onlyexistsasaninflectionalorderivationalaffixes.Allomorphs:thevariantsofthesamemorphemesWordsThewordiscomposedofoneormorethanonemorpheme.Classficationintermsofword-formationSimplewords,derivativesandcompoundsClassficationintermsofgrammaticalfunctionClosed-classwordsandopen-classwordsPhrases〔詞組〕Thephraseiscomposedofoneormorethanoneword.Generally,thephraseisagroupofwordsorganizedinaspecificwaywithakeywordasitshead.五種詞組ThenounphraseTheverbphraseTheadjectivephraseTheadverbphraseTheprepositionalphraseNote:〔名詞詞組的結(jié)構(gòu)模式〕Thegeneralpatternofanounphraseis:(determiner)+(premodifier)+noun+(postmodifier)Usually,apronounstandsforanounphrase,butnotanoun.eg.Thebasketballplayerslostthegame.Theyhadplayedpoorly.Clauses〔分句〕Theclauseiscomposedofoneormorethanonephrase.Afull-fledged(fledge,v.裝上羽毛,長羽毛)clauseisstructurallyasequenceofphrasesandlogicallyaconstructionof“subject+predicate”.IndependentanddependentclausesSimpleandcomplexclausesMainandsubordinateclausesFiniteandnon-finiteclausesVerblessclausesSentencesThesentenceisthehighestrankofgrammaticalunit.Basedononeormorethanoneclause,thesentenceisalsothebasiclinguisticunitofconnecteddiscourse;itcanstandaloneandperformafunctioninsocialcommunication.Thus,asentencecanbedefinedasagrammaticalunitthatcanstandbyitselfandperformacommunicativefunction.1.Fullandminorsentences2.Simple,compound,complexandcompound-complexsentences一些新聞常見的不完全句〔PremierWensays〕diplomaticsnubagainstChinainCopenhagen"stillamystery"U.S.responsiblefordisruptionsinrelations:ChinesepremierChinatoincreaseimports,promotebalancedtrade:PremierWenHKtoseegradualprogressinpromotingdemocracy:PremierChapterone

SentenceStructure

〔句子結(jié)構(gòu)〕BasicStructures:S—SubjectV—VerbC—ComplementO—Object(DirectObject&IndirectObject)A—Adverbial賓語補語&主語補語Isawhimgoout〔賓補〕.Hewasseengoout〔主補〕(byme).Youareastudent〔主補〕.賓補的各種情況舉例Wemadehimourmonitor.Wetriedtomakehimhappy.Ilefthimdownstairs.Whenhecameto,hefoundhimselfinthehospital.Iaskedhimtohelpme.Isawhimwalkingout.Wefoundhimdisappointed.Fivebasicsentencestructures:

五種根本句子結(jié)構(gòu)SVCSheisingoodhealth.(linkingverbs:be,feel,look,prove,remain,resemble,sound,stay,become,grow,turn,smell,taste)SVEverybodylaughed.(Intransitiveverbs)SVOIloveyou.(transitiveverbs)SVoOSVOCIgivehimabook.SVOCWemadehimourmonitor.SVAIliveinBeijing.SVOAIputthebookonthedesk.賓語的補語和賓語之間具有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。有些動詞既可以做及物動詞又可以做不及物動詞：Heisreading.Hehasreadthenovel.一詞多句式舉例：consider:verb1tothinkaboutsthcarefully,esp.inordertomakeadecision[VN]Sheconsideredheroptions.[V–ing]Weareconsideringbuyinganewcar.[Vwh-]Weneedtoconsiderhowthelawmightbereformed.Hewasconsideringwhattodonext.[V]I’dlikesometimetoconsider.2considersb/sth(as)sthTothinkofsb/sthinaparticularway[VN-N]Thisawardisconsidered(tobe)agreathonour.[VN-ADJ]Whodoyouconsider(tobe)responsiblefortheaccident?[V-that]Sheconsidersthatitistooearlytoformadefiniteconclusion.[V-toinf]Heisgenerallyconsideredtohavethefinesttenorvoiceinthecountry.3…4…系動詞和半系動詞的區(qū)別V-Linkingverb/halflinkingverbC:(be)n,adj;〔halflinkingv〕adj;Hesingsbeautiful.Itsoundsbeautiful.Hebecameateacher.Hebecamestrong.Halflinkingverb常見半系動詞：1.感官動詞和表示“似乎，好似”等意義的詞2.表示狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變的動詞Themilkgoessour.Mydreamscometrue.3.表示保持某種狀態(tài)的系動詞系動詞be的搭配Be—ComplementIsheinorout?Heisupstairs.Heisathome.Sheisinhospital.Mypurposeistohelphimout.Itisexciting./Weareexcited.Myjobistakingcareofthebaby.Thenewsisdisappointing./Wearedisappointed.不同視角分析句子Heisabletohelpme.〔SVO)Heisabletohelpme.(SVC)動詞選擇決定句子結(jié)構(gòu)Ittookme25yuantobuythiscoat.Thiscoatcost25yuan.Ispent25yuanonthecoat./inbuyingthecoat.Transformationandexpansionofbasicclausetypes〔根本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大〕TransformationAnaffirmativeclause—anegativeoneAstatement—aquestionAnactiveclause—apassiveoneExpansionAddingmodifiersatvariouslevelsExpandingthroughcoordinationandsubordinationSomedifficultsentences〔難句分析〕Writingincreasedasaproblemasstudentsdiscovereddifficultiesinwritingpapersthattheywerenowexpectedtohandin.IlookedoverthebrownvastautumnearthaboutmewhereIhadworkedwheneverythingwasgreenandgrowing,wherebirdssanginthespringairastheybuilttheirnests.Whileitisnotpossibletoknowthetrueamountofcrimecommittedbypeoplereleasedfromprisoninanygivenyear,wedoknowtheextenttowhichthoseunderparolearejailedagainformajorcrimeconvictions.Whileelitecollegesanduniversitiesstillhavehighstandardsofadmissions,someofthe“exclusive”prisonsnowrequireaboutfivepriorseriouscrimesbeforeaninmateisacceptedintotheircorrectionalprogram.試分析文本中的句子：APumaatlarge

逃遁的美洲獅

Pumasarelarge,cat-likeanimalswhicharefoundinAmerica.WhenreportscameintoLondonZoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously.However,astheevidencebegantoaccumulate,expertsfromtheZoofeltobligedtoinvestigate,forthedescriptionsgivenbypeoplewhoclaimedtohaveseenthepumawereextraordinarilysimilar.

Thehuntforthepumabeganinasmallvillagewhereawomanpickingblackberriessaw'alargecat'onlyfiveyardsawayfromher.Itimmediatelyranawaywhenshesawit,andexpertsconfirmedthatapumawillnotattackahumanbeingunlessitiscornered.Thesearchproveddifficult,forthepumawasoftenobservedatoneplaceinthemorningandatanotherplacetwentymilesawayintheevening.Whereveritwent,itleftbehinditatrailofdeaddeerandsmallanimalslikerabbits.Pawprintswereseeninanumberofplacesandpumafurwasfoundclingingtobushes.Severalpeoplecomplainedof"cat-likenoises'atnightandabusinessmanonafishingtripsawthepumaupatree.Theexpertswerenowfullyconvincedthattheanimalwasapuma,butwherehaditcomefrom?Asnopumashadbeenreportedmissingfromanyzoointhecountry,thisonemusthavebeeninthepossessionofaprivatecollectorandsomehowmanagedtoescape.Thehuntwentonforseveralweeks,butthepumawasnotcaught.Itisdisturbingtothinkthatadangerouswildanimalisstillatlargeinthequietcountryside.Thirteenequalsone十三等于一

Ourvicarisalwaysraisingmoneyforonecauseoranother,buthehasnevermanagedtogetenoughmoneytohavethechurchclockrepaired.Thebigclockwhichusedtostrikethehoursdayandnightwasdamagedmanyyearsagoandhasbeensilenteversince.

Onenight,however,ourvicarworkupwithastart:theclockwasstrikingthehours!Lookingathiswatch,hesawthatitwasoneo'clock,butthebellstruckthirteentimesbeforeitstopped.Armedwithatorch,thevicarwentupintotheclocktowertoseewhatwasgoingon.Inthetorchlight,hecaughtsightofafigurewhomheimmediatelyrecognizedasBillWilkins,ourlocalgrocer.

'WhateverareyoudoinguphereBill?'askedthevicarinsurprise.

'I'mtryingtorepairthebell,'answeredBill.'I'vebeencomingupherenightafternightforweeksnow.Yousee,Iwashopingtogiveyouasurprise.'

'Youcertainlydidgivemeasurprise!'saidthevicar.'You'veprobablywokenupeveryoneinthevillageaswell.Still,I'mgladthebellisworkingagain.'

That'sthetrouble,vicar,'answeredBill.'It'sworkingallright,butI'mafraidthatatoneo'clockitwillstrikethirteentimesandthere'snothingIcandoaboutit."

We'llgetusedtothat,Bill,'saidthevicar."Thirteenisnotasgoodasone,butit'sbetterthannothing.Nowlet'sgodownstairsandhaveacupoftea.'Anunknowngoddess

無名女神

Sometimeago,aninterestingdiscoverywasmadebyarchaeologistsontheAegeanislandofKea.AnAmericanteamexploredatemplewhichstandsinanancientcityonthepromontoryofAyiaIrini.Thecityatonetimemusthavebeenprosperous,foritenjoyedahighlevelofcivilization.Houses--oftenthreestoreyshigh--werebuiltofstone.Theyhadlargeroomswithbeautifullydecoratedwalls.Thecitywasequippedwithadrainagesystem,foragreatmanyclaypipeswerefoundbeneaththenarrowstreets.

ThetemplewhichthearchaeologistsexploredwasusedasaplaceofworshipfromthefifteenthcenturyB.C.untilRomantimes.Inthemostsacredroomoftemple,clayfragmentsoffifteenstatueswerefound.Eachoftheserepresentedagoddessandhad,atonetime,beenpainted.ThebodyofonestatuewasfoundamongremainsdatingfromthefifteenthcenturyB.C.It'smissingheadhappenedtobeamongremainsofthefifthcenturyB.C.ThisheadmusthavebeenfoundinClassicaltimesandcarefullypreserved.Itwasveryoldandpreciouseventhen.Whenthearchaeologistsreconstructedthefragments,theywereamazedtofindthatthegoddessturnedouttobeaverymodern-lookingwoman.Shestoodthreefeethighandherhandsrestedonherhips.Shewaswearingafull-lengthskirtwhichswepttheground.Despitehergreatage,shewasverygracefulindeed,but,sofar,thearchaeologistshavebeenunabletodiscoverheridentity.ThedoublelifeofAlfredBloggs

阿爾弗雷德.布洛格斯的雙重生活

Thesedays,peoplewhodomanualworkoftenreceivefarmoremoneythanpeoplewhoworkinoffices.Peoplewhoworkinofficesarefrequentlyreferredtoas"white-collarworkers'forthesimplereasonthattheyusuallywearacollarandtietogotowork.Suchishumannature,thatagreatmanypeopleareoftenwillingtosacrificehigherpayfortheprivilegeofbecomingwhite-collarworkers.Thiscangiverisetocurioussituations,asitdidinthecaseofAlfredBloggswhoworkedasadustmanfortheEllesmereCorporation.

Whenhegotmarried,Alfwastooembarrassedtosayanythingtohiswifeabouthisjob.HesimplytoldherthatheworkedfortheCorporation.Everymorning,helefthomedressedinasmartblacksuit.Hethenchangedintooverallsandspentthenexteighthoursasadustman.Beforereturninghomeatnight.Hetookashowerandchangedbackintohissuit.AlfdidthisforovertwoyearsandhisfellowdustmenkepthissecretAlf'swifehasneverdiscoveredthatshemarriedadustmanandsheneverwill,forAlfhasjustfoundanotherjob.Hewillsoonbeworkinginanoffice.Hewillbeearningonlyhalfasmuchasheusedto,buthefeelsthathisriseinstatusiswellworththelossofmoney.Fromnowon,hewillwearasuitalldayandotherswillcallhim'Mr.Bloggs',not'Alf'.Ex.1C1.WaldenPond,oncepraisedbyThoreauforitsnaturalbeauty,isnowthesiteofmanytouriststands.2.Almosteverysummernightthecoolingnortheastwindsweptthroughourbedroomwindows,makingairconditioningunnecessaryandalightblanketwelcome./Sweepingthroughourbedroomwindowsalmosteverysummernight,thecoolingnortheastwindmadeairconditioningunnecessaryandalightblanketwelcome.3.Thesteepsurroundingslopeswerecappedwithsnow,whichfedtwostreamsplungingdowntojoininthevalleybelow.4.Withtheriverononesideandalargetreeprovidingshade,thisisagoodspotforapicnic,andwecanspreadourblanketonthegrassyknoll.5.Pantingforbreathafterrunningupthestairs,MrWoodstoodathisneighbour'sdoorandknockedagainandagaintillsomeoneopenedit.6.ThetownfolkenviedHorace,whohadcomeintoasmallfortunewithwhichheboughtabighouseandobtainedapartnershipinthebiggestgroceryintown.7.Standinginfrontofthemirror,Jimlookedathisimage,wonderingatthebigchangethathadcomeoverhiminrecentyears.8.Theideathathisonlydaughterwhomhehadgreatlywrongedmightneverforgivehimalmostdrovehimmad.9.Thestory,writteninplainlanguage,consistsofthreepartswithaninterestingplotcenteringroundanaristocraticfamilylivingin17th-centuryFrance.10.Mud-coveredandshivering,Johnsathunchedoverabowlofhotbrothpreparedbyhisfathertodriveoffthechill.11.FarabovethewatersofabeautifullakeandoverthctopsofthetallpinetreesgrowingonthesteepslopesofahillstandfiveChinese-stylepavilions.12.Fartherdownthestreet,theoldmanstoppedandleanedagainstalamp-post,listeningtoacheerfulsongcomingoutofarestaurantontheoppositesideofthestreet.13.Sarahsankinthenearestchair,completelyexhausted,herlimbsstiffwithcold,hermindapieceofblank.14.ThroughoutthedayMrsRymerbehavedveryproperly,herpleasant,refinedfacewearingagravelook,herelegantfigurewrappedindeepmourningwhileoccasionallysheutteredasighorasob.15.Tonythoughtitnecessarytobreakthenewstohisfamily,thatMr.Jacob,hisformeremployer,hadpromisedhimahalf-dayjobat20poundsaweek.16.Thethoughtthathemighthavewrongedhisfriendwhohadrenderedhimgoodservicesonmanyoccasionstroubledhismind,alreadyoverburdenedwithworriesandcares.17.Themenofthedisbandedroyalbodyguard,suddenlyturnedlooseontothestreetofacapitalseethingwithunrest,unemployedandperhapsdisgruntledattheirabruptdismissal,wereapotentiallydangerousclement.18.FormanyyearsLondonhasbeenabusinesscentrewithhotelaccommodationforvisitingbusinessmentogetherwithwell-to-dotravellersbutcompletelyinadequatefortheswarmsofshort-staytouristslandingatHeathrowordisembarkingatDover.19.Nearingthetop,heclimbedrecklesslyfasterandfaster,hiseyesalreadyglowingwithtriumph,butsuddenlyheslippedandfell,tumblingtothegroundandlyingmotionlessthere,acrumpledpileofarmsandlegs.20.BertrandRussellwasoneoftheveryfewpersonswhohavereceivedboththeOrderofMerit,whichwasconferredonhimbytheBritishgovernmentin1949,andtheNobelPrizeforliterature,conferredinNorwayin1950.ChapterTwo

主謂一致

Subject-VerbConcord三個根本原那么：ThreePrinciples:GrammaticalConcord語法一致NotionalConcord意義一致PrincipleofProximity就近原那么GrammaticalConcordTheprincipleofgrammaticalconcordreferstotherulethattheverbmustmatchitssubjectinnumber.Bothboyshavetheirmerits.NotionalconcordTheprincipleofnotionalconcordreferstotherulethattheverbcansometimesagreewiththesubjectaccordingtothenotionofnumberratherthantotheactualpresenceofthegrammaticalmarkerforthatnotion.Myfamilyareallworkers.Fifteenmilesseemslikealongwaytome.當(dāng)主語是表示度量、時間、金錢等復(fù)數(shù)名詞時，一般根據(jù)意義一致的原那么，把它們看成一個整體，謂語動詞采取單數(shù)形式。又如：cf.P43Twentyyearsinprisonwasthepenaltyhehadtopay.Tendollarsisalargesumofmoneyfortheboy.但是，如我們側(cè)重于一個個的個體，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：Twodollarswere(was)foundinhispockets.Twentyyearsinprisonhave(has)passedsincehewassenttoprison.ProximityTheprincipleofproximitydenotesagreementoftheverbwithacloselyprecedingnounphraseinpreferencetoagreementwiththeheadofthenounphrasethatfunctionsassubject.Eithermybrothersormyfatheriscoming.Problemsofconcordwithnounsendingsin–s

以S結(jié)尾的名詞的主謂一致問題1.Diseaseandgamenamesendingin–smostdiseasessmeasles,rickets,s,pmostgamenamesscardsp2.Subjectnamesendingin–sGenerallysInothersensesthansubjectnamesp3.Geographicalnamesendingin–sArchipelagos,mountainranges,straitsandfallspCountrynames4.othernounsendingin–sScissors,pincerspApairofscissors,pincerssArchives,arms,clothespWhereabouts,dramaticsp,s-ings:clippings,diggingspTidingsp,sProblemsofconcordwithcollective

nounsassubject

集體名詞做主語的一致問題People,police,cattle,militia,poultry,verminpFoliage,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandisesAudience,committee,class,crew,family,government,publics,pe.g.Theaudiencewas/wereclappingforalongtime.Acommitteeof/apanelof/aboardof/theboardof+pl.nsProblemsofconcordwitha

coordinatesubject

并列主語的一致問題1.and,both…and…s,p2.or,either…or…,nor,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…proximityProblemsofconcordwithexpressionsofquantityassubject

表數(shù)量的短語作主語時的一致問題1.asingleunitsindividualsp2.percentagedeterminedbythenounintheof-phrase3.plus,and,multipliesby,timess,pminus,dividedbys4.onein/outof+plnouns(formal)p(informal)5.allof,someof,noneof,halfof,mostof,determinedbythenounintheof-phrase.Aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelofsAkindof/sort/typeofsThiskind/sort,typeofsThese,thosekindspManya,morethanonesAnaverageof/amajorityof/determinedbythenotionofthenounAnumberofcars__infrontofthebuilding.A.isparkedB.areparkedC.hasparkedD.wasparkedThenumberofprivatecolleges__.A.areincreasingB.havebeenincreasedC.haveincreasedD.hasincreasedC.f.anumber(avariety)of+n.pl.+v.pl.;thenumberof(thevarietyof)+n.pl.+v.s.

Anamountof/aquantityof+u.n.+v.s.Alargeamountofmoneyisspentontheproject.Alargequantityofdesertcoverstheland.But,quantitiesof/amountsof+u.n.+v.pl.Smallamountsoflandwereusedforraisinganimals.Largequantitiesofcoalareneededinthefactoryeveryyear.Problemsofconcordwitha

nominalclauseassubject

名詞性分句做主語的一致問題What,who,which,how,why,whethersInSVCconstructionswithawhat-clauseassubject,theverbusuallytakesthesingularform.Butwhenthesubjectcomplementisplural,orwhenthewhat-clauseispluralinmeaning,theverbofthemainclausecanbeplural.Whatwasrealtohimwerethedetailsofhislife.Subject-verbconcordwithanon-finiteclauseassubject非限定分句中的主謂一致：sButwhen2ormoresuchclausesarecoordinatedbyand,spSubject-verbconcordinrelativeclauses

grammaticalconcord

關(guān)系分句中的語法一致Oneof……pTheoneof…sSubject-verbconcordinCleftsentence分裂句中的主謂一致：ItisIwhoamtoblame.ItismewhoistoblameSubject-verbconcordin

existentialsentences存在句中的主謂一致：Determinedbythenumberofthe notionalsubject.Thereis/are…Topicsfordiscussion:1．Twofifthsofthepopulationinthedistrictareworkers.這是一個正確的句子。但是，根據(jù)所學(xué)規(guī)那么：“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞”作主語時，如果of后面的名詞是單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)”，population一詞是單數(shù)，為什么這里謂語用了復(fù)數(shù)are？解答：population作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，如：Thepopulationoftheearthisincreasingveryfast.如果百分?jǐn)?shù)或分?jǐn)?shù)+ofpopulation作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。2．如果percent后面是代詞，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)是什么？思考下面兩句話：Twentypercentofit______outofdate.Twentypercentofthem_______outofdate.Key:(is);(are)3．以下并列結(jié)構(gòu)的短語指同一種東西或兩種抽象的東西被看作是不可分割的一個整體，當(dāng)它們作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。你能說出它們的意思嗎？1〕abowandarrow/acupandsaucer/aknifeandfork/acartandhorse/theneedleandthread2〕fishandchips/breadandbutter/hamandeggs/saltandwater/whiskyandsoda3〕ironandsteel/bloodandiron/lawandorder/trialanderror/scienceandtechnology4〕warandpeace/truthandhonesty/witandhumor/wheelandaxle解答：1〕一副弓箭一套杯碟一副刀叉馬車針線2〕油煎魚加炸土豆面包黃油火腿加雞蛋鹽開水摻蘇打的威士忌3〕鋼鐵鐵血政策法律秩序反復(fù)嘗試科學(xué)技術(shù)4〕戰(zhàn)爭與和平真誠機智幽默輪軸4.Thetypeofstoriesmymothertoldmeinmychildhoodhasneverbeenheard.Therearemanykindsofhouseholdappliances(家用電器)now.上面兩句的謂語動詞使用有誤嗎？請判斷。解答：Thetype/kind/formof+nounusedassubjecttheverbagreeswiththesubjectaccordingtothenumberoftype/kind/form.5．Idiomsappreciation:Timeandtidewait(waits)fornoman.Truthandhonestyisthebestpolicy.Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthywealthyandwise.Joyandsorrowarenext-doorneighbors.--AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.--Myhouseandhomeisat1707MarylandDrive.Note注意以下句中主語與謂語動詞的一致：--Doesn’theorIdeserveit?--Don’tyouorhedeserveit?譯文：歲月不留人。老實為上策。早睡早起使人健康、富有、聰明。樂極生悲。Analysethefollowingsentences:Wewantedtoavoidthemistakemadebymanycouplesofmarryingforthewrongreasons,andonlyfindingoutten,twenty,orthirtyyearslaterthattheywereincompatible,thattheyhardlytookthetimetoknoweachother,thattheyoverlookedseriouspersonalityconflictsintheexpectationthatmarriagewasanautomaticwaytomakeeverythingworkoutright.Herfatherproceededtoquotestatisticsshowingthatmixedcoupleshadhigherdivorceratesthancouplesofthesameraceandgaveexamplesofmixedcoupleshehadcounseledwhowerehavingmaritaldifficulties.NounandNounPhrase

名詞和名詞詞組Classificationofnouns:WordFormation:Simple,CompoundandderivativenounsLexicalmeaning:Properandcommoncommonnoun:individual,collective,material,abstractnounGrammaticalform:countableanduncountable.countablenoun:individualandsomecollectivenouns;uncountablenoun:material,abstract,properandsomecollectivenounsFunctionofnounphrasesThenounphrasecanfunctionasalltheelementsinasentenceexceptthepredicateverb.Subject,subjectcomplement,object,objectcomplement,appositive,prepositionalcomplementation,adverbial,conjunctionNumberformsofnouns1)regularandirregularplural-s-th-s-s,-x,-z,-sh,-ch-es-yConsonant–iesVowel–s-quy-iesproper-sVowel-o-sProper-sConsonant-o-es(popatoes,tomatoes,heroes,negroes,echoes,vetoes,embargoes,torpedoes)-s-s,-es-f,-fe-s-ves(lives,halves,shelves,calves,thieves,selves,knives,leaves,wolves,loaves)FootfeetGoosegeeseToothteethMousemiceLouseliceManmenWomanwomenChildchildrenOxoxenStratumstrataAlumnusalumniAlumnaalumnaeBasisbasesCriterioncriteriaDatumdataHypothesishypothesesParenthesisparenthesesPhenomenonphenomenaThesisthesesCrisiscrises單復(fù)數(shù)同型的名詞Deer,sheep,fish,trout,Swiss,Japanese,Chinese,Portuguese,craft,aircraft,hovercraft,spacecraft,barracks,headquarters,means,works,series,speciesCollectivenounMaterialnoun(rubber,stone,egg,lamb,onion)Abstractnoun(victory,conference,difficulty,opinion,sympathy);(experience,relation,youth,worry,business,kindness)Propernoun觀察以下劃線的名詞Joyssharedwithothersaremoreenjoyed.Nojoywithoutannoy.Littlechildrenareagreatjoytotheirparents.Rosesareagoodgiftforyourgirlfriend.Chocolatesareagoodgiftforchildren.單位詞填空Partitivesa____ofsoap(一塊香皂),a____ofcattle〔一頭?！?a____ofchocolate〔一板巧克力〕,a____offirewood〔一捆柴〕,a____ofwater〔一滴水〕,a____ofbread〔一條面包〕,a____ofcorn〔一穗玉米〕,a____ofsugar〔一塊方糖〕,A____ofstairs〔一段樓梯〕,a____ofincense〔一柱香〕,A____ofsand〔一粒沙子〕,a____ofmeat〔一片肉〕,A_____ofink〔一瓶墨水〕,a____oftea〔一杯茶〕,A____ofrice〔一碗飯〕,a____ofclay〔一掊土〕A____ofwater〔一桶水〕,a____ofhotwater〔一勺熱水〕,A____ofmilk〔一桶牛奶〕,a____ofsteel〔一卡車鋼材〕,A____ofbeer〔一瓶啤酒〕,a____ofsand〔一貨車沙子〕,A__ofanger/coughing/laughter/feverA__ofapplause/laughter/thunder〔一陣〕