初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法培訓(xùn)

演講人：日期：初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法培訓(xùn)目錄CONTENTSBasicConceptsofEnglishGrammarUsageofNounsandArticlesVerbTenseandVoiceChangesComparativeandSuperlativeAdjectivesandAdvantageousPreliminaryphrasesandtheuseofconnectionsSentenceTypeandStructureAnalysis01BasicConceptsofEnglishGrammarGrammaristhesetofstructuralrulesthatgovernthecompositionofclauses,phrases,andwordsinanygivennaturallanguageItincludesthestudyoftheclassesofwords,theirconflicts,andtheirfunctionsandrelationshipsinthesenseInabrowsersense,grammaralsoincludesthecultural,social,andhistoricalaspectsoflanguageuseWhatisgrammar

TheImportanceofGrammarinEnglishLearningGrammarhelplearnerstounderstandhowwordsarecombinedtoformphrases,clauses,andsentencesItenableslearnerstouselanguageaccuratelyandeffectivelyforcommunicationUnderstandinggrammarrulesalsoaidsinreadingcomprehensionandwritingskillsThebasicstructureofasensetypicallyincludesasubjectandapredicateThesubjectisthepersonorthingthatperformstheactionorisdescribedinthepresenceThepredictexpressionsoftheactionorstateofbeingofthesubjectandcommonlyincludesaverbBasicpresencestructureItalsoaidsinidentifyingandcorrectinggraphicalerrorsSentencecomponentsrefertothedifferentpartsthatmakeupasense,suchasthesubject,predicate,object,completion,andadvisoryAnalyzingpresencecomponentshelpslearnerstounderstandthefunctionsandrelationshipsofdifferentpartsofspeechinapresenceSentenceComponentAnalysis02UsageofNounsandArticlesRefertopeople,places,things,orideasingeneral,e.g.,"book,""car,""happiness."CommonNounsRefertospecificindividuals,places,orthings,e.g.,"John,""NewYork,""TajMahal."PropertyNounsRefertophysicalentitiesthatcanbeperceivedthroughthesenses,e.g.,"table,""apple."ConcreteNounsRefertoideas,concepts,orqualitiesthatcannotbeperceivedthroughthesenses,e.g.,"love,""justice."AbstractNounsClassificationandFunctionofNounsRefertoindividualitemsthatcanbecounted,e.g.,"apples,""pens."TheyhavebothsingularandpluralformsCountableNounsRefertoabstracts,concepts,orqualitiesthatcannotbecountedasindividualitems,e.g.,"water,""information."TheyonlyhaveasingularformandareoftenusedwithdefinearticlesorqualificationsUncountableNounsCountableanduncountablenouns"Thecarisred."IndexArticles"a"and"an":Usedtorefertonon-specificnounsortointroduceanounforthefirsttime,e.g.,"Ihaveabook.""Anappleisonthetable."ZeroArticle:Somenounsdonotrequireanarticlewhenusedingeneralstatementsorwhenreferringtoabstractconcepts,e.g.,"Happinessisimportant."TypesandusagerulesofarticlesSingularPossessive01Formedbyadding''stothenoun,e.g.,"John'scar."PluralPossessive02Formedbyadding''stotheregularnounorbyusingtheApostropheafterthe's'ifthenounalreadyendsin's',e.g.,"Thestudents'books.""TheJones'house."IndefinitePronounPossessive03Formedbyusingthepositiveobjective"its"forsingularnounsand"their"forpluralnouns,e.g.,"Thecatlostitstoy.""Thechildrenenjoyedtheirparty."Positiveformofnouns03VerbTenseandVoiceChangesExpressionsactionsorstatesthatarehappeningnow,suchas"Ieatanapple."PresenttenseDescribesactionsorstatesthathavealreadyhappened,forexample,'Shewalkedtothestore.'""PasttenseIndicationsactionsorstatesthatwilloccurinthefuture,suchas"Theywillgraduatenextyear."FuturetensePresenttense,pasttense,futuretenseDescribeactionsorstatesthatarecurrentlyonging,suchas"Heisstudyingfortheexam."InprogressReferstoactionsorstatesthathavebeencompleted,forexample,"Shehasfinishedherhomework."IncompletionInprogressandincompletionCompositionPassivevoiceisformedbyusingtheverb"tobe"followedbythepastparticleofthemainverb,suchas"Thebookwaswrittenbyhim."UsagePassivevoiceisusedwhenthefocusisontheactioncomparedtothedoer,orwhenthedoerisunknownorunimportantTheCompositionandUsageofPassiveVoiceInfinitiveverbsThebasicformoftheverb,typicallyprioritizedby"to,"suchas"torun,""tosing."GerundsVerbsendingin"-ing"thatfunctionasnouns,suchas"Runningisgoodexercise."ArticlesVerbsthatfunctionasobjectives,describingnounsTheycanbepresentparticles(endingin"-ing")orpastparticles(varyingendingsdependingontheverb)Infiniteverbs,gerund,andparticles04ComparativeandSuperlativeAdjectivesandAdvantageousAdjectivesdescribenounsorpronouns,providinginformationabouttheirqualityorstatesAdvantersmodifyverbs,objectives,orotheradvertisements,expressinghow,where,when,ortowhatextentsomethingisdoneBothobjectivesandadvisorshavecomparativeandsuperiorformsusedtocomparetwoormorethingsBasicusageofobjectivesandadvertisementsMostobjectionsandadvertisementsformthecomparativebyadding"-er"andthesuperiorbyadding"-est."SomeobjectionsandadvisorshaveirregularcomparativeandsuperiorformsthatdonotfollowthegeneralrulesAdjectivesandadvertisementswithmorethanonesymmetricallytypicalformthecomparativeandsuperlativeuseof"more"and"most"respectivelyComparativeandSuperlativeCompositionRules"Good"benefits"better"inthecomparativeand"best"inthesuperior"Far"benefits"far"or"further"inthecomparativeand"far"or"far"inthesuperlative,dependingonthecontext"Old"behaviors"older"or"elder"inthecomparativeand"oldest"or"eldest"inthesuperlative,with"elder"and"eldest"typicallyusedtorefertopeople"Bad"behaviors"word"inthecomparativeand"word"inthesuperlativeCommonirregularformsofvariationUsingcomparativeandsuperlativelevelsinsensesThecomparativelevelisusedtocomparetwothings,asin"Thisbookisbetterthanthatone."Thesuperiorlevelisusedtocomparethreeormorethings,asin"Sheisthesmarteststudentinherclass."Whenusingthecomparativeorsuperlative,makesurethecomparisonisclearandlogicalAvoidambiguouscomparisonsbyincludingnecessarycontextorclarifyinginformation05PreliminaryphrasesandtheuseofconnectionsPositionscanexpressspatialrelationships(e.g.,on,under,behind)Positionscanbeusedtoexpresstherelationshipbetweentwoideasorconcepts(e.g.,about,considering)Theycanalsoindicatetemporaryrelationships(e.g.,before,after,during)Somepositionshavemultiplemeansdependingonthecontext(e.g.,overcanmean"above"or"morethan")Typesandfunctionsofpositions輸入標(biāo)題02010403TheroleofpositionalphrasesinsensesPreliminaryphrasescanfunctionasobjectives,modifyingnounsorpronounsIt'simportanttousepreliminaryphrasescorrectlytoavoidambiguousorfusingintentionsPreliminaryphrasesadddetailandclaimtosentencesbyadvancingadditionalinformationaboutthesubject,object,oractionTheycanalsofunctionasadvisors,modifyingadvisors,advisors,orotheradvisorsCoordinatingconnectionsjointwoindependentclausesorwordsofequalimportance(e.g.,and,but,or)Conjunctiveadaptersareusedtoconnecttwoindependentclausesandshowtherelationshipbetweenthem(e.g.,however,therearemore,more)ConnectionshelptocreatecomplexsensesbycombiningsimplesensesSubordinatingconnectionsintroducedependentclausesandshowtherelationshipbetweenthemainclauseandthedependentclause(e.g.,because,appropriate,when)TypesandfunctionsofconnectionsParallelsenseshaveasimilarstructureandrelatedideasIt'simportanttomaintainparallelisminsensestoensureclarityandcoherenceParallelandcompoundsensesCompoundsensescontaintwoormoreindependentclaimsjoinedbyajunctionorasemiconductorParallelandcompoundsensescanbeusedeffectivelytoexpresscomplexideasandrelationships06SentenceTypeandStructureAnalysisStateafactoropinionExample:"Sheisadoctor."DeclarativeintentionsAskaquestionExample:"Areyouhungry?"InterrogtivesensesExpressstrongemotionExample:"Whatabeautifulday!"ExceptionsensesGiveacommandorrequestExample:"Pleaseclosethedoor."ImperativesensesDeclarativesenses,aggressivesenses,exceptionalsenses,andintrinsicsensesNoteTheoriginaloutlinehad"compoundsenses"listedtwo,soIhaveaccountedforthesecondinstancewasendedtobe"complexsenses."SimplesensesContainoneindependentclauseExample:"Thec