新譯林版高中英語必修3Unit1NatureinthebalanceGrammar課時作業(yè)

Unit1Natureinthebalance1.2Grammar：省略句省略句 省略句的定義：為了避免重復，或為了使句子更簡練，在一些句子中常常省去一個或某幾個成分，這種語法現(xiàn)象在英語中叫省略。在英語句子中，常見的省略情況有以下幾種：一.狀語從句中的省略1.在when,while,if,asif,though,although,as,until,once,whether,unless等連接的狀語從句中，若從句中的主語與主句主語一致且謂語中含有be動詞，常省略狀語從句中的主語和be動詞。當從句的主語為it時，則從句中主語和be動詞常被省略。=1\*GB3①Shefellasleepwhile(hewas)doinghishomework.他在做作業(yè)時睡著了。=2\*GB3②Oftenshewouldweepwhen(shewas)alone.她一個人時，常?？奁?。=3\*GB3③If(itis)possible,I'llgoouting.如果可能的話，我將去郊游?！靖櫟淅客瓿删渥?1\*GB3①While___________(cycle),don'tforgetthetrafficlights.騎車時，不要忘記看紅綠燈。=2\*GB3②Heopenedhismouthasif___________(say)something.他張開嘴好像要說什么。=3\*GB3③If___________(leave)

untreated,thecondition

may

becomechronic.

如果得不到治療，此病可能會轉(zhuǎn)成慢性?！敬鸢浮竣賑ycling②tosay=3\*GB3③left注意：有些由if構成的省略結(jié)構，已屬固定短語，如ifany,ifnecessary,ifpossible,ifnot,ifso：=1\*GB3①Therearefew,ifany,mistakesinthatbook.那本書就是有錯誤也不多。=2\*GB3②Ifnecessary,ringmeathome.如果必要，可以打電話到我家找我。=3\*GB3③Ifpossible,Iwishtogotherenextsummer.如果可能，我希望明年夏天去。=4\*GB3④Hemaybebusy.Ifso,I’llcalllater.Ifnot,canIseehimnow?他可能很忙，要是這樣，我以后再來拜訪。要是不忙，我現(xiàn)在可以見他嗎?2.在than,as等引導的比較狀語從句中常省略某些成分。=1\*GB3①Iknowyoubetterthan(Iknow)him.我了解你勝過了解他。=2\*GB3②HerunsasfastasBob(runs)．他跑得和鮑勃一樣快。二．定語從句和賓語從句中的省略1．定語從句中的省略(1)在限制性定語從句中，作賓語用的關系代詞whom,which,that可省略(但whom,which緊跟在介詞后時不能省略)。Theman(who/whom/that)youwanttomeethascome.你要見的人來了。(2)修飾way的關系詞that/inwhich可以省略。Doyouknowtheway(that/inwhich)workismeasured?你知道衡量工作的方式嗎？2．賓語從句中的省略(1)及物動詞后接賓語從句時，連接詞that一般可以省略；但如果及物動詞接兩個或兩個以上that引導的賓語從句，那么只有第一個that可以省略。=1\*GB3①Ibelieve(that)beautycomesfromwithin.我相信美麗來自內(nèi)心。=2\*GB3②Hesaid(that)thetextwasveryimportantandthatweshouldlearnitbyheart.他說這篇課文很重要，我們應該牢記在心。(2)when,where,how和why引導的賓語從句有時可以僅保留引導詞。ShewantstolearnEnglishwell,yetshedoesn'tknowhow(shecanlearnitwell)．她想學好英語，但她不知道怎樣才能學好。【跟蹤典例】把句中可以省略的部分用橫線標出來①Amongthemanydangerswhichsailorshavetoface,probablythegreatestofallisfog.②Pleasesendusalltheinformationthatyouhaveaboutthecandidatefortheposition.③Jerrydidnotregretgivingthecommentbutfeltthathecouldhaveexpresseditdifferently.④Shedidn'tgotoschoolyesterday.Idon'tknowwhyshedidn'tgtoschoolyesterday.【答案】①Amongthemanydangerswhichsailorshavetoface,probablythegreatestofallisfog.②Pleasesendusalltheinformationthatyouhaveaboutthecandidatefortheposition.③Jerrydidnotregretgivingthecommentbutfeltthathecouldhaveexpresseditdifferently.④Shedidn'tgotoschoolyesterday.Idon'tknowwhyshedidn'tgotoschoolyesterday.三.動詞不定式的省略1．當不定式在形容詞afraid,anxious,eager,glad,happy,ready,willing等后作狀語時，to后的內(nèi)容常省略。Youcan'tforcehimtoanswerthequestionifhe'snotreadyto(answerthequestion)．如果他不愿意回答這個問題，你不能強迫他。2．某些使役動詞如：make,let,have等和感官動詞如：see,watch,notice,observe,hear等后面作賓補的不定式須省略to，但若這些動詞用于被動語態(tài)，則to不省略。WeoftenhearhersinganEnglishsongintheclassroom.→SheisoftenheardtosinganEnglishsongintheclassroom.(被動語態(tài))我們經(jīng)常聽見她在教室里唱英語歌。3．并列的不定式可以省略后面的不定式符號to。但若兩個不定式之間表示對比關系時，不省略to。=1\*GB3①Helikestoswimmorethan(to)skate.比起溜冰他更喜歡游泳。=2\*GB3②Hebelievesitimportanttostudyratherthantoplaycomputergames.(比較)他認為最重要的是學習而不是玩電腦游戲。4．當不定式在某些動詞后作賓語時，常可省略。常見的動詞有agree,afford,expect,forget,hope,know,manage,pretend,remember,refuse,want,wish,wouldlike等。Iaskedhimtoseethefilm,buthedidn'twantto(seethefilm)．我請他看電影，但是他不想去。5．介詞but,except(除了)前有實義動詞do的具體形式時，后面的不定式不帶to。Allhecoulddowasnothingbutwaitandsee.他所能做的只有等等看。6．當不定式在begoingto,beableto,haveto,oughtto,usedto后作復合謂語時，不定式可省略。Theydon'tgoshoppingasmuchastheyusedto(goshopping)．他們不像過去那樣經(jīng)常去購物了。注意：(1)省略的不定式內(nèi)容若含有作助動詞用的have或be的任何形式時，to后要保留原形的have或be。(2)類似這樣用法的還有動詞短語begoingto,beaboutto,besupposedto,haveto,usedto及形容詞glad,happy,pleased,delighted等。=1\*GB3①Hedidn'tcome,butheoughttohave(come)．他沒來，但他應該來。=2\*GB3②—Areyouafarmer?—No,butIusedtobe(afarmer)．——你是個農(nóng)民嗎？——不是，但我過去是?！靖櫟淅繂尉涓腻e①Thereweresomanycarsheldupbytheheavyrainontheroadthatwehadnoalternativebutwait.②Wecandonothingbuttogiveup.③Hewasnoticedleavetheoffice.④Thecitynowismuchnoisierthanitusedto.⑤Mymotherwouldn'tletmetogotoseethefilm.【答案】①but后加to②去掉to③noticed后加to④to后加be⑤去掉第一個toⅠ.單句語法填空1.Once__________(addict)toonlinegames,teenagersareharmedbothphysicallyandmentally.2.__________(concern)aboutthestudent,theteachercalledhisparentstofindoutwhyhewassooftenab-sentfromclass.3.Avaccinecan'tbeputontothemarketunless__________(test)onalargescale.4.Filmhasamuchshorterhistory,especiallywhen__________(compare)tosuchartformsasmusicandpainting.5.When__________(publish),thenovelwillbecomeoneofthebestsellersoftheyear.6.Xiaomingmusthavebeenplayingfootballatthattime,andhissister__________(play)thepiano.7.Somepoisonousmushrooms,if__________(consume)mistakenly,canbedeadly.8.Attheageoftwentyhelefthishometown,__________(determine)nottoreturnwithoutachievinghisgoal.9.Shewonderedwhyhedidn'tdoitas__________(require).10.Itisadifficultskilltomaster,butonce__________(obtain),itwillbenefityoufortherestofyourlife.11.Inthefilm,theactorthrewhimselfoffthehorseasif__________(shoot)todeath.12.Waterinmanyplacesisnotsafetodrinkunless___________(boil).13.When__________(expose)todangerandconflict,mentendtoincreasebloodpressure,feelingnervousoranxious.14.When__________(ask)laterwhatthecallwasabout,yourfriendalwaysanswers,"Oh,nothingreally.”15.If__________(convenience)Iwillvisityouthisweekend.=1\*ROMANI.閱讀理解ANow,citieslargeandsmalloftenhaveremainsofearlierhistoricstreetsandsidewalkpavements（人行道）.Yettheyoftengounprotectedevenwhentheymaybeolderthanneighbouringhistoricbuildingsthathaveenjoyedprotectionfortensofyears.Therearemanyreasonstoprotecthistoricpavements-culturevalue,economics,environmentalbenefitsandpublicsafety.Pavementsrepresentedanimportantstepinthemodernizationofcityenvironmentsinthe19thcentury.Beforethelayingofpavement,streetsofdirtcausedmanyproblemstocitizens,especiallyinwetweatherwhentheybecamemuddy（泥濘的），whichlimitedthemovementofpeopleandvehicles.Tosolvetheproblem,citiesexperimentedwithawiderangeofmaterialsinanattempttobalancedurability（耐用性），economics,sourcesofmaterialsandnoiseconsiderations.Theearliestpavementinmanycitieswerecobblestones-naturallyroundedstones.Theywerecheapanddurable,butroughandnoisy.Loosestonepavementswerecheapandsmooth,butnotverydurable.Woodalsoappearedinthe1850sasapopularoption-smooth,quietandaffordable,butnotverydurable.Inmanycitiesandtowns,brick（磚）streetsaretheonlyhistoricpavementsthathavesurvived.Thisfactcoversupthetruthofpavementexperimentationbetweenthe1850sand1920s,whenacitycoulduseuptoadozendifferentpavingmaterialsatthesametime!Indeed,eachcitydevelopedaunique"pavementidentity"inthematerialschosenandthewaytheywerelaid.Itiseasytothinkofthepastwhenseeinghistoricpavements,asrecalling"oldworld"cityqualities.However,theyaremoresimilartotheearlyhighbuildingsandparks-importantcityfeaturesthatshowedthemodernizationofthecity.Atatimewhencitiesarebecomingincreasinglysimilar,suchpavementsalsohelpdefineanimportantsenseofplace.1.Whatisthepresentsituationofhistoricpavements？A.Failingtorepresentmodemenvironments.B.Failingtoreceiveprotectiontheyshouldget.C.Beingbroughtbacktoitsformerglory.D.Beinghighlyvaluedasculturalbuildings.2.Whywasthefirstpavementbuiltinhistory？A.Tohelpdevelopthelocaleconomy.B.Topreventearthfrombeingwashedaway.C.Tolimitthemovementofpeopleandvehicles.D.Tobringconveniencetocitizens'life.3.WhatismainlytalkedaboutinParagraphs4-6？A.Popularityofdifferentpavingmaterials.B.Differentexperimentsoncityidentity.C.Advantagesanddisadvantagesofstonepavements.D.Developmentofpavementsofdifferentmaterials.4.Whatdoesthewriterwanttoexpressabouthistoricpavementsinthelastparagraph？A.Theyaresimilartotallbuildings.B.Theymakecitiesappearsimilar.C.Theyareuniqueofaparticularplace.D.Theyrepresentthemodernizationoftoday'scity.BTherearemanywaystodealwiththeplasticpollution.TomSzaky'swaymaybeoneofthebravest.Hehasgonebacktoanoldway-usingreusablecontainers.Theideawasusedinthelastcentury.ItwasintroducedtotheworldbyCoca-Colaintheearly1920s,whenCokewassoldinexpensiveglassbottlesthatneededreturning.Theyaskedfortwocents,about40percentofthefullcostofthesoftdrink,andgotabout98percentoftheirbottlesback,tobereused40or50times.Bottledepositprogramsremainoneofthemosteffectivemethods.Tenmonthsago,SzakystartedLoop,anonlinedeliveryservicethatusesstrongreusablecontainers.ThebiggestpartofhisriskisthatLooppushesfarbeyondthecommonreusablebottles.Fromfoodpackagingtowashingpowderpackaging,thecontainersareindifferentsizesandmadefromdifferentmaterials.OneofhisproductsisHaagen-Dazsicecreamthatispackedinsideaspecialboxtokeeptheicecreamfrommelting.17yearsago,SzakyfoundedTerraCycle,asmallwastemanagementcompany.Hethoughtupawaytodealwithplastics,cigarettewastes,andalonglistofotherwastes.Gradually,hebecamemoreinterestedinthinkingofhowtorecycledifferentkindsofwasteinthebestway.Loopispartofthereappearanceofthereusablepackagingasabestchoicetoplasticwaste.Thefoodanddrinkcompaniesaremorelikelytousereusablebottles.AcompanysaidtheyhavestartedtheUnitedStates'firststate-widereusablebeersystem.Moreobviously,Szaky'sideaofreusablepackagingforproductshasattractedmoreandmorecompaniestopayattentiontothereusablepackaging.5.WhatdoweknowaboutTomSzakyfromparagraph1？A.HeinventedCokebottles.B.Herecommendedusingreusablecontainers.C.Heinventedanewkindofcontainer.D.Heaskedpeoplefordeposit.6.WhydoesSzakykeeptheicecreaminaspecialbox？A.Tohelpkeepitstemperature. B.Tomakeiteasytoeat.C.Tomakeitsweeter. D.Tohelpitmeltquickly.7.Whatcanweinferaboutthereusablepackaginginthefuture？______A.Itwillsolveplasticwastecompletely.B.Itwillbringaboutalotofnewwaste.C.Itwillattractmoreandmoreattention.D.ItwillmakeLooplosealotofcustomers.8.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext？A.DifferentNewWaystoDealwithPlasticPollutionB.TheStoryofaCreativeInventorC.TheWorld'sAttitudetoPlasticPollutionD.AnOldIdeaofFightingagainstPlasticPollutionⅡ.語法填空閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Dayafterday,

asmallbluetruckspeedsalongthestreetsofFunen.Adogsitsbesidethedriver,lookingathimasif1(listen)tohisorder.Wheneverthetruckgoesby,

thepeopleofFunenturnandstare,

someinwonder,

othersinadmiration.Onitssides2

(print)thewordsTRACKERDOGandatelephonenumber.

Yes,

thepassengerinthebluetruckisadogthat3

(be)usedtofindlostthingsorfollowthetracksofpersonsandanimals.Withinsevenyears,

thedogandhis4

(own)Andersonhavefoundlostthingsworthnearly$400,000,among5

arewatches,

jewelry,

money,

cows,

pigs,

andotherdogs.Ofcourse,

thesecretofthedogishissensitivenose.

EachyearthedogandAndersonanswerabout700calls

6

help.Fouroutoffivetimestheyfindwhattheyareaskedtolookfor.

WheneverthephoneringsatAnderson’shouse,

thedogis7

(immediate)excited.Hequicklyrunstothetruck,

eagertobeoffinsearchofthe8

(lose).

Ontheway,

Andersonrepeatsagainandagainthenamesof9

theyarelookingfor.Sobythetimetheyarrive,

thedogisready10

(get)towork.Hecircleshereandthereuntilhepicksupthesmellofanobjectinaplacewhereitdoesn’tbelong.基礎幫Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.【答案】addicted【解析】句意：青少年一旦沉迷于網(wǎng)絡游戲，身心都會受到傷害。分析句子結(jié)構可知，設空處所給單詞addict的邏輯主語是teenagers，且與其是被動關系，應該填過去分詞形式，構成“Once+過去分詞”結(jié)構作狀語。Onceaddicted實際上是省略了theyare的條件狀語從句。由于主句和從句主語一致，且從句中有動詞be，故可省略從句中的主語和be動詞，故填addicted。2.【答案】Concerned【解析】句意：出于對那個學生的關心，老師打電話給他的父母，問他為什么經(jīng)常缺課。短語beconcernedabout意思是"擔心……"，分析句子可知，本句是原因狀語從句的省略，原句是Becausehewas

concernedaboutthestudent...，從句的主語和主句的主語一致，從句省略了引導詞、主語和系動詞was，句首單詞大寫首字母，故填Concerned。3.【答案】tested【解析】考查非謂語動詞。句意：除非大規(guī)模試驗，否則疫苗無法投入市場。分析句子可知，本句考查unless引導的條件狀語從句的省略，原從句是“unlessitistestedona

largescale.”，從句的主語it代指的是主句主語Avaccine，故可以將it省略，謂語動詞使用的是被動語態(tài)，把be動詞省略，直接使用過去分詞做狀語，即“unlesstestedona

largescale”，故填tested。

4.【答案】compared【解析】句意：電影的歷史要短得多，尤其是當它和像音樂與繪畫這樣的藝術形式相比時。所給動詞compare與其邏輯主語film之間是動賓關系，需用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)。句中從句的完整形式為whenfilmiscomparedtosuchartformsasmusicandpainting.主從句主語一致時，when引導的從句可省略主語+be動詞。故填compared。5.【答案】published【解析】句中willbecome作謂語，空格處用非謂語形式，thenovel與publish之間為被動關系，分析句意可知，此處可以用when引導的時間狀語從句，根據(jù)主將從現(xiàn)原則，此處可以理解為用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)，(itis)published，主句主語

thenovel和從句主語相同，可以省略主語和be動詞；也可以理解為用過去分詞形式作狀語。故填published。6.【答案】playing【解析】and前后句子時態(tài)一致，由前面的havebeenplayingfootball可知，and后的句子時態(tài)也應該為現(xiàn)在完成進行時，主語hissister是單數(shù)，因此空格處為hasbeenplaying，為了避免重復，省略havebeen，因此空格處為playing，故填playing。

7.【答案】consumed【解析】句意：一些有毒的蘑菇，如果誤食，可能會致命。考查從句的省略句式，if引導的條件狀語從句，當其主語與主句一致，謂語動詞含有be動詞時，可將主語和be動詞省略；動詞consume的邏輯主語是mushrooms，構成被動的關系，因此使用被動語態(tài)bedone形式，把主語和be動詞省略，故填consumed。

8.【答案】determined【解析】句意：二十歲時他離開了家鄉(xiāng)，決心不達目的就不回去。bedeterminedtodosth.決心做某事，固定搭配，因為空處主語和主句主語一致，所以此處省略了主語he和be動詞，所以空處需用determined作狀語。故填determined。

9.【答案】required【解析】句意：她不明白他為什么沒有按要求做。require動詞，要求，與主語“he”之間是動賓關系，用被動語態(tài)，由be動詞+動詞過去分詞構成；句中as引導方式狀語從句，當狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致時，從句可以將主語和be動詞省略。故填required。10.【答案】obtained【解析】句意：這是一項很難掌握的技術/技巧，但一旦掌握，你將受益一生。分析句子成分可知，設空處相當于一個條件狀語從句“onceitisobtained”，且與主句主語it一致，從句謂語有be，可以省略，設空處直接填obtained。故填obtained。11.【答案】shot【解析】句意：在這部電影中，那個演員從馬上摔了下來，仿佛被槍殺了。在英語中，如果主句的主語和從句的主語一致，且狀語從句的謂語動詞中有be動詞，從句的主語連同be可一起省略，該類狀語從句多為時間、地點、條件、方式或讓步等，連詞為when,while,though,if,unless,although,asif等，后面通常接分詞、不定式、形容詞、名詞等。故此處原句為asiftheactorwasshottodeath變?yōu)閍sifshottodeath。故填shot。12.【答案】boiled【解析】句意：許多地方水不煮沸就不能安全飲用。unless引導的狀語從句的主語與主句的主語一致，此處省略了主語+be動詞is。boil煮沸，與主語"water"是被動關系，需用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)，構成unlessthewaterisboiled，將unless從句中主語和be動詞省略后為boiled。故填boiled。13.【答案】exposed 【解析】分析句子結(jié)構可知，when引導的時間狀語從句的主語和主句主語一致，可省略主語和be動詞，完整表達為Whentheyareexposedtodangerandconflict...，expose與邏輯主語men是被動關系，故用過去分詞。故填exposed。14.【答案】asked【解析】句意：之后，當被問及電話是關于什么的時候，你的朋友總是回答：“哦，沒什么?！狈治鼍渥咏Y(jié)構可知，此處是when引導的時間狀語從句的省略，當主從句主語一致時，省略從句主語，由于邏輯主語yourfriend和ask之間是被動關系，直接省去be動詞，要用過去分詞作狀語，故填asked。15.【答案】convenient【解析】???????句意：如果方便的話，我這個周末去拜訪你。分析句子結(jié)構可知，If______(convenience)是省略句，完整句子應改為Ifitisconvenient，同時省略了主語和be動詞，此處應用convenient，“方便的”，形容詞，故填convenient。能力幫=1\*ROMANI.閱讀理解A【解題導語】這是一篇議論文。文章談的是古建筑人行道的保護和歷史，并呼吁其應該得到保護。1.B.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句Yettheyoftengounprotectedevenwhentheymaybeolderthanneighbouringhistoricbuildingsthathaveenjoyedprotectionfortensofyears.（然而，盡管它們比周圍那些享受了十來年保護的歷史建筑還要古老，但是它們卻沒有得到保護。）可知歷史人行道盡管比一些得到保護的建筑古老得多，但它們還是沒有得到應得的保護。故選B.2.D.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的Beforethelayingofpavement,streetsofdirtcausedmanyproblemstocitizens,especiallyinwetweatherwhentheybecamemuddy（泥濘的），whichlimitedthemovementofpeopleandvehicles.（在鋪人行道之前，泥濘的街道給市民造成了很多問題，尤其是在潮濕的天氣它們變得泥濘的時候，這限制了人和車輛的行動。）可知本段論述了沒有人行道的狀況，道路泥濘阻礙出行，反過來可知修建人行道就是為了解決通行問題，便利生活，故選D.3.D.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第四段Tosolvetheproblem,citiesexperimentedwithawiderangeofmaterialsinanattempttobalancedurability（耐用性），economics,sourcesofmaterialsandnoiseconsiderations.（為了解決這個問題，各城市實驗了各種各樣的材料，試圖在耐用性，經(jīng)濟，材料來源和噪音之間找到平衡），再根據(jù)第五段和第六段，分別講述了天然鵝卵石、裸石及磚塊各自的優(yōu)缺點，可知，這三段主要講人行道上的不同材料的發(fā)展。故選D.4.C.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句However,theyaremoresimilartotheearlyhighbuildingsandparks-importantcityfeaturesthatshowedthemodernizationofthecity.（然而，它們更類似于那些展示城市現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展的重要城市標志---大樓和公園）可知作者認為古建筑人行道的作用，就等同于現(xiàn)代城市中的那些標志性建筑，這些人行道也是一個特定的地方所獨有的。故選C.B5.B.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中TomSzaky'swaymaybeoneofthebravest.Hehasgonebacktoanoldway-usingreusablecontainers.（TomSzaky的方式可能是最勇敢的。他又回到了老方法---使用可重復使用的容器）可知，TomSzaky建議使用可重復使用的容器。故選B.6.A.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中OneofhisproductsisHaagen-Dazsicecreamthatispack