21世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)讀寫(xiě)教程第四冊(cè)UNIT1TEXTA省公開(kāi)課金獎(jiǎng)全國(guó)賽課一等獎(jiǎng)微課獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

21stCenturyCollegeEnglish,Book4Unit1TextAWhoIsGreatI.Pre-readingActivityGreatpeoplewho’swho?Directions:Choosefromthelistofnamesonepropernametomatchtheparticulardescriptionbyfillinginthenameintheproperspacebeforethedescription

WinstonChurchill NapoleonBonaparteFranklinD.Roosevelt JohnF.KennedyGeorgeWashington JohannesKeplerEmilyDickinson JamesJoyceThomasJefferson1/441.()32ndpresidentoftheU.S.,electedfourtimes.Heinstitutedreforms(theNewDeal)tocountertheeconomiccrisisofthe1930sandwasaforcefulleaderduringWorldWarII.2.()Hestands,alongwithAbrahamLincoln,aboveallotherpresidentsandisbelovedasthe“father”ofhiscountry.HewascommanderinchiefoftheAmericanforcesintheAmericanRevolutionandchairmanoftheconventionthatwrotetheUnitedStatesConstitution.HeledthemenwhoturnedAmericafromanEnglishcolonyintoaself-governingnation.Hisidealsoflibertyanddemocracysetastandardforfuturepresidentsandforthewholecountry.3.()AnIrishnovelistandpoet.HismasterpieceisUlysses(1922),employingavarietyoftechniques,esp.streamofconsciousness.Itsnearly800pagesrecordthementalactivitiesoftwoDublinersinasingleday.AnotherimportantworkisFinnegansWake(1939),whichisbyfarthemostillegiblenovel,includingmanyidioms,allusions,newwordsandmanydifferentlanguages.Hisworksrevolutionizedtheformandstructureofthenovel,imposinggreatinfluenceonquiteanumberofcontemporarynovelists.2/444.()EmperoroftheFrenchfrom1804to1814.HewaseducatedinmilitaryschoolsinFranceandservedintheFrenchRevolutionaryarmy.Bytheageof26hewasageneral.In1799hejoinedaconspiracy,whichoverthrewtheFirstRepublicofFrance.In1803hecrownedhimselfEmperoroftheFrench.Hispowerdeclinedafterthesetbacksofseveralwars.ThedefeatatthebattleofWaterlooin1815endedhisrule.5.()OneofAmerica’sfinestpoets,aNewEnglandspinster,shewasnotrecognizedforherpoetryuntilafterherdeath.Herpoemswerepublishedinathree-volumePoemsof…….Thepoemsarebriefandcondensed,characterizedbyunusualrhymingandswiftflashesofinsight.6.()Germanastronomerandastrologer.HeisbestknownforhisdiscoveryofthethreelawsofPlanetaryMotion.Hewasalsothefirsttoexplaincorrectlyhowhumanbeingsseeandtodemonstratewhathappenstolightwhenitentersatelescope.3/447.()ThethirdPresidentoftheUSA(1801-1809).HedraftedtheDeclarationofIndependence,wasactiveinVirginiaduringtheWarofIndependence,andwasgovernorofthestate(1779-1781).HehasbeenauniquelyinfluentialfigureintheevolutionoftheAmericanpoliticaltradition.IntheDeclarationofIndependence,hewrote:Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evidentthatallmenarecreatedequal;thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienablerights;thatamongthesearelife,liberty,andthepursuitofhappiness.8.()BritishConservativestatesman,orator,andwriter,notedforhisleadershipduringWorldWarII.HeheldvariouspostsunderbothConservativeandLiberalgovernments,including1stLordoftheAdmiraltybeforebecomingprimeminister.9.()The35thPresidentoftheUSA(1961-1963).Soonafterhisinauguraladdress(“asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyouaskwhatyoucandoforyourcountry”),hebroughtanewspiritofhopeandenthusiasmtotheoffice.HebecameincreasinglyinvolvedinVietnambydispatchingmoreandmore“militaryadvisers”andthenUStroopsintothere.InNovember1963hewasassassinatedwhilevisitingDallas,Texas.4/44II.TextWhoIsGreat?MichaelRyanAsayoungboy,AlbertEinsteindidsopoorlyinschoolthatteachersthoughthewasslow.TheyoungNapoleonBonapartewasjustoneofhundredsofartillerylieutenantsintheFrenchArmy.AndtheteenageGeorgeWashington,withlittleformaleducation,wasbeingtrainednotasasoldierbutasalandsurveyor.Despitetheirunspectacular

beginnings,eachwouldgoontocarveaplaceforhimselfinhistory.Whatwasitthatenabledthemtobecomegreat?Weretheybornwithsomethingspecial?Ordidtheirgreatnesshavemoretodowithtiming,devotionand,perhaps,anuncompromisingpersonality?Fordecades,scientistshavebeenaskingsuchquestions.And,inthepastfewyears,theyhavefoundevidencetohelpexplainwhysomepeopleriseabove,whileotherssimilarlytalented,perhapsareleftbehind.Theirfindingscouldhaveimplicationsforusall.

Whoisgreat?Definingwhoisgreatdependsonhowonemeasuressuccess.Buttherearesomecriteria.“Someonewhohasmadealasting5/44contributiontohumancivilizationisgreat,”saidDeanKeithSimonton,aprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavisandauthorofthe1994bookGreatness:WhoMakesHistoryandWhy.Butheaddedawordofcaution:“Sometimesgreatpeopledon’tmakeit

intothehistorybooks.Alotofwomenachievedgreatthingsorwereinfluentialbutwentunrecognized.”Inwritinghisbook,Simontoncombinedhistoricalknowledgeaboutgreatfigureswithrecentfindingsingenetics,psychiatryandthesocialsciences.ThegreatfigureshefocusedonincludemenandwomenwhohavewonNobelPrizes,ledgreatnationsorwonwars,composedsymphoniesthathaveenduredforcenturies,orrevolutionizedscience,philosophy,politicsorthearts.Thoughhedoesn’thaveaformulatodefinehoworwhycertainpeopleriseabove(toomanyfactorsareinvolved),hehascomeupwithafewcommoncharacteristics.

A“neversurrender”attitude.Ifgreatachieversshareanything,saidSimonton,itisanunrelentingdrivetosucceed.“There’satendencytothinkthattheyareendowedwithsomethingsuper-normal,”heexplained.“Butwhatcomesoutoftheresearchisthattherearegreatpeoplewhohavenoamazingintellectualprocesses.It’sadifferenceindegree.Greatnessisbuilt6/44upon

tremendousamountsofstudy,practiceanddevotion.”HecitedWinstonChurchill,Britain’sprimeministerduringWorldWarII,asanexampleofarisk-takerwhowouldnevergiveup.Thrustintoofficewhenhiscountry’smoralewasatitslowest,ChurchillrosebrilliantlytoleadtheBritishpeople.InaspeechfollowingtheAlliedevacuationatDunkirkin1940,heinspiredthenationwhenhesaid,“Weshallnotflagorfail.Weshallgoontotheend…Weshallneversurrender.”

Canyoubeborngreat?InlookingatChurchill’sroleinhistoryaswellastherolesofotherpoliticalandmilitaryleadersSimontondiscoveredastrikingpattern:“Firstbornsandonlychildrentendto

makegoodleadersintimeofcrisis:They’reusedtotakingcharge.Butmiddle-bornsarebetteraspeacetimeleaders:Theylistentodifferentinterestgroupsbetterandmakethenecessarycompromises.Churchill,anonlychild,wastypical.Hewasgreatinacrisis,butinpeacetimehewasnoteffectivenotevenpopular.”Timingisanotherfactor.“IfyoutookGeorgeWashingtonandputhiminthe20thcenturyhewouldgonowhereasapolitician,”Simontondeclared.“Hewasnotaneffectivepublicspeaker,andhedidn’tlikeshakinghandswiththepublic.Ontheotherhand,I’mnotsureFranklinRooseveltwouldhavedonewellinWashington’stime.Hewouldn’thavehadtheradiotodohisfiresidechats.7/44

Canyoubetoosmart?OnesurpriseamongSimonton’sfindingsisthatmanypoliticalandmilitaryleadershavebeenbrightbutnotoverlyso.Beyondacertainpoint,heexplained,otherfactors,liketheabilitytocommunicateeffectively,becomemoreimportantthaninnateintelligenceasmeasuredbyanIQtest.ThemostintelligentU.S.Presidents,forexampleThomasJefferson,WoodrowWilsonandJohnF.Kennedyhadahardtimegettingelected,Simontonsaid,whileotherswithIQsclosertotheaverage(suchasWarrenG.Harding)wonbylandslides.Whilepoliticalandeconomicfactorsalsoareinvolved,havingageniusIQisnotnecessarytobeagreatleader.Inthesciences,thosewith“geniuslevel”IQsdohaveabetterchanceatachievingrecognition,addedSimonton.Yetevidencealsoindicatesthatovercomingtraditionalwaysofthinkingmaybejustasimportant.Hepointedtoonerecentstudywherecollegestudentsweregivenasetofdataandwereaskedtoseeiftheycouldcomeupwithamathematicalrelation.Almostathirddid.Whattheydidnotknowwasthattheyhadjustsolvedoneofthemostfamousscientificequationsinhistory:theThirdLawofPlanetaryMotion,anequationthatJohannesKeplercameupwithin1618.8/44Kepler’sgenius,Simontonsaid,wasnotsomuchinsolvingamathematicalchallenge.Itwasinthinkingaboutthenumbersinauniquewayapplyinghismathematicalknowledgetohisobservationsofplanetarymotion.Itwashisboldnessthatsethimapart.

Loveyourwork.Asachild,Einsteinbecamefascinatedwiththewaymagnetsaredrawntometal.“Hecouldn’tstopthinkingaboutthisstuff,”Simontonpointedout.“Hebecameobsessedwithproblemsinphysicsbythetimehewas16,andheneverstoppedworkingonthem.It’snotsurprisingthathemademajorcontributionsbythetimehewas26.”

“Formostofus,it’snotthat

wedon’thavetheability,”Simontonadded,“it’sthat

wedon’tdevotethetime.Youhavetoputintheeffortandputupwithallthefrustrationsandobstacles.”

Likeothercreativegeniuses,Einsteinwasnotmotivatedbyadesireforfame,saidSimonton.Instead,hisobsessionwithhisworkwaswhatsethimapart.

Wheresuchdrivecomesfromremainsamystery.Butitisfoundinnearlyallcreativegeniuseswhetherornottheirgeniusisacknowledgedbycontemporaries.9/44

“EmilyDickinsonwasnotrecognizedforherpoetryuntilafterherdeath,”saidSimonton.“Butshewasnotwritingforfame.ThesamecanbesaidofJamesJoyce,whodidn’tspendalotoftimeworryingabouthowmanypeoplewouldreadFinnegansWake.”Today,researchershaveevidencethatanintrinsicpassionforone’sworkisakeytorisingabove.Ina1985studyatBrandeisUniversityconductedbyTeresaAmabile,nowaprofessorofbusinessadministrationatHarvardUniversity,agroupofprofessionalwritersnonefamouswereaskedtowriteashortpoem.Eachwriterwasthenrandomlyplacedinoneofthreegroups:Onegroupwasaskedtokeepinmindtheideaofwritingformoney;anotherwastoldtothinkaboutwritingjustforpleasure;andathirdgroupwasgivennoinstructionatall.Thepoemsthenweresubmittedanonymouslytoapanelofprofessionalwritersforevaluation.Thepoetrywrittenbypeoplewhothoughtaboutwritingformoneyrankedlowest.Thosewhothoughtaboutwritingjustforpleasuredidthebest.“Motivationthatcomesfromenjoyingtheworkmakesasignificantdifference,”Amabilesaid.10/44slow:(=slow-witted)notintelligent,notclever,notquicktolearn.eg:aslowlearnerThechildisslowatfigures.

return11/44Word-building:spec,spect,spic=tosee,tolook看spectacularadj.引人注目標(biāo)，出眾，與眾不一樣spectatorn.旁觀者，觀眾spectaclen.景象，壯觀（pl）眼鏡（用來(lái)看東西）conspicuousadj.顯著，引人注目標(biāo)（con-:thoroughly，能夠完全看清楚）transpicuousadj.透明(tran-:through)circumspectadj.慎重，小心(circum-:round看清楚四面)inspectv.檢驗(yàn)，查閱（in-:into看內(nèi)部）inspectionn.檢驗(yàn)，檢閱inspectorn.檢驗(yàn)員，巡視官introspectv.內(nèi)省(intro-:within看到心靈內(nèi)部)perspectiven.透視法，前景，前途（per-:through直視無(wú)礙）prospectn.期望，景色，眺望(pro-:forward看前方)prospectiveadj.預(yù)期，未來(lái)，有希望retrospectv.回顧n.回顧，追憶(retro-:backward向后看)suspectv.猜測(cè)，懷疑(sus-=sub-:under看外表下面東西)suspicionn.懷疑，嫌疑suspiciousadj.可疑 return12/44carve:1)formsth.bycuttingawaymaterialfromwoodorstone雕刻

eg:BeforeHalloween,thechildrencarvedapumpkinintoafrighteningmask.2)cut(cookedmeat)intoslicesforeating把（熟肉）切成片供食用

eg:Theheadofthefamilycarvestheturkey.3)buildone’s(career,reputation,etc.)byhardwork靠勤奮創(chuàng)業(yè)，樹(shù)名聲

eg:Hecarvedoutanameforherselfasareporter.他靠苦干而成了有名記者。Thenewairlinehopestocarve(out)aplaceforitselfintheEuropeanmarket.贏得一席之地

return13/44have(something,nothing,alot,etc)todowith:beconnectedwithsb./sth.totheextentspecified與某人/某事有（一些、毫無(wú)、很大）關(guān)系eg:Herjobhasnothingtodowithcomputers.Hardworkhasalottodowithhissuccess.

return14/44timing:n.determiningtherighttimeasawayofachievingthedesiredresult.eg:“Havewearrivedtooearly?”“No,yourtimingisperfect(=youhavearrivedatexactlytherightmoment)dinnerisalmostready.”Tobeagoodtennisplayer,youhavetohavegoodtiming(=tobeabletohittheballattherightmoment).

return15/44riseabove:becomeoutstandingeg:Thoughshewasonlyanormalathleteinhighschool,incollegesherabilityallowedhertoriseaboveandbecomeastar.

return16/44compose:1)write(music,opera,poetry,etc)創(chuàng)作（音樂(lè)、歌劇、詩(shī)等）eg:tocomposeasong,poem,apieceofmusic.2)form,constitute組成becomposedof由…組成

return17/44drive:n.energy,abilitytogetthingsdone;motivationandpersistencetoachievesomething干勁，動(dòng)力eg:Salespeopleneeddeterminationanddrive.Withoutmymother’sdriveandenergy,ourfamilywouldhavestarved.

return18/44beendowedwith:beprovidednaturallywith(agoodquality,ability,characteristic,feature,etc.)天生含有，擁有eg:She’sendowedwithintelligenceaswellasbeauty.

return19/44comeoutof:resultfrom,beproducedfromeg:Whatcameoutofyourlongtalkswiththedirector?

return20/44TheAlliedevacuationatDunkirkDunkirkisanimportantcommercialseaport,whichliesintheextremenorthofFranceontheStraitofDover.IntheevacuationofDunkirk,whichwasoneofthegreatactionsofWorldWarII,thetownwasdemolished,butmuchofithadbeenrebuiltby1953.WiththeGermanbreakthroughin1940,Britain’sonlyarmywascaughtbetweentheseaandthethrustofHitler’stankunits.OntheDunkirkbeachestheBritish,withsomeFrenchandDutchunits,stoodalmosthelpless.ThesmallRoyalAirForceheldofftheGermanplanes.FromMay29toJune4,smallvolunteercraftcrossedthechannelandevacuated360,000orthreequarters,oftheAlliedforcesinthefaceofaterribleartillerybombardment.

21/4422/44WorldWarI:1914-1918Allies（協(xié)約國(guó)),whichreferstoFrance,Russia,Britain,Italyafter1915,andUSafter1917,defeatedtheCentralPowers（同盟國(guó)）,whichincludesGermany,Australia-HungaryandTurkey.WorldWarII:1939-1945Allies（同盟國(guó)）referstoBritain,France,formerSovietUnionafter1941andUSafter1941.Axis（軸心國(guó)）includesGermany,ItalyandJapan

return23/44flag:v.begintoloseenthusiasmorenergy,becometiredorweak（熱情、精力等）衰退，低落；疲乏；變?nèi)酢癴lagorfail”isanexampleofalliteration（頭韻）,theuseoftwoormorewordsclosetogetherwhichallbeginwiththesameletterorsoundtocreateamusicalrhythmtothespeech.eg:Timeandtidewaitfornoman.Roundtheruggedrockstheraggedrascalran.

return24/44make:vt.beorbecome;serveorfunctionaseg:Shewouldmakeagoodteacher.Thishallwillmakeanexcellenttheatre.

return25/44Ifyousaythatyouarenowhere,thatyouaregoingorgettingnowhere,orthatsomethingisgettingyounowhere,youmeanthatallyoureffortsarenotsuccessfulandarenotproducinganyworthwhileresults.eg:He’llgonowherewithher;she’stooyoung.I’mtryingtopersuadehertocomebutI’mgettingnowhere.

return26/44firesidechat:aninformalconversationFiresideisthepartofaroom,whichsurroundsacoalorwoodfire.Thewordisespeciallyusedwithreferencetoaperson’shomeorfamilylife.Apresident’sfiresidechatorfiresideaddresstodayisusuallybroadcastontelevisionandfilmedinthepresident’shome.

return27/4428/44“notsomuch”isusedtointroducethefirstpartofacontrastwhenyouaresayingthatsomethingisnotastrue,great,appropriate,etc.assomethingelse,whichyoumentionlater.Itisnormallyusedinthepattern“notsomuch…as…”,whichmeans“notonethingbutrathersomethingelse”.與其說(shuō)…，不如說(shuō)…;并不在于…，而在于…eg:Sheisnotsomuchpoorascarelesswithmoney.Theyarenotsomuchfriendsaslovers.

return29/44set…apart:make…differentfromorsuperiortoothers使顯得突出，使與眾不一樣eg:Hisexceptionalheightsethimapartfromtherestofthemen.Theattributessethumansapartfromeventhemostintelligentmachines.

return30/44“notthat…,(but)that…”isusedtointroduceaclauseofreason,meaning“notbecause…(but)because…”eg:It’snotthatIcarewhattheythink,it’sthatI’mworryingaboutyou.Wewept,notthatwewerefrightenedbutthatwewereashamed.

return31/44putin:useorspend(effort,time,etc.)eg:You’veobviouslyputalotofworkinyourgarden.IfIputinsomeextrahourstoday,Icanhavesometimeofftomorrow.putupwith:tolerateorbear,bewillingtoaccept(sth.unpleasantornotdesirable)eg:He’sfindingitdifficulttoputupwiththepain.Theyhavealottoputupwith(=Theyhavealotofdifficulties.

return32/44sayof:expressanopinionabouteg:Peoplesayofhimthathe’sover100.It’softensaidoftheislandthatitislikeajewelsetinthesea.

return33/44BrandeisUniversityBrandeisUniversity,aprivateinstitutioncovering250acresinWaltham,Mass.,10mileswestofBoston,wasfoundedin1948asthefirstJewish-sponsoredUniversityintheUnitedStatesandcontinuestowelcomestudentsofallfaiths.ItsnamehonorsSupremeCourtAssociateJusticeLouisD.Brandeis.Itishonoredas“HarvardofJews”andenjoyshighprestigeinAmericaneducationalfield.ThefeatureofBrandeisisitssmallclass,studentshadnodifficultyintalkingwithinstructorsandprofessorsatanytimeatall.Theuniversityisfamousinsciencefield,esp.biochemistry(No.1inU.S),physicsandchemistry.Itgrantsdegreesatthebachelor’sthroughdoctorallevels.Enrollmentconsistsofsome4,000students,includingabout1,000graduatestudents.TheuniversityattractsstudentsfromacrosstheUnitedStatesandmorethan50foreigncountries.

return34/4435/44IdiedforBeautybutwasscarceEmilyDickinsonIdiedforbeautybutwasscarceAdjustedinthetombWhenonewhodiedfortruth,waslainInanadjoiningroomHequestionedsoftly“WhyIfailed?”“Forbeauty,”Ireplied“AndIfortruththemselvesareoneWebrethren,are,”hesaidAndso,askinsmen,metanightWetalkedbetweentheroomsUntilthemosshadreachedourlipsAndcoveredupournames36/44EmilyDickinson:800poems,7publishedinherlifetime.Poemclasses:friends,nature,loveanddeath.Notitleofthepoem,addedbylatereditors.Topic:Beautyistruth,truthisbeautyJohnKeats:Beautyistruth,truthbeautythatisallyouknowonearthandallyouneedtoknowAesthetism,OscarWilde37/44UsefulExpressions:1.開(kāi)始平淡無(wú)奇unspectacularbeginning2.為自己在歷史上贏得一席之地carveaplaceforhimselfinhistory3.與時(shí)機(jī)相關(guān)havesomethingtodowithtiming4.堅(jiān)定個(gè)性u(píng)ncompromisingpersonality5.出類拔萃riseabove6.落后beleftbehind7.對(duì)人類文明作出永久貢獻(xiàn)makealastingcontributiontohumancivilization8.載入史冊(cè)makeitintothehistorybooks9.不被認(rèn)可go(went)unrecognized38/4410.提出一些共同特點(diǎn)comeupwithafewcommoncharacteristics11.永不妥協(xié)態(tài)度aneversurrenderattitude12.連續(xù)不停追求成功動(dòng)力anunrelentingdrivetosucceed13.天生含有超常能力beendowedwithsomethin