以Dextran-CB作為界面材料來制備高性能鈣鈦礦電池分析研究 化學(xué)工程與工藝專業(yè)

目錄目錄 1圖表目錄 1摘要 2Abstract 2關(guān)鍵詞 3Keywords 3前言 4第1章簡介 5第1.1節(jié)太陽能電池基礎(chǔ) 5第1.2節(jié)太陽能電池的分類 8第1.3節(jié)鈣鈦礦太陽能電池 9第1.4節(jié)界面層 11第2章實驗部分 13第2.1節(jié)化學(xué)藥品 13第2.2節(jié)Dex-CB-MA的制備 13第2.3節(jié)太陽能電池的制備 14第2.4節(jié)測試與表征 15第3章結(jié)果與分析 16第4章結(jié)論 25參考文獻(xiàn) 26致謝 33附錄 34圖表目錄TOC\h\z\c"圖"圖1（a）p型半導(dǎo)體和n型半導(dǎo)體材料的能級；（b）平衡狀態(tài)下p-n結(jié)中電荷移動過程。 7圖2鈣鈦礦材料的晶體結(jié)構(gòu) 10圖3(a)正裝平面鈣鈦礦太陽能電池和(b)倒裝平面太陽能鈣鈦礦電池的一般結(jié)構(gòu) 12圖4(a)Dex-CB-MA的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)式和鈣鈦礦太陽能電池的器件結(jié)構(gòu)；(b)鈣鈦礦太陽能電池使用材料的能級示意圖 17圖5ITO/PEDOT:PSS和ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Dex-CB-MA空穴提取層的透光光譜 19圖6（a）PEDOT:PSS（b）1nmDex-CB-MA薄膜（c）2nmDex-CB-MA薄膜（d）5nmDex-CB-MA薄膜的表面AFM頂視圖 20圖7（A）PEDOT:PSS和（B）PEDOT:PSS/Dex-CB-MA空穴提取層薄膜表面的水的接觸角 21圖8基于(a)Control,(b)1nm,(c)2nm,(d)5nmDex-CB-MA層的鈣鈦礦表面的50kX(上)和100kX(下)SEM頂視圖 22圖9基于不同厚度Dex-CB-MA層的器件的（a）J-V特性曲線和（b）EQE譜圖 23圖10JSC和VOC的光強(qiáng)依賴性 24圖11基于PEDOT:PSS和PEDOT:PSS/Dex-CB-MA空穴提取層的鈣鈦礦太陽能電池在黑暗條件下的J-V特性曲線 25TOC\h\z\c"表"表1通過不同轉(zhuǎn)速獲得的Dex-CB-MA層的粗糙度和厚度 19表2基于不同厚度Dex-CB-MA層器件的具體性能數(shù)據(jù) 22

摘要太陽能電池是一種可以將太陽能直接轉(zhuǎn)換為電能的裝置，在這幾十年中已經(jīng)得到了廣泛的關(guān)注。人們設(shè)法制作不同種類的太陽能電池以實現(xiàn)光伏器件的商業(yè)化應(yīng)用，隨著鈣鈦礦太陽能電池的發(fā)明，太陽能電池的成本下降了很多。鈣鈦礦太陽能電池可以達(dá)到很高的轉(zhuǎn)換效率并且可以在常溫下通過溶液法很容易地制得。然而，太陽能電池仍然存在著一些問題比如它的不穩(wěn)定性。為了提高器件的性能，科研人員付出了很多的努力。其中一種有效的方法就是在鈣鈦礦太陽能電池中引入界面層來改變器件性能。在我的課題中，我用Dex-CB-MA作為界面層材料來達(dá)到我增加太陽能電池效率的目的。根據(jù)我的研究，Dex-CB-MA可以減少鈣鈦礦太陽能電池中界面的載流子復(fù)合并且能提高鈣鈦礦材料的結(jié)晶，從而獲得13.81%的轉(zhuǎn)換效率，相比較于對照組來說，有超過30%的提升。AbstractSolarcells,adeviceconversingsolarenergyintoelectricity,haveattractedlotsofinterestsduringseveraldecades.Differentkindsofsolarcellsweremadetorealizethecommercialapplicationofphotovoltaicdevices.Withtheinventionofperovskitesolarcells,thecostofsolarcellsiscutdowngreatly.Perovskitesolarcellscanachieveahighefficiencyandareeasytofabricatewithsolutionprocessatroomtemperature.However,thereisstillsomeproblemsofperovskitesolarcellssuchasinstability.Greateffortshavebeenmadetoenhancetheperformanceofthesedevices.Oneofeffectivemethodsistointroduceaninterfaciallayerintoperovskitesolarcellstochangesomepropertiesofdevices.Inmyproject,IusedDex-CB-MAasaninterfacialmaterialtoachievemyaimofincreasingtheefficiencyofsolarcells.Accordingtomyresearch,Dex-CB-MAcanreduceinterfacialchargerecombinationinperovskitesolarcellsandimprovethecrystallizationofperovskitematerialsleadingtoa13.81%powerconversionefficiencywhichismorethana30%enhancementcomparedwithcontrolgroups.關(guān)鍵詞鈣鈦礦太陽能電池界面層光伏器件KeywordsPerovskite,Solarcells,Interfaciallayer,Photovoltaicdevices`

前言在對能源需求越來越大的今天，可再生能源在消耗能源總量中的比例越來越大，而其中一種主要的且來源豐富的能源便是太陽能。太陽能電池作為一種能直接將太陽能轉(zhuǎn)換為電能的裝置也已獲得越來越大的關(guān)注，盡管晶體硅太陽能電池已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)商業(yè)化，但還是存在很多問題，比如在生產(chǎn)過程中仍需消耗大量能源且廢棄的硅電池很難處理，這些問題違背了使用太陽能電池的初衷。因此，對于新型太陽能電池的研究也是目前的熱點之一，符合建設(shè)環(huán)境友好型社會的要求。自從鈣鈦礦材料被發(fā)現(xiàn)之后，其優(yōu)秀的性能使其可能成為太陽能電池合適的吸光材料，我們的研究方面就是通過使用不同材料和結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步完善鈣鈦礦太陽能電池各方面的性能。

第1章簡介第1.1節(jié)太陽能電池基礎(chǔ)太陽能電池是一種可以直接且穩(wěn)定地將太陽能轉(zhuǎn)換成電能的裝置，其工作過程可以被分為三個主要部分：電荷產(chǎn)生，電荷分離和電荷傳輸。當(dāng)半導(dǎo)體材料吸收光子后，電子會從低能量狀態(tài)被激發(fā)到高能量狀態(tài)并在其之前的位置上留下所謂的空穴從而形成了電子-空穴對，也被稱為激子。當(dāng)暴露在太陽底下時，半導(dǎo)體材料的性質(zhì)對于電荷產(chǎn)生有決定性的作用。半導(dǎo)體材料的帶隙越大，產(chǎn)生的載流子所具有的的能量也就越大，電池可能的開路電壓也就越高。然而，轉(zhuǎn)化成激子的光子數(shù)量則會減少，因為光子的能力若低于帶隙則無法被吸收，導(dǎo)致了電池的光電流降低。另一方面，帶隙越小，材料能吸收的光子就越多從而獲得更大的光電流。但是被激發(fā)的電子中超過帶隙的能量會以熱能的形式消耗，從而使被激發(fā)的電子能量等同于帶隙能量。所以當(dāng)我們要獲得一個有良好性能的太陽能電池時，需要考慮使用某種具有合適帶隙的半導(dǎo)體材料。當(dāng)然，制作器件時也需要考慮其他因素比如太陽光譜范圍ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nelson","given":"J.Vells","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]},"publisher":"ImperialCollegePress:London","title":"ThePhysicsofSolarCells","type":"book"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=ec1084f4-effc-418f-8580-13223a9be9f2"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]。圖SEQ圖\*ARABIC1（a）p型半導(dǎo)體和n型半導(dǎo)體材料的能級；（b）平衡狀態(tài)下p-n結(jié)中電荷移動過程。在電荷產(chǎn)生之后，形成的激子需要在他們復(fù)合釋放出能量之前被分離。復(fù)合會以不同的形式發(fā)生。第一種復(fù)合叫做輻射復(fù)合，這是自發(fā)發(fā)光的結(jié)果，會重新產(chǎn)生光子。第二種復(fù)合形式叫做俄歇復(fù)合。在這個過程中，一個被激發(fā)的載流子會將它的能量釋放給另一個被激發(fā)的載流子因為他們之間有某種作用。這導(dǎo)致前一個載流子能量減少從而低于帶隙而另一個載流子動能增加，其過剩的能量仍以熱能的形式耗散。最后一種形式是通過在由于半導(dǎo)體材料內(nèi)部的雜質(zhì)和缺陷形成的陷阱態(tài)中發(fā)生松弛而復(fù)合。前兩種復(fù)合的產(chǎn)生是基本的物理過程，而最后一種形式的復(fù)合主要是因為材料的缺陷，這一點是由半導(dǎo)體材料的質(zhì)量所決定的。幾種不同性能材料之間的連結(jié)可以用來分離電子和空穴。常見的連結(jié)有：半導(dǎo)體-金屬結(jié)，p-n結(jié)，p-i-n結(jié)等等。太陽能電池中應(yīng)用最廣泛的結(jié)構(gòu)是-p-n結(jié)包括p-n單質(zhì)結(jié)（相同材料的p型半導(dǎo)體和n型半導(dǎo)體）和p-n異質(zhì)結(jié)（兩種不同材料的通過相反摻雜形成的半導(dǎo)體）。當(dāng)兩種半導(dǎo)體材料接觸時，由于電子濃度梯度的存在，電子從n型半導(dǎo)體材料擴(kuò)散到p型半導(dǎo)體材料，空穴則從p型半導(dǎo)體向n型半導(dǎo)體移動。由于電荷移動，p型半導(dǎo)體在靠近連結(jié)處形成負(fù)電荷區(qū)域而n型半導(dǎo)體在靠近連結(jié)處形成正電荷區(qū)域，這個區(qū)域被稱為耗盡區(qū)。由于上述過程，在連結(jié)處產(chǎn)生了一個從n型半導(dǎo)體指向p型半導(dǎo)體材料的電場。受該電場的作用，正電荷向p型半導(dǎo)體漂移而負(fù)電荷向n型半導(dǎo)體漂移。光致電子被迫向n型材料移動而空穴則向p型材料移動，兩種電荷分別逐漸變?yōu)橹饕d流子。圖1是p-n結(jié)的示意圖，其中Evac是真空能級，Ec是導(dǎo)帶能級，Ev是價帶能級，EF是費米能級，χC是電子親和能級，φp和φn是p型和n型半導(dǎo)體的逸出功。當(dāng)加入一層本征半導(dǎo)體（未摻雜的半導(dǎo)體材料）后，p-n結(jié)就變?yōu)閜-i-n結(jié)。p-i-n結(jié)中電子移動過程除了耗盡區(qū)和電場變得更寬，其余都和p-n結(jié)一樣。p-i-n結(jié)的好處在于使基于少數(shù)載流子漂移長度較短材料的電池可以有更好的性能。延長的耗盡區(qū)也可以收集更多電荷從而獲得更大的光電流。然而，由于本征半導(dǎo)體的導(dǎo)電性比p型和n型半導(dǎo)體材料低，器件的串聯(lián)電阻將增加。電荷分離之后，需要被傳輸穿過半導(dǎo)體材料，這個過程也會被電荷復(fù)合所影響。一個半導(dǎo)體材料吸收光子后產(chǎn)生的少數(shù)載流子需要到達(dá)連結(jié)處并在和異種電荷發(fā)生重合之前運動至另一個半導(dǎo)體材料中形成主要載流子。少數(shù)載流子的漂移距離是一個衡量少數(shù)載流子在與主要載流子發(fā)生復(fù)合之前所能移動的距離多少的參數(shù)，這個參數(shù)是制作太陽能電池時需要著重考慮的一個因素。因此吸光材料的厚度不能太大，因為厚度越大，則可能能夠被傳輸?shù)妮d流子數(shù)量也就越小。為了解決電荷傳輸問題，可以采用一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)比如體異質(zhì)結(jié)來減少少數(shù)載流子所需要移動的距離。當(dāng)施加外部回路后，光電流可以從回路中通過并提供電能。電荷產(chǎn)生和傳輸對于太陽能電池的性能非常重要，所以在制作器件時首先要考慮兩種不同半導(dǎo)體之間的連結(jié)方式。第1.2節(jié)太陽能電池的分類根據(jù)使用的吸光材料不同，一般認(rèn)為有三代太陽能電池ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1002/ente.201300057","ISBN":"21944288","ISSN":"21944296","abstract":"It'safree-for-all!ITO-freeorganicphotovoltaicsarefabricatedusingroll-to-rollprocessingtechnologyandlasercuttingtoseparateandencapsulateindividualmodules.Themodulesarethenmadeavailablefree-of-chargefromtheauthor\u2032swebsite(inaneffortnamed\u201cfreeOPV\u201d)tocreateaplatformfromwhichtheprocessingtechnologycanbeevaluatedusinginformationsharedbyresearchersallovertheworld.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Krebs","given":"FrederikC.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"H\u00f6sel","given":"Markus","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Corazza","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roth","given":"B\u00e9renger","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"V.","family":"Madsen","given":"Morten","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gevorgyan","given":"SurenA.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"S\u00f8ndergaard","given":"RoarR.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Karg","given":"Dieter","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","given":"Mikkel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"EnergyTechnology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"7","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"378-381","title":"FreelyavailableOPV\u2014Thefastwaytoprogress","type":"article-journal","volume":"1"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=a64f520e-d462-4d3a-866f-4f86b60e9110"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[2]","plainTextFor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