高中英語定語從句詳解與練習(xí)

高中英語定語從句詳解

I.概念：

⑴定語從句：在主從復(fù)合句中用作定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊接在先行詞(antecedent)后面。

(2)先行詞：被定語從句修飾的成份。先行詞可以為一個詞，短語，或整個主句。

⑶引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。

關(guān)系詞的作用：

1)引導(dǎo)定語從句，連接主句和從句，相當(dāng)于一個連詞；

2)必在從句中作某個句子成份(可以做主語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語)

常用的關(guān)系代詞：that、which、who、whom、as,在從句中作主語，賓語，whose定語)

常用的關(guān)系副詞(在從句中只作狀語)：when、why、where

ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.

Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.

Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.

I*dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.

定語從句三步：

第一找出先行詞；

第二看先行詞在定語從句中的語法功能(做主語、賓語或狀語)；

第三選擇合適的關(guān)系詞。

n.幾個關(guān)系代詞的基本用法：

?that:可指人或物；在定語從句中作主語，賓語，表語。(指人時，相當(dāng)于who或whom;指物時，相當(dāng)于which)(一

般不用于非限制性定語從句；不可置于介詞后作賓語)如：

1.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?

2.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.

3.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?

4.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.

5.She*snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.

?which:指物；在定語從句中作主語，賓語，表語，定語。如：

1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.

2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.

3.Thefactoiyinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.

?who,whom,whose:

who:主格，在從句中作主語，在口語或非正式用法中作賓語；只可指人

whom:賓格，在從句中作賓語；只可指人

whose:屬格，在從句中作定語，可指人也可指物。

1.1likethestudentswho/thatworkhard.

2.Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代詞如he,they,any,those,all,one等后多用who.)

3.He*samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=He*saman(whom/who/that)weshouldlearnfrom.

4.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.

5.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.=I*dlikearoomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.

=I*dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.

關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語：（介詞+whom/which）

關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作介詞賓語時，介詞可放于從句之首，也可放于從句之末.但以放于句首較為正式.（介

詞前置，必須注意不影響動詞詞組的含義。）

1.Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.=Thisisthebook（that/which）youaskedfor.

2.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands?

=Doyouknowtheperson（whom/who/that）Ishookhandswith?

3.Isthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?

4.Isthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?

5.Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.（介詞after與look構(gòu)成固定詞組，不可前置。lookat,lookfor,lookafter,

takecareof等）

?as的用法:（as引導(dǎo)定語從句，在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語）

①如為限制性的，多用于thesame,--as;thesameas；such…as??asmany/muchas；so…as等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：

X1.1havethesamebookasyou（have）.我有一本和你的一樣的書。

2..--Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow?

-Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.

3.Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.

比較：Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.

I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.

比較：Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.（定語從句）

Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.（結(jié)果狀語從句）

②如為非限制性的，多單獨引導(dǎo)一個定語從句，這種定語從句可置于句首，句中或句尾，譯為"正如，這一點”。

（動詞常為know,see,expect,pointout,etc.）

Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.（as作賓語）

=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.（as作主語）

=It*sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone*shealth.

=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.（as作賓語）

=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone*health.

Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.（賓語，先行詞是前面整個句子）

m.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句：

?When指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。其先行詞是表時間的名詞（如：time,day,week,tear,month,etc.）

HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.

Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.

注意：先行詞為"時間名詞"，可用when引導(dǎo)定語從句，when在定語從句中作狀語；還可以用which或that引

導(dǎo)，which或that在從句中作主語或賓語。

比較:1.Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.（作狀語）

2.1stillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.（作賓語）

3.1shallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouVwaslaunched,whichhasagreateffectonmylife.

?Where指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。其先行詞是表示地點的名詞，如:place,school,factory,room,etc.

ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.

Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.

注意：先行詞是“地點名詞"，定語從句可用where引導(dǎo)，還可用which或that引導(dǎo)，which/that在從句中作主語

或賓語。

比較：X1.Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.（作狀語）

2.1thinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,oryouwouldfail.

3.He*sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwherehe*slikelytolosecontroloftheplane.

4.Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.（作賓語）

?Why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。先行詞為reason時，可用forwhich指代；當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在從句中作主

語或賓語時，則用which或that引導(dǎo)。如：

1.Thereasonwhy/forwhich/（that）hedidn'tattendthemeetingwasthathewasill.

2.1don*tbelievethereason（that/which）hegaveme.（作賓語）

3.Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess?（作主語）

當(dāng)先行詞為way時，theway在從句中作狀語時，定語從句常用that,inwhich,或how引導(dǎo)，that?？梢允÷?。

theway在從句中作主語或賓語時，則用which或that引導(dǎo)。如：

Thisistheway（that）/inwhichIdosuchthings.

比較：Pleasedotheexperimentintheway（that/which）Ihaveshownyou.

W.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：

1.形式上，非限制性定語從句往往用逗號隔開。

2.語法上，非限制性定語從句一般不用that.

3.語義上，限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系緊密，起限定作用，如果去掉了這個定語從句，整個句子就不完整或

者會改變意思；而非限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系不是很緊密，對先行詞起補充說明或描述的作用。

ThisisthebookIlikebest.這就是我最喜歡的那本書。

Beijing,whichhasbeenChina*scapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中國/V百年

之久的古都，它有著豐富的文化和歷史遺產(chǎn)。

4.翻譯時，限制性定語從句可譯為一句（較短的一般譯為”的“字結(jié)構(gòu)）；而非限制性定語從句可譯為兩句。（見

上句翻譯）

比較：Hehasasister,whoisamusician.

Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.

引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞，指人時用who,whom,whose,指物時用which,whose;關(guān)系副詞when,where,

why,etc.

1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.

2.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.

V.幾個易混淆的關(guān)系代詞的比較：

?that&which:

在定語從句中，which和that在指代事物時，一般可以互換使用，但并非在任何情況下都是這樣，這里介紹宜

用that,而不宜用which的情況.

①先行詞為不定代詞,如,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等，

l.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.

2.There*snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.

3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?

②先行詞被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等詞修飾時。

l.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.

2.That*stheverywordthatiswronglyused.

3.Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthechemicalworks.

比較*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.

*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.

③先行詞是序數(shù)詞時或被序數(shù)詞修飾時。

l.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTaiLake.

2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.

④先行詞是最高級或被最高級修飾時。

1.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.

2.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon.

⑤先行詞既有人又有物，用which和who都不適合，這時宜用that.如：

l.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.

2.Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.

⑥被修飾詞為數(shù)詞時.

1.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.

⑦如果有兩個從句，其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用Which,另一個關(guān)系代詞宜用that,以避免語言的單調(diào)或重復(fù)。

Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.

⑧疑問詞是who或which,關(guān)系代詞宜用that,以避免重復(fù)。

1.Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?

2.Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?

⑨主句是Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾其主句的定語從句宜用that作關(guān)系代詞.如：

1.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.

⑩被修飾成分為表語時，或者關(guān)系代詞本身是定語從句的表語時，該關(guān)系代詞宜用that.

1.That'sagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.

2.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.

定語從句中宜用which而不宜用that的情況：

①當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞的前面有介詞時.

l.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.

2.1sthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?

②在非限制性定語從句中.

1.Crusoe'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.

2.MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingpopularinourcountry,(which指代主句)

③在一個句子中有兩個定語從句，其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞用了that,另一個宜用which.

1.LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.

④當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面帶有插入語時.

1.Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.

⑤先行詞本身是that,宜用which.

What'sthatwhichsheislookingat?

⑥先行詞是those+復(fù)數(shù)名詞.

Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.

(B)who&that:

who和that指代人時，有些情況宜用who,而不宜用that

①先行詞為anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,people時.如：

l.ThepersonIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudieshardandworkswell.

2.Anyonewho(=Whoever)failedtocometothemeetingyesterdaymustgivehisreason.

3.Thosewhoarenotfitfortheirworkshouldleaveofficeatonce.

②在Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中，修飾主語的定語從句宜用關(guān)系代詞who指代人.如：

1.Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou.

2.Thereareseveralstudentsinourclasswhoarestillnotsureabouttheuseofattributiveclauses.

③當(dāng)先行詞有較長的后置定語時.如：

1.1metaforeignerintheparkyesterdayafternoonwhocouldspeakChineseverywell.

?as&which:

as&which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：

①位置的不同：

which引導(dǎo)的定語從句只置于所限制的句子后；as位置較靈活，也就是說as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句

子中或放在句子后。如：

1.Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.

2.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.或Jackisanhonestman,asyouknow.

或Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.

②先行詞的不同：

as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，其先行詞多為一個句子；

which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，其先行詞可以是一個詞，一個短語或一個句子。

1.Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.

2.Hewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.(先行詞是一個句子)

3.Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.

③as一般譯為"正如""就像"，"這一點"

asweallknow；asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;aswehaveimagined.

一、單項選擇

l.TheplaceinterestedmemostwastheChildren'sPalace.

A.WhichB.whereC.whatD.inwhich

2.Doyouknowtheman?

A.whomIspokeB.towhospokeC.IspoketoD.thatIspoke

3.Thisisthehotellastmonth.

A.whichtheystayedB.atthattheystayed

C.wheretheystayedatD.wheretheystayed

4.DoyouknowtheyeartheChineseCommunistPartywasfounded?

A.whichB.thatC.whenD.onwhich

5.ThatisthedayIllneverforget.

A.whichB.onwhichC.inwhichD.when

6.Thefactorywe'llvisitnextweekisnotfarfromhere.

A.whereB.towhichC.whichD.inwhich

8.Thisisoneofthebestfilms.

A.thathavebeenshownthisyearB.thathaveshown

C.thathasbeenshownthisyearD.thatyoutalked

9.Canyoulendmethebooktheotherday?

A.aboutwhichyoutalkedB.whichyoutalked

C.aboutthatyoutalkedD.thatyoutalked

lO.Thepenheiswritingismine.

A.withwhichB.inwhichC.onwhichD.bywhich

11.Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofsatasmallboy.

A.whomB.whoC.whichD.that

12.Theengineermyfatherworksisabout50yearsold.

A.towhomB.onwhomC.withwhichD.withwhom

13.ltthereanyoneinyourclassfamilyisinthecountry?

A.whoB.who'sC.whichD.whose

15.1wanttousethesamedictionarywasusedyesterday.

A.whichB.whoC.whatD.as

16.Heisn'tsuchamanheusedtobe.

A.whoB.whomC.thatD.as

17.HeisgoodatEnglish,weallknow.

A.thatB.asC.whomD.what

2O.Hetalkedalotaboutthingsandpersonstheyrememberedintheschool.

A.whichB.thatC.whomD.what

21.Theletterisfrommysister,isworkinginBeijing.

A.whichB.thatC.whomD.who

22.Inourfactorythereare2,000workers,twothirdsofarewomen.

A.themB.whichC.whomD.who

24.1lostabook,Ican'tremembernow.

A.whosetideB.itstitleC.thetitleofitD.thetitleofthat

27.1canneverforgetthedayweworkedtogetherandthedaywespenttogether.

A.when;whichB.which;whenC.what;thatD.onwhich;when

30.Thismachine,formanyyears,isstillworkingperfectly.

A.afterwhichIhavelookedB.whichIhavelookedafter

C.thatIhavelookedafterD.Ihavelookedafter

31.Thereasonhedidn'tcomewashewasill.

A.why;thatB.that;whyC.forthat;thatD.forwhich;what

32.Heisworkinghard,willmakehimpassthefinalexam.

A.thatB.whichC.forwhichD.who

33.ThatisnotthewayIdoit.

A./B.whichC.forwhichD.withwhich

34.1havetwogrammars,areofgreatuse.

A.allofwhichB.eitherofwhichC.bothofthatD.bothofwhich

39.Youcandependonwhateverpromisehemakes.

A./B.whyC.whenD.whose

40.Smoking,isabadhabit,is,however,popular.

A.thatB.whichC.itD.though

43.Thenumberofthepeoplewhocarsincreasing.

A.owns;areB.owns;isC.own;isD.own;are

45.Isoxygentheonlygashelpsfirebum?

A.thatB./C.whichD.it

EXI用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空.

1.IwillneverforgetthedayIfirstwenttoschool.

IwillneverforgetthedaywespentinBeijing.

2.Thehousewevisitedisbeingrepairednow.

ThehouseLuxunoncelivedisbeingrepairednow.

Ex3選擇適當(dāng)?shù)拇~填空，注意非限制性定語從句和單句的比較。

1.1amreadingHarryPorter,isaninterestingbook.

2.Hefailedintheexam.madehisparentsangry.

3.Hefailedintheexam,madehisparentsangry.

4.Hehastwosons.Bothofareteachers.

5.Hehastwosons,bothofareteachers.

Ex6:介詞+關(guān)系代詞的使用

1.Doyoulikethebookshespent$10?

2.Doyoulikethebookshepaid$10?

3.Doyoulikethebookshelearnedalot?

4.Doyoulikethebooksheoftentalks?

5.Hedugaholehecouldgotwaterfromthelake.

請分析一下定語從句：（請劃出定語從句，并標出先行詞）

1.AnotherthingthatIfoundverydifficultwasEnglishgrammar.

3.Youcouldn