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第一某些語(yǔ)言知識(shí)與能力

第一章英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)

二、語(yǔ)音(SpeechSounds)P78

1、語(yǔ)音分類

發(fā)音方式發(fā)音部位

MannerofPlaceofarticuhtion

articulationBilabialLabio-dentalDentalAlreolarPost-alveolarPalatalVelarGlottal

雙唇音唇痣音盤(pán)音為齦音后痣齦音硬肩RF聲門(mén)

音音音

StopsVLPtk

爆破音VDbdg

FricativesVLfesfh

磨擦音VDT6z3

AffricatesVL(ts)(tr)tj

破擦音VD(dz)(dr)d3

NasalsVDmn0

易音

LiquidsVDUr

美音

GlidesVDwj

謂音

VL-清濁音(voicelessconsonant)VD-濁輔音(voicedconsonant)

2、音系學(xué)(phonology)P79

(1)同化規(guī)則(assimilationRule)

progressiveassimilation順同化(前面帶偏背面)worked

regressiveassimilation逆同化(背面帶偏前面)newspaper

reciprocal/doubleassimilation互相彳以化didyou

(2)音節(jié)(syllable)teachi-naim-pos-si-ble

重音(stress)聲調(diào)(tone)

(3)語(yǔ)音變化(vocalvariety)

liaison連讀pickitup

plosion爆破音

plosionloss失去爆破sitdown;incompleteplosion不完全爆破asked

nasalplosion鼻腔爆破button;lateralplosion舌邊爆破little

三、形態(tài)學(xué)(Morphology)

1、morpheme詞素重點(diǎn)!P87

(1)freemorpheme自由詞素dog;boundmorpheme黏著詞素moonwalk

(2)root詞根;affix詞綴(prefix前綴、suffix后綴);stem詞干friend-ships

(3)inflectionalaffix屈折詞綴廣ing,-ed不同形式

(4)derivationalaffix派生詞綴變化詞性和意義

2、(1)inflection屈折變化?s廠ing廠ed不同形式

(2)word-formation詞形成:compounding復(fù)合法through-out

derivation派生法(prefixation前綴化suffixation后綴化)il-logical-ly

3、常用構(gòu)詞法P89

invention新倉(cāng)U詞nylon;blending7昆成法smoke+fog=smog

clipping截?cái)喾╝dvertisement=ad;initialism首字母連寫(xiě)詞WTO

acronym首字母拼音詞AIDS;back-formation逆構(gòu)詞法editor-edit

analogicalcreation類似構(gòu)詞work-wrought/worked

typesofborrowing借詞法:loanword/borrowing借詞feast(法語(yǔ)中借來(lái))

loanblend混合借詞Chinatown(本國(guó)加外來(lái))

loanshift轉(zhuǎn)移借詞bridge(借用意義)

loantranslation翻譯借詞(從別種語(yǔ)言翻譯而來(lái))

4、詞義變化

broadening詞義擴(kuò)大bird小鳥(niǎo)-鳥(niǎo)類;narrowing詞義縮小girl年輕人--女孩

meaningshift詞義轉(zhuǎn)移;classshift詞性轉(zhuǎn)換;folketymology俗詞源(錯(cuò)多了成了對(duì))

四、句法學(xué)(Syntax)P91

1、句法關(guān)系

syntagmaticrelation組合關(guān)系(horizontalrelation/chainrelation)構(gòu)成同一形式、序列或構(gòu)

paradigmaticrelation聚合關(guān)系(verticalrelation/choicerelation)各要素可互相替代

relationofco-occurrence共現(xiàn)關(guān)系(不同集合詞語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成句子)

2、句子構(gòu)造和成分

immediateconstituentanalysis直接成分分析法(IC分析法)

Theboyatetheapple.用樹(shù)形圖(treediagram)普通句子,主謂賓之類

endocentricconstruction向心構(gòu)造

一種詞或詞組可以擬定為中心(center)或中心詞(head)twostonebridge普通名詞/動(dòng)詞/

形容詞短語(yǔ)

exocentricconstruction離心構(gòu)造

沒(méi)有擬定中心或中心詞Theboysmiled.普通動(dòng)賓/系表構(gòu)造

deepstructure深層構(gòu)造(含義相似,說(shuō)法不同)

surfacestructure表層構(gòu)造(句子表述方式)

五、語(yǔ)義學(xué)(Semantics)P93

1、涵義關(guān)系(SenseRelations)lexicalrelation詞匯關(guān)系

(1)同義關(guān)系(Synonymy)synonyms同義詞

stylistic文體差另!J(formality)buy-perchase;dialectal地區(qū)差另Uunderground-subway

collocational搭配差別accuse(of)-charge(with);

emotive情感差別thrifty-stingy;semantic語(yǔ)義差別enough-ample

(2)反義關(guān)系(Antonymy)antonyms反義詞relationalopposites意義相反詞

gradableantonymy級(jí)另ll反義warm-cool

complementaryantonymy互補(bǔ)反義boy-girl

converseantonymy反向反義關(guān)系buy-sell

(3)上下義關(guān)系(Hyponymy)種類和成員

涉及上坐標(biāo)詞(superordinate)和下義詞(hyponymy)flower-rose/tulip

(4)一詞多義(Polysemy)

(5)同音/同形異義現(xiàn)象(Homonymy)

homophone同音異義sun-son

homograph同形異義lie

completehomonym完全同音同形異義bank岸邊;銀行

2、句子邏輯關(guān)系iff-充分必要條件“SistrueiffP"P就是S真值條件(truthcondition)P

(1)synonymy同義關(guān)系issynonymouswithY.?,同真同假P95

(2)contradiction矛盾關(guān)系“XisinconsistentwithY."一真一假

(3)entailment蘊(yùn)含關(guān)系“XentailsY."X小,Y大X:oldmanY:man

(4)presupposition預(yù)設(shè)關(guān)系“XpresupposesY."Y是前提X:repairthecarY:haveacar

六、語(yǔ)用學(xué)(Pragmatics)P96

1>言語(yǔ)行為理論(SpeechActTheory)

(1)locutionaryact發(fā)話行為(說(shuō)話人表達(dá)字面意思)

istheactofsayingsomethingwhichismeaningfulancanbeunderstood.

(2)illocutionaryact行事行為(說(shuō)話人表達(dá)意圖)

istheactinsayingsomethingtoperformafunction.

(3)perlocutionaryact取效行為(作用于聽(tīng)話人效果)

istheresultsoreffectsthatareproducedbymeansofsayingsomething.

言外之意(illocutionarypoint):

representatives闡述類;directives指令類;commissives承諾類;

expressives表達(dá)類;declarations宣布類

2、會(huì)話含義理論(ConversationalPrinciple/Maxim)violate違背P97

cooperativeprinciple,CP合伙原則(會(huì)話有共同目的)

“Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichit

occurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.”

(1)themaximofquantity數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則(信息充分)

(2)themaximofquality質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則(說(shuō)實(shí)話)

(3)themaximofrelation有關(guān)準(zhǔn)則(說(shuō)有關(guān)事)

(4)themaximofmanner方式準(zhǔn)則(清晰簡(jiǎn)潔避免歧義)

conversationalimplicature會(huì)話含義(用會(huì)話準(zhǔn)則暗示意義)

(1)calculability可推導(dǎo)性(含義能理解)

(2)cancellability可取消性(defeasibility)(因素變化,含義變化)

(3)non-detachability不可分離性(含義依附于內(nèi)容)

(4)non-conventionality非規(guī)約性(含義不擬定)

七、修辭學(xué)(Rhetoric)問(wèn)法:rhetoric/rhetoricaldevice修辭方略P98

1、simile明喻like,as...as,asif,asthough,similarto,suchas

2、metaphor隱喻(暗含比較)elephantpause

3、personification擬人(把事物或概念當(dāng)做人)

4、metonymy借代(用事物名稱代替密切有關(guān)另一事物)

5、synecdoche提喻(某些代替整體或整體代替某些)hand/mouth-man

6、euphemism婉言die-passaway

7、irony反語(yǔ)(意思相反)

8、allegory諷喻

9、exaggeration夸張(夸大或縮小使表達(dá)生動(dòng)有趣)

10、transferredepithet移位修辭nervousexam

11、oxymoron矛盾修辭bitter-sweetmemory

12>pun雙關(guān)語(yǔ)(homophonicpuns諧音雙關(guān);homographicpuns語(yǔ)義雙關(guān))

八、語(yǔ)言教學(xué)P100

1、中介語(yǔ)(interlanguage)

2、對(duì)比分析(contrastiveanalysis)

3、錯(cuò)誤分析(erroranalysis)

(1)error錯(cuò)誤(由于知識(shí)局限性)

mistake失誤(不注意出錯(cuò))

(2)interlingualerrors語(yǔ)際錯(cuò)誤(遷移錯(cuò)誤)由于母語(yǔ)Cnglish

intralingualerrors語(yǔ)內(nèi)錯(cuò)誤(發(fā)展性錯(cuò)誤)由于過(guò)度概括語(yǔ)言規(guī)則eat-eated(錯(cuò))

4、錯(cuò)誤性質(zhì):

omissions省略(少成分);additions添力口(多成分);

misformations形式錯(cuò)誤(eated);

doublemarkings雙重標(biāo)記(didn'twent);misorderings順序錯(cuò)誤(howyouare)

5、國(guó)內(nèi)外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者錯(cuò)誤類型

(1)negativetransfer負(fù)遷移/干擾由于母語(yǔ)

(2)over-generalization過(guò)度類推/過(guò)度概括由于過(guò)度概括語(yǔ)言規(guī)則

(3)pragmaticfailure語(yǔ)用錯(cuò)誤違背對(duì)方文化習(xí)俗

6、第二外語(yǔ)習(xí)得理論(SecondLanguageAcquisition,SLA)

(1)Acquisition-LearningHypothesis語(yǔ)言習(xí)得和學(xué)得假說(shuō)(習(xí)得和學(xué)得兩條不同途徑)

(2)MonitorHypothesis語(yǔ)言監(jiān)察假說(shuō)(學(xué)習(xí)者自己監(jiān)督控制語(yǔ)言輸出質(zhì)量)

(3)InputHypothesis語(yǔ)言輸入假說(shuō)(接觸理解可理解性語(yǔ)言輸入comprehensibleinput)

(4)AffectiveFilterHypothesis情感過(guò)濾假說(shuō)(輸入input和吸取intake受到動(dòng)力

motivation>性格personality、情感狀態(tài)affectivestate)

(5)NaturalOrderHypothesis自然順序假說(shuō)(可以不按任何語(yǔ)法順序來(lái)教學(xué))

第二章英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力

一、教學(xué)中非語(yǔ)言交際

1、非語(yǔ)言手段P118

environmentlanguage環(huán)境語(yǔ)(座位安排、時(shí)間信息、室內(nèi)標(biāo)示裝飾、聲音燈光等)

objectlanguage客體語(yǔ)(個(gè)人,衣著化妝、個(gè)人用品等)

2、非語(yǔ)言行為

bodylanguage體態(tài)語(yǔ)(身姿、手勢(shì)、表情、目光)

paralanguage副語(yǔ)言(聲音音質(zhì)、音量、語(yǔ)調(diào)、語(yǔ)速)

第三章英語(yǔ)國(guó)家語(yǔ)言、歷史和文學(xué)

三、語(yǔ)言、文化和社會(huì)

1、局部構(gòu)造P131

毗鄰對(duì)(adjacencypairs)一輪對(duì)話

(1)毗鄰對(duì)條件有關(guān)性(conditionalrelevance)

preferredsecondpart/preferencestructure優(yōu)選構(gòu)造Hi

dispreferredsecondpart/dispreferencestructure優(yōu)選構(gòu)造

relevantabsence有關(guān)缺失

(2)毗鄰對(duì)擴(kuò)展

basepairs根毗鄰對(duì)(被其她會(huì)話擴(kuò)展之前毗鄰對(duì))

前擴(kuò)展,指前序列(pre-sequences),涉及邀請(qǐng)、祈求、結(jié)束、宣布

中擴(kuò)展,涉及插入序列(insertionsequences)和旁側(cè)序列(sidesequences)

后擴(kuò)展,指后序列(postsequences),涉及會(huì)話修正和主體化

2、會(huì)話修正

會(huì)話修正機(jī)制三個(gè)某些:

修正源(troublesource)、修正發(fā)起(repairinitiation)、修正(repair)

lexical詞匯啟動(dòng)(no,sorry,letmesee,youknow)

non-lexical非詞匯啟動(dòng)(um..,uh..)

四、語(yǔ)言與文字

1、故事語(yǔ)言P134

(1)故事與視角

first-personnarrator第一人稱論述者(I)

third-personnarrator第三人稱論述者(he,she,it,they)

(2)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)與思想表達(dá)

directspeech直接言語(yǔ)("F**kyou")

indirectspeech間接言語(yǔ)(hesaid/asked)

freeindirectspeech自由間接言語(yǔ)

第二某些語(yǔ)言教學(xué)知識(shí)與能力

第一章初中英語(yǔ)課程原則

一、初中英語(yǔ)課程基本知識(shí)

1、英語(yǔ)課程性質(zhì)P149

ThenatureofEnglishCurriculumisinstrumentality/toolandhumanity.(工具性和人文4生)

Students'overalldevelopmentisthemotivationandgoaloftheEnglishcurriculum.

2、英語(yǔ)課程設(shè)計(jì)思路

ThedesignofthenewNationalEnglishCurriculumunifiesbothprimaryandsecondaryschool

EnglishintoonecontinuumofdevelopmentanddividesEnglishlanguageteachingandlearning

intoninecompetence-basedlevelsbyadoptingtheinternationalgeneralclassificationmethod.

Level5istherequiredstandardfortheendofjuniormiddleschool.Level2-primaryschool

二、英語(yǔ)課程分級(jí)原則P154

1、語(yǔ)言技能(LanguageSkills)

Overallperformanceobjectivesforeachlevelaregiveninadditiontodetaileddescriptionsof

abilitiesregardinglanguageknowledge,languageskills,affect,learningstrategiesaswellas

culturalawarenessforrelevantlevels.

2、語(yǔ)言知識(shí)(LanguageKnowledge)(語(yǔ)音、詞匯、語(yǔ)法、功能和話題)

Studentsarerequiredtolearnconsistsofphonetics,vocabulary,grammar,functionand

theme.

3、情感態(tài)度(Affect)(興趣、動(dòng)機(jī)、自信、意志和合伙精神;祖國(guó)意識(shí)和國(guó)際視野)

interest,motivation,confidence,willandcooperation;Nationalconsciousnessand

internationalvision.

4、學(xué)習(xí)方略(LearningStrategies)(認(rèn)知、調(diào)控、交際、資源)

Learningstrategiescanbeclassifiedintofourgroups:cognitivestrategy,regulativestrategy,

communicativestrategyandresourcingstrategy.

5、文化意識(shí)(CulturalAwareness/Understanding)(歷史地理、風(fēng)土人情、老式習(xí)俗、生

活方式、行為規(guī)范、文學(xué)藝術(shù)、價(jià)值觀念)

Historicalgeography,localcustoms,traditionalcustoms,lifestyle,normsofbehavior,

literatureandart,values.

三、英語(yǔ)課程實(shí)行建議P161

1、教學(xué)建議

(1)面向全體學(xué)生,為每個(gè)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)奠定基本

(2)注意語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力

(3)加強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)方略指引,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)能力

(4)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生跨文化交際意識(shí),發(fā)展跨文化交際能力

(5)結(jié)合實(shí)際教學(xué)需要,創(chuàng)造性地使用教材

(6)合理運(yùn)用各種教學(xué)資源,提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)效率

(7)組織生動(dòng)活潑課外活動(dòng),拓展學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)渠道

(8)不斷提高專業(yè)水平,努力適應(yīng)課程規(guī)定

第二章初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)基本理論

一、語(yǔ)言觀(ViewsofLanguage)P173

1、語(yǔ)言概念

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

2、語(yǔ)言本質(zhì)特性/設(shè)計(jì)特性(designfeatures)

(1)arbitrariness任意性(體現(xiàn)了convention規(guī)約性)

(2)duality二重性(basiclevel,higherlevel基層和高層)

(3)creativity倉(cāng)ij造性/productivity能產(chǎn)性

(4)displacement移位性(賦予generalizations,abstractions概括和抽象)

(5)culturaltransmission文化傳習(xí)性

3、語(yǔ)言功能(FunctionsofLanguage)

(1)informativefunction信息功能

(2)interpersonalfunction人際功能

(3)performativefunction施為功能

(4)emotivefunction情緒功能

(5)phaticfunction寒暄功能

(6)recreationalfunction娛樂(lè)功能

(7)metalingualfunction元語(yǔ)言功能

4、語(yǔ)言學(xué)角度語(yǔ)言觀

(1)TheStructuralViewofLanguage構(gòu)造語(yǔ)言觀

thestructuralviewseeslanguageasalinguisticsystemmadeupofvarioussubsystems:

phonology,morphology,lexicologyandsyntax.

(2)TheFunctionViewofLanguage功能語(yǔ)言觀

thefunctionviewseeslanguagenotonlyasalinguisticsystembutalsoasameansfordoing

things.

(3)TheInteractionalViewofLanguage交互語(yǔ)言觀(interaction,dynamics交互性和動(dòng)態(tài))

theinteractionalviewoflanguageconsiderslanguageasacommunicativetool,whosemain

useistobuildupandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.

二、語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)觀(ViewsofLanguageLearning)P176

1、語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)理論

(1)BehavioristLearningTheory行為主義學(xué)習(xí)理論

Behaviorismisanapproachtopsychologythatarousesoutoftheideasthatattemptedtoexplain

alllearningintermsofsomeformofconditioning(stimulus,response,andreinforcement)

(2)CognitiveLearningTheory認(rèn)知主義學(xué)習(xí)理論

Cognitivetheorythinksthat"languageisaintricaterule-basedsystemandwithaknowledgeof

thefiniterules(languagecompetence),infinitesentencescanbeproduced".

(3)ConstructivistLearningTheory構(gòu)建主義學(xué)習(xí)理論

Theconstructivisttheorybelievesthatlearningisaprocessinwhichthelearnerconstructs

meaningbasedonhisownexperiencesandwhathealreadyknows.

近來(lái)發(fā)展區(qū)理論ZoneofProximalDevelopment

三、語(yǔ)言教學(xué)觀(ViewsofLanguageTeaching)P178

1、語(yǔ)言教學(xué)理論(構(gòu)造主義教學(xué)理論、認(rèn)知主義教學(xué)理論、社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)理論)

四、外語(yǔ)教學(xué)法重要流派

1>grammar-translationmethod語(yǔ)法翻譯法

2、audio-lingualmethod據(jù)說(shuō)法(patterndrill句型操練、contrastiveanalysis對(duì)比分析法)

3、totalphysicalresponse全身反映教學(xué)法P181

4、cognitiveapproach認(rèn)知教學(xué)法(提高accuracy,appropriateness得體性)

5^communicateapproach交際法(包括function,notion功能和意念)P183

(1)交際能力(communicativecompetence)

grammaticalcompetence語(yǔ)法能力、sociolinguistic社會(huì)語(yǔ)言能力、discourse語(yǔ)篇能力、

strategic方略能力、linguistic語(yǔ)言能力、pragmatic語(yǔ)用能力、fluency流利性

(2)3P教學(xué)模式:presentation-practice-production

6、task-basedapproach任務(wù)型教學(xué)P184

(1)real-worldtasks/targettasks目的任務(wù);pedagogicaltasks教學(xué)任務(wù)

(2)任務(wù)四個(gè)構(gòu)成元素:objective>context、process、outcome

(3)informationgap信息差/信息溝

activitiesmusthaveclearandattainableobjectives./shouldbeconfinedtotheclassroom

context./shouldhelpdevelopstudents'languageability.

(4)constructivismlearningtheory建構(gòu)主義學(xué)習(xí)理論

(強(qiáng)調(diào)scene,writing,conversation,andmeaningconstructionf青景、寫(xiě)作、會(huì)話和意義

建構(gòu))

(5)任務(wù)型教學(xué)三個(gè)環(huán)節(jié):pre-task前任務(wù)、task-cycle任務(wù)環(huán)(task、planning>

report)、languagefocus語(yǔ)言聚焦(analysis、practice)

第三章初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)教學(xué)

一、語(yǔ)音教學(xué)P192

1、語(yǔ)音教學(xué)內(nèi)容

Therealisticgoalofteachingpronunciationshouldbe

?consistency:thepronunciationshouldbesmoothandnatural.

?intelligibility:thepronunciationshouldbeunderstandabletothelisteners.

?communicativeefficiency:thepronunciationshouldhelpconveythemeaningthatis

intendedbythespeaker.

2、Pronunciationknowledgeteaching發(fā)音矢口識(shí)教學(xué)

(monophonic,alphabet,phoneticsymbols單音、字母、音標(biāo))

3、Flowoflanguageteaching語(yǔ)流教學(xué)

(sounds,stress,rhythm,andintonation重音、節(jié)奏、語(yǔ)調(diào))

4、Theprincipleofphoneticteaching語(yǔ)音教學(xué)原貝U

(accuracy,long-term,integrity,communication,pertinence,interest精確'性、長(zhǎng)期'性、

整體性、交際性、針對(duì)性、趣味性原則)

5、Theteachingmethodofphonetics語(yǔ)音教學(xué)辦法P195

(1)Soundperception聽(tīng)音感知

練習(xí)辦法:usingminimalpairs最小對(duì)立體(live-leave)、whichorder排序、sameordifferent

辨別異同、oddoneout同中選異、completion填空

(2)Imitationandexplanation模仿解說(shuō)

personallydemonstration>imitate>practice親自示范,重復(fù)模仿、練習(xí)

(3)Pronunciationpractice發(fā)音練習(xí)

練習(xí)辦法:listenandrepeat聽(tīng)音模仿、fillintheblanks填空、usingpictures借助圖片、

usingmeaningfulcontext借助情景makeupsentences造句、usingtoguetwisters運(yùn)用繞口令

(4)語(yǔ)流教學(xué)(見(jiàn)上)慢動(dòng)作(slowmotionspeaking)

二、詞匯教學(xué)P197languageteachingtheories理論

構(gòu)成:receptive/passivevocabulary接受性/悲觀詞匯和productive/產(chǎn)出性/積極詞匯

1>Learningcontent教學(xué)內(nèi)容

(1)wordmeaning詞匯意義includelearningform,meaninganduse.

Knowingawordmeans:knowingitspronunciationandstress/itsspellingandgrammatical

properties/itsmeaning/howandwhentouseittoexpresstheintendedmeaning.

詞匯意義涉及conceptualmeaning、associatedmeaning概念意義和關(guān)聯(lián)意義

概念意義:詞典中意思,即literalmeaning/denotation字面意思/詞匯外延、

關(guān)聯(lián)意義:文化含義與語(yǔ)境意義,又稱connotation詞匯內(nèi)涵(learninthecontext)

(2)worduse詞匯用法

涉及:collocation/phrases/idiom/style/register搭配、詞組、習(xí)語(yǔ)、風(fēng)格、語(yǔ)域

(3)wordinformation詞匯信息

涉及:partofspeech/prefixes/suffixes/spelling/pronunciation/grammarfeatures詞類、前

綴、后綴、拼寫(xiě)、發(fā)音、語(yǔ)法特性

(4)wordmemorystrategies詞匯記憶方略

avoidrote-learning避免死記硬背word-building構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義

2、Learningprinciple教學(xué)原貝!J

(1)音形義結(jié)合pronounce、spelling>meaning

(2)詞塊整體教學(xué)lexicalchunks(knowledgeofcollocation搭配)

(3)詳細(xì)語(yǔ)境中教learninthecontext

(4)循序漸進(jìn)stepbystep

(5)重復(fù)練習(xí)鞏固記憶review

(6)培養(yǎng)自學(xué)詞匯能力deducethemeaningofwords猜測(cè)詞義

3、Teachingmethod教學(xué)辦法P200

(1)呈現(xiàn)詞匯:

visual/physicaldemonstration直觀呈現(xiàn)

Word-building構(gòu)詞法、synonym/antonym(opposites)同義反義詞、翻譯、舉例、問(wèn)答

verbalcontext/situation結(jié)合語(yǔ)境/創(chuàng)設(shè)情境

運(yùn)用詞匯學(xué)習(xí)方略,如chunks/reasoning/analog/usingdictionary歸類/推理/類比/查字典

(2)鞏固詞匯:

labelling/spotthedifference/describethedraw/playagame/wordbingo/wordassociation貝占

標(biāo)簽/找茬/描述繪畫(huà)/玩游戲(賓果)/詞匯聯(lián)想

三、語(yǔ)法教學(xué)P201

1、Content教學(xué)內(nèi)容

grammar語(yǔ)法具備Threedimensions三維性:form,meaningandusage形式、意義和用法

semantic語(yǔ)義涉及grammaticalform/thegrammaticalmeaningofthestructure/contentsof

meaning語(yǔ)法形式、構(gòu)造語(yǔ)法意義和內(nèi)容意義

task教學(xué)任務(wù):語(yǔ)法rules規(guī)則cognition/drill/application認(rèn)知/操練/應(yīng)用、thegeneration

ofgrammarconsciousness語(yǔ)法意識(shí)生成

2、Principle教學(xué)原則(交際性/實(shí)踐性、集中分散相結(jié)合、趣味性/通俗性)

grammarteachingshouldbe:

(l)collocationakthegrammarshouldbebuiltoncollocationalrelationsbetweenindividuallexical

itemsandtheirsubcategories.

(2)Constructive:one'sknowledgeofgrammarisbuiltbitbybit,whichcloselymodeltheway

languageislearnedandused.

(3)Contextual:syntacticandlexicalchoicesareexplicitlyrelatedtopragmaticones,andtosocial

andculturalcontexts.

(4)Contrastive:grammarinvolvesdrawingthelearner'sattentiontocontrastthedifferences

betweenthetargetlanguageandotherlanguages,andbetweensetsofsimilarfeaturesanditems

ofthetargetlanguage.

3、Method教學(xué)辦法P202

(1)deductivemethod演繹法(解說(shuō)規(guī)則,結(jié)合實(shí)例分析用法,句型練習(xí))

features:Itsavestime/paysmoreattentiontoform/teachesgrammarinadecontextualized

situation脫離上下文

(2)inductivemethod歸納法(學(xué)生自行歸納語(yǔ)法規(guī)則)

startwithexamplesandguidessstoworkouttherules

(3)guideddiscoverymethod引導(dǎo)發(fā)現(xiàn)法(學(xué)生歸納總結(jié)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則,教師強(qiáng)化其形式意

義)

四、語(yǔ)篇教學(xué)P204

1、概念和構(gòu)造

(1)Conception概念

discoursepattern語(yǔ)篇可以是dialogue、monologue對(duì)話、獨(dú)白,涉及written/spoken

language書(shū)面語(yǔ)、口語(yǔ),form形式上是cohesion銜接,semantic語(yǔ)義上是coherence連貫

(2)Tacticpattern構(gòu)造模式語(yǔ)段/句群、句際關(guān)系(并列、順序、層遞、轉(zhuǎn)折)

(3)Cohesivedevice銜接手段

logicalconnectors邏輯紐帶(firstly,thus,ontheotherhand,ifnot)

grammaticalconnectors語(yǔ)法紐帶(時(shí)態(tài)什么)

Lexicalconnectors詞]匚紐帶(repetition重復(fù)、synonym/antonym(opposites)同義/反義詞)

Developss'skillofrecognizingdiscoursepatterns訓(xùn)I練方式:

checkingthelogicoftheauthor'sarguments.

gettingthescrambledsentencesintoaparagraph.(focusontextualcoherence)

markingoutcommonopenerstostoriesandjokes.

2、教學(xué)內(nèi)涵

Aimsatdevelopingss?discourseawareness.(teacheraskssstoconcentrateonsuchfeaturesas

structure,coherenceandcohesionofatext)

3、教學(xué)辦法P207

overalleffectiveness整體性效能(用knowledgetransfer知識(shí)遷移實(shí)現(xiàn),重在cultivate

applicationability應(yīng)用能力培養(yǎng))、overallgraspofthediscourse語(yǔ)篇整體把握

Teachinglanguageatthediscourselevel:

utterancefunction/expectedresponse/congratulation/apology/acceptance/inform.

第四章初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言技能教學(xué)P212

一、聽(tīng)力教學(xué)

1、影響聽(tīng)力重要因素

(1)objectivefactor客觀因素:typesoflanguageused語(yǔ)言特性(語(yǔ)速/tone音調(diào)/pause停

頓/liaison連讀)、taskorpurposeinlistening聽(tīng)力任務(wù)、contextinwhichthelisteningoccurs

文化背景知識(shí)

(2)subjectivefactor主觀因素:psychological心理因素、knowledgeskills知識(shí)技能因素、

methodsandtactics辦法與方略因素

2、聽(tīng)力教學(xué)要領(lǐng)

(1)合理選取聽(tīng)力material材料(authenticity真實(shí)性、intelligibility可理解性、

diversity/variety多樣性)

(2)建立專門(mén)聽(tīng)力trainingsystem訓(xùn)練體系

(3)優(yōu)化心理氛圍,減少焦急感(arouseinterest調(diào)動(dòng)興趣、放松)

(4)注重聽(tīng)過(guò)程中skilltraining技巧訓(xùn)練

prediction預(yù)加hguess猜頓!|、coherentmemory連貫t己T乙(note-taking)、identifyingthe

discoursemarkers辨認(rèn)語(yǔ)段標(biāo)記

(5)科學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)聽(tīng)力練習(xí)

3、聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練type類型P216

(1)Focuslistening精聽(tīng)(tonaldiscrimination辨音、gapfilling填空、dictation聽(tīng)寫(xiě))

聽(tīng)寫(xiě)形式:

dictogloss聽(tīng)釋、fast-speechdictation迅速聽(tīng)寫(xiě)、pauseandparaphrase聽(tīng)寫(xiě)大意、listening

cloze完形聽(tīng)寫(xiě)、erroridentification糾錯(cuò)聽(tīng)寫(xiě)、jigsawidentification線索聽(tīng)寫(xiě)

(2)Gistlistening泛聽(tīng)(decideonthebesttitle)

(3)Freelistening隨意聽(tīng)

4、聽(tīng)力教學(xué)model模式

(1)Bottom-upmodel"自下而上"(強(qiáng)調(diào)languageknowledge語(yǔ)言知識(shí))

(2)Top-downmodel“自上而下”(側(cè)重backgroundinformation背景知識(shí))

5、聽(tīng)力教學(xué)過(guò)程P218

(1)Pre-listeningtasks聽(tīng)前環(huán)節(jié)(brainstorming/discussarelevantpicture/writingquestion

aboutthetopic/associatingvocabularieswiththetopic)

(2)While-listeningtasks聽(tīng)中環(huán)節(jié)(辨音、獲取重要信息、預(yù)測(cè)、猜詞悟義)

(3)Post-listeningtasks聽(tīng)后環(huán)節(jié)(writingasimilartext作文、discussion討論)

二、口語(yǔ)教學(xué)P219

1、Spokenlanguage口語(yǔ)特點(diǎn)

(fragmentation構(gòu)造不完整性、involvement人和場(chǎng)合緊密依存性)

(1)語(yǔ)法特性:Therearefourcommonfeaturesofspokenlanguage:

Usinglesscomplexsyntax.語(yǔ)法

Takingshortcuts,e.g.incompletesentences.(and,or;but)

Usingfixedconventionalphrases/chunks.俗語(yǔ)(fashionableword,two-partallegorical

saying,colloquialism,slang,phrasalverbs歇后語(yǔ)/口語(yǔ)詞/俚語(yǔ)/短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)

Usingdevicessuchasfillers,hesitationdevicetogivetimetothinkbeforespeaking.

構(gòu)造特性:往往借助filler補(bǔ)白詞(youknow,letmesee,um)

形象特性:說(shuō)話人表情、語(yǔ)調(diào)及態(tài)度等bodylanguage身體語(yǔ)言;音質(zhì)/聲調(diào)/重音/停頓

(2)口語(yǔ)交際特點(diǎn)

“說(shuō)”受語(yǔ)言rule規(guī)則支配/時(shí)間factor因素制約/對(duì)方response反映影響

2、口語(yǔ)教學(xué)要領(lǐng)

(1)在聽(tīng)基本上培養(yǎng)說(shuō)能力(使輸入信息量不不大于輸出信息量)

(2)組織多樣化口語(yǔ)活動(dòng)形式

口語(yǔ)活動(dòng)類型:pre-communicativeactivities前交際活動(dòng)(操練/模仿/重復(fù))

和communicativeactivities交際活動(dòng)(信息差活動(dòng)/解決問(wèn)題活動(dòng)/討論/辯論/采訪/游戲)

(3)對(duì)的解決精確與流利關(guān)系

Accuracy(identifyparticularphonemesontape)

Fluency(shouldn'tinterrupt)

(4)創(chuàng)造濃厚外語(yǔ)氛圍,勉勵(lì)學(xué)生敢說(shuō)樂(lè)說(shuō)

Thecharacteristicsofasuccessfulspeakingtask:

maximumforeigntalk/evenparticipation/highmotivation/rightlanguagelevel

(5)合理選取口語(yǔ)組織形式,增長(zhǎng)學(xué)生開(kāi)口機(jī)會(huì)(小組形式/單雙人活動(dòng))

3、口語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練辦法

imitativeness模仿性、monologue獨(dú)白性、performing表演性口語(yǔ)表達(dá)

三、閱讀教學(xué)P223

1>外語(yǔ)閱讀type/form類型

(1)依照閱讀方式和技巧不同劃分

Adaptivereading適應(yīng)性閱讀

recognition-read-silent-reading認(rèn)讀--朗讀--默讀

Learningreading學(xué)習(xí)型閱讀

plainsubstance主旨淺顯information信息量大,強(qiáng)調(diào)閱讀速度

comprehension理解性閱讀

realmaterial材料真實(shí)、widetheme題材廣泛、varioustypes體裁多樣,higherdifficulty難

度較高

(2)依照閱讀方式和技巧不同劃分

Skinning面式讀法/略讀(掌握全文大意或中心思想;報(bào)刊、新書(shū))

quicklygetthegist

Scanning點(diǎn)式讀法/尋讀/跳讀(查找詳細(xì)信息;時(shí)間、人名、地點(diǎn)、數(shù)字)

specificinformation

Intensivereading線式讀法/精讀(詳細(xì)地閱讀,進(jìn)一步分析、理解和記憶)

readindetail

Extensivereading縱式讀沏泛讀(廣泛地閱讀,閱讀速度、迅速理解能力、拓寬視野)

facilitateprocessofaccumulatingvocabulary/increasingtargetlanguageexpose/broadening

scopeofvision

(3)依照閱讀理解層次劃分

Literalcomprehension字面理解(依托語(yǔ)言知識(shí)/能力辨認(rèn)詞義和語(yǔ)法構(gòu)造)

languageknowledge/competenceidentifymeaningandgrammaticalstructure

Inferential/interpretivecomprehension推斷性理解(經(jīng)歷、直覺(jué)、邏輯判斷理解未明示信

息)

experience/intuition/logicjudgeandunderstandunexpressedinformation

Evaluativecomprehension評(píng)價(jià)性理解/應(yīng)用性理解(理解文章信息價(jià)值)

value

Appreciativecomprehension欣賞性理解(情感熏陶和思想啟迪)

Emotionalinfluenceandthoughtenlightenment

2、閱讀教學(xué)要領(lǐng)P226

(1)合理選取閱讀材料

Languagedifficulties難度(難于略高于學(xué)習(xí)者既有水平)

higherthanpresentlevel

Interest趣味性(布滿可讀性,激發(fā)求知欲和好奇心)

readability、thirstforknowledgeandcuriosity

Authenticity真實(shí)性(英語(yǔ)本族語(yǔ)者撰寫(xiě))

writtenbynativeEnglishspeakers

Comprehensiveness寬泛性(內(nèi)容反映歷史、人物、風(fēng)土人情、文化習(xí)俗以及潮流流行,體

裁和題材豐富多樣)

contentvarioustypeorformsofliteratureandtheme

(2)建立分析性(精讀)與綜合性(泛讀)相結(jié)合閱讀教學(xué)體系

分析性閱讀與綜合性閱讀教學(xué)分工

改進(jìn)現(xiàn)行分析性閱讀教學(xué)模式,貫徹閱讀訓(xùn)練

綜合性閱讀教學(xué)應(yīng)正規(guī)化、課程化

(3)注重閱讀threeelements三要素培養(yǎng)

vocabulary詞匯、comprehend理解(topicsentence主題句)、speed速度

(4)注重閱讀過(guò)程中技巧訓(xùn)練

prediction預(yù)測(cè)、readingforspecific抓中心思想、readingforspecificinformation獲取特殊

信j息、inferring推理(readingbetweenthelines)、identifyingthediscoursetypes確認(rèn)語(yǔ)篇

3、閱讀教學(xué)approach模式P229

(1)Thetop-downmodel自上而下模式為主(pre-readingactivities讀前環(huán)節(jié)活動(dòng)開(kāi)展)

(2)Thebottom-upmodel自下而上模式為輔(小到大語(yǔ)言文字單位,注重詞匯教學(xué))

teachingatextbyintroducingnewvocabulariesorstructures

followthesequenceofteachingnewwords,sentencesandthenthewholepassage

(3)Theinteractive-compensatoryapproach交互補(bǔ)償模式

4、閱讀教學(xué)過(guò)程

(1)Pre-readingtasks讀前環(huán)節(jié)(背景知識(shí)、寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格、西方風(fēng)俗)

predictingwhatapassageisabout/creatingawordwebrelatedtoatopic/sharingwhatis

alreadyknownaboutatopic

(2)While-readingtasks讀中環(huán)節(jié)(保障充分閱讀時(shí)間、閱讀技能訓(xùn)練)

(3)Post-readingtasks讀后環(huán)節(jié)(思維和實(shí)踐活動(dòng))

四、寫(xiě)作教學(xué)P231

1、寫(xiě)教學(xué)要領(lǐng)

(1)Motivatewritingmotivation激發(fā)寫(xiě)作動(dòng)機(jī)

communicativepurpose;audienceawareness交際目讀者意識(shí)

(2)指引寫(xiě)作技巧:

寫(xiě)單項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練(結(jié)合語(yǔ)音教學(xué))

語(yǔ)篇寫(xiě)作技巧(designskills構(gòu)思技巧;過(guò)程構(gòu)思、文本構(gòu)思;modelessay范文是有力工

具)

skillofplanning:findingideasandputtheminorder

(3)依照不同文體風(fēng)格指引相應(yīng)寫(xiě)作方略

Formalwriting正式文體(第三人稱)

typicalfeature:theprecisionoflanguageisapriority語(yǔ)言精準(zhǔn)優(yōu)先

well-organizedstructure有序構(gòu)造

widerangeofvocabularyandstructuralpatterns有構(gòu)造模式

technicaltermsanddefinitions專用名詞和定義

Informalwriting非正式文體(一、二人稱)

typicalfeature:shortandincompletesentencesarecommon多為短句、簡(jiǎn)樸句

(4)分階段設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)活動(dòng),訓(xùn)練寫(xiě)作技能

Controlledwriting控制性寫(xiě)作

(gapfilling/transcribe/sentencepatterntransformation填空/抄寫(xiě)/句型轉(zhuǎn)換)

Guidedwriting指引性寫(xiě)作

(completion/reproduction/compression/transformation續(xù)寫(xiě)/復(fù)寫(xiě)/縮寫(xiě)/轉(zhuǎn)寫(xiě))

Freewriting自由寫(xiě)作

(5)寫(xiě)、correct/amend改、evaluate評(píng)相結(jié)合

2、寫(xiě)作教學(xué)模式

(1)Product-orientedapproach注重成果(給題目--寫(xiě)一改,注重語(yǔ)篇整體)

(2)Content-orientedapproach注重內(nèi)容(收集材料--組織文章--修改,寫(xiě)前準(zhǔn)備)

(3)Process-orientedapproach注重過(guò)程(準(zhǔn)備--寫(xiě)作一修改--再改,寫(xiě)作能力)

what/howtowritepeer-editing

3、寫(xiě)作教學(xué)process過(guò)程

(1)Pre-writingtasks寫(xiě)前環(huán)節(jié)任務(wù)和活動(dòng)(gatherandorganizeideas激發(fā)寫(xiě)作動(dòng)機(jī))

Themainproceduresofprocesswritingincludecreatingamotivationtowrite,

brainstorming,mapping,freewriting,outlining,drafting,editing,revising,proofreadingand

conferencing.

(2)While-writingtasks寫(xiě)中環(huán)節(jié)任務(wù)和活動(dòng)(organizewritten組織成文)

drafting,peer-editing,revising

(3)Post-writingtasks寫(xiě)后環(huán)節(jié)任務(wù)和活動(dòng)(commentsandfeedback點(diǎn)評(píng)和反饋)

conferencing

第三某些教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)

第一章教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)skill技能

一、教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)概述P241

1、概念:老式instructionaldesign教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)即lessonplanning備課考慮"如何學(xué)”

最核心某些是lessonplan教案

It'sateachingguide/Ittakesintoaccountsyllabus教學(xué)大綱andss./

Itdescribesinadvance提前whatabouthowtoteach.

2、教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)principle原則

aims目的性原則variety多樣性原則flexibility靈活性原則

learnability可學(xué)性原則linkage銜接性選取feasibility可行性原則

3、教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)basicrequirements基本規(guī)定

Alanguagelessonplanusuallyhasthefollowingcomponents:backgroundinformation,

teachingaims,languagecontentsandskills,stagesandprocedures,teachingaids,

assignments,andteacher'safter-lessonreflection.

4、教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)新concept理念

(1)學(xué)生參加課堂設(shè)計(jì)自主性

(2)教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)貫穿課堂教學(xué)全過(guò)程

(3)教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)擬定性與不擬定性相統(tǒng)一

5、教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)pattern模式

Analysis----design--evaluation分析——設(shè)計(jì)一評(píng)價(jià)

分析:學(xué)習(xí)需求(學(xué)習(xí)objectives目的分析是核心)、學(xué)習(xí)者、學(xué)習(xí)content內(nèi)容

設(shè)計(jì):教學(xué)strategy方略、教學(xué)course過(guò)程(taskappearance-preparation-

accomplishment-consolidation任務(wù)呈現(xiàn)-任務(wù)準(zhǔn)備-任務(wù)完畢--語(yǔ)言鞏固)、

教學(xué)technique技術(shù)

評(píng)價(jià):教學(xué)target目的與否達(dá)到是評(píng)價(jià)教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)有效性核心

反饋修正(feedbackcorrection):教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)可以提供大量教學(xué)反饋信息

6、英語(yǔ)教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)concreteform詳細(xì)形式

(1)表格式tableform分別陳述學(xué)生/教師活動(dòng),闡明活動(dòng)目/意圖,突出教學(xué)design設(shè)計(jì)

理念

(2)流程圖式flowchartform展示教學(xué)process過(guò)程(format格式不同)

(3)論述式narrativeform

二、學(xué)情分析P248

1、學(xué)習(xí)者分析

(1)認(rèn)知特性

(2)學(xué)習(xí)風(fēng)格authority-orientedlearn

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