機械系統(tǒng)設(shè)計研究中英文翻譯、外文文獻翻譯、外文翻譯

附錄A(譯文)要進行機械系統(tǒng)設(shè)計研究，首先我們必須對它的概念有個明確的認識，現(xiàn)代機械系統(tǒng)的概念是：任何機械產(chǎn)品都是由若干個零、部件及機構(gòu)組成的一個特定系統(tǒng)來實現(xiàn)某項功能，即是一個由確定的質(zhì)量、剛度和阻尼的若干物體組成、彼此間有機聯(lián)系并能完成特定功能的系統(tǒng)，我們稱之為機械系統(tǒng)。機械零件是組成機械系統(tǒng)的基本要素，而部件就是它的分系統(tǒng)。設(shè)計工作是一個反復(fù)進行的過程。在這個過程中，我們要經(jīng)歷幾個階段，在對結(jié)果進行評價后，在返回到前面的階段。因此，我們可以先綜合系統(tǒng)中的幾個零件，對它們進行分析和優(yōu)化，然后再進行綜合，看它們對系統(tǒng)其他部分有什么影響。分析和優(yōu)化都要求我們建立或者作出系統(tǒng)的抽象模型，以便對此進行數(shù)學(xué)分析。我們將這些模型稱為數(shù)學(xué)模型。在建立數(shù)學(xué)模型時，我們希望能夠找到一個可以很好地模擬實際物理系統(tǒng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型。當(dāng)然，在機械系統(tǒng)總體方案的設(shè)計過程中，也應(yīng)遵循一些基本原則，以保證設(shè)計的質(zhì)量，杜絕不應(yīng)有的浪費。以下幾點是作為一個設(shè)計人員所必需遵守的：需求原則:產(chǎn)品的功能來源于需求，產(chǎn)品要滿足市場需求是一切設(shè)計最基本的出發(fā)點。不考慮客觀需要會造成產(chǎn)品的積壓和浪費。效益原則：設(shè)計中必須處處、時時考慮效益，包括技術(shù)經(jīng)濟效益和社會效益。信息原則：設(shè)計過程中的信息主要有市場需求信息、科學(xué)技術(shù)信息、技術(shù)測量信息、加工工藝信息和同行信息等。設(shè)計人員應(yīng)全面、充分、正確和可靠地掌握與設(shè)計有關(guān)的各種信息。利用這些信息來正確引導(dǎo)機械總體方案的設(shè)計。系統(tǒng)原則：既然每個機械產(chǎn)品都可以認為是一個系統(tǒng)，就應(yīng)該以系統(tǒng)工程的觀念來指導(dǎo)其設(shè)計。創(chuàng)新原則：創(chuàng)新是人類文明的源泉。設(shè)計人員的大膽創(chuàng)新，有利于沖破各種傳統(tǒng)觀念和慣例的束縛，創(chuàng)造發(fā)明出各種各樣原理獨特、結(jié)構(gòu)新穎的機械產(chǎn)品。在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計中，沒有新穎的構(gòu)思，設(shè)計出的產(chǎn)品一般就不具有市場競爭力。機械系統(tǒng)的總體方案設(shè)計是最便于充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造能力的設(shè)計階段。優(yōu)化的原則：由于機構(gòu)的類型多，傳動系統(tǒng)和原動機的類型也多，組合的方式更多，因此，能滿足設(shè)計基本要求的可行性設(shè)計方案有許多，應(yīng)從這些方案中選擇最優(yōu)者。即用科學(xué)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和方法評價各種方案，評出價值最高者為優(yōu)選方案。簡化的原則：在確保產(chǎn)品功能的前提下，應(yīng)力求設(shè)計出的方案簡單化，以便在確保質(zhì)量的同時減低成本。理論和實踐相結(jié)合的原則：設(shè)計人員不僅要有理論知識，更應(yīng)注重工程實踐，力求作到理論和實踐相結(jié)合，才能設(shè)計出好產(chǎn)品。工程的原則：機械設(shè)計是工程設(shè)計，它既包括技術(shù)成分，又包括非技術(shù)成分。在總體方案的設(shè)計中，既要應(yīng)用自然科學(xué)中的科學(xué)原理、科學(xué)技術(shù)，也要注意人文、社會科學(xué)、藝術(shù)和經(jīng)濟等學(xué)科中的有關(guān)因數(shù)，考慮當(dāng)時當(dāng)?shù)氐淖匀画h(huán)境、社會環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟環(huán)境和技術(shù)環(huán)境。為了能夠從制造上保證設(shè)計的合理性和經(jīng)濟性，認真考慮下列各項一般性規(guī)則—既要單獨考慮沒一項規(guī)則，又要對規(guī)則地進行整體考慮—是非常重要的。對于不同的設(shè)計要求或者因數(shù)，每一項規(guī)則的重要程度可能會發(fā)生變化，但是這些規(guī)則的總體重要性將不會發(fā)生變化。表面粗糙度的大小與尺寸公差是決定設(shè)計是獲得成功還是脫離實際的關(guān)鍵因素。對于互換性原理的全面、深入地研究是充分理解和正確認識低成本生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的基本因素?；Q性原理是保證任何數(shù)量的零件能夠順利生產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵。應(yīng)該綜合考慮所有零件的細節(jié)，以保證不僅可以采用低成本的加工工藝，而且能實現(xiàn)快速和容易的裝配和維修。應(yīng)該牢記，每一種生產(chǎn)方法都對應(yīng)著一個在連續(xù)生產(chǎn)條件下不超過其基本成本的精度水平。經(jīng)濟的制造并不是自然而產(chǎn)生的。它是從設(shè)計階段開始的，要考慮機床，加工方法，公差和表面質(zhì)量的實際限度啊。尺寸公差與表面粗糙度都不應(yīng)該規(guī)定得比實際功率或者設(shè)計要求的精度極限更小。這樣做就能夠得到盡可能低的成本和盡可能快的生產(chǎn)速度。設(shè)計工程師并不需要知道如何操作一臺專門的機床去獲得所需要的表面粗糙度。但是他應(yīng)該清楚這些加工方法的某些情況。各種工序所獲得的表面粗糙度數(shù)值的大小啊，以及采用每一種工序來獲得光滑表面的經(jīng)濟性方面的知識都會幫助設(shè)計工程師決定采用何種表面粗糙度。設(shè)計工作還包括一個很重要的階段，那就是評價階段，評價是對一個成功設(shè)計的最后檢驗，通常包括樣機的實驗室實驗。在此階段我們希望弄清楚設(shè)計能否真正滿足所有的要求。它是否可靠？在與類似的產(chǎn)品的競爭中它能否獲勝？制造和使用這種產(chǎn)品是否經(jīng)濟？它是否易于維護和調(diào)整？能否從它的銷售或使用中獲得利潤？與其他人就設(shè)計方案進行交流和磋商是設(shè)計過程的最后和關(guān)鍵階段。毫無疑問，有許多偉大的設(shè)計、發(fā)明或創(chuàng)造之所以沒有為人類所利用，就是因為創(chuàng)造者不善于或者不愿意向他人介紹自己的成果。提出方案是一種說服別人的工作。當(dāng)一個工程師向經(jīng)營、管理部門或者其主管人員提出自己的新方案時，就是希望向他們說明或者證明自己的方案是比較好的。只有成功地完成這項工作，為得出這個方案所花費的大量時間和經(jīng)歷才不會被浪費掉。網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的蓬勃發(fā)展，異地協(xié)同設(shè)計與制造，以及從用戶對產(chǎn)品的功能需求→設(shè)計→加工→裝配→成品這一并行工程的實現(xiàn)成為可能。但是，達到這些目標(biāo)的重要前提條件之一，就是實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計效果的三維可視化。為此，不僅三維圖形軟件、智能化設(shè)計軟件愈來愈多地應(yīng)用于產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計中，虛擬現(xiàn)實技術(shù)以及多媒體、超媒體工具也在產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計中初露鋒芒。目前，德國等發(fā)達國家正著力于研究超媒體技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)交換標(biāo)準(zhǔn)STEP，以及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)虛擬現(xiàn)實造型語言VRML(Interne上基于虛擬環(huán)境的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)交換格式)在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用。機械產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計正朝著計算機輔助實現(xiàn)、智能化設(shè)計和滿足異地協(xié)同設(shè)計制造需求的方向邁進，由于產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計計算機實現(xiàn)方法的研究起步較晚，目前還沒有成熟的、能夠達到上述目標(biāo)的方案設(shè)計工具軟件。作者認為，綜合運用文中四種類型設(shè)計方法是達到這一目標(biāo)有效途徑。雖然這些方法的綜合運用涉及的領(lǐng)域較多，不僅與機械設(shè)計的領(lǐng)域知識有關(guān)，而且還涉及到系統(tǒng)工程理論、人工智能理論、計算機軟硬件工程、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)等各方面的領(lǐng)域知識，但仍然是產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計必須努力的方向。國外在這方面的研究已初見成效，我國設(shè)計學(xué)者也已意識到CAD技術(shù)與國際交流合作的重要性，及其應(yīng)當(dāng)采取的措施。此外，在機械系統(tǒng)設(shè)計過程中，對系統(tǒng)零件的選擇也是一個很重要的環(huán)節(jié)。設(shè)計任何機械零件的理想情況為，工程師可以利用大量的他所選用的這種材料的強度試驗數(shù)據(jù)。這些試驗應(yīng)該采用與零件有著相同的熱處理，表面光潔度和尺寸大小的試件進行，而且試驗應(yīng)該在與零件使用過程中承受的載荷完全相同的情況下進行。這表明，如果零件將要承受彎曲載荷，那么就應(yīng)該進行彎曲載荷的試驗。如果零件將要承受彎曲和扭轉(zhuǎn)的復(fù)合載荷，那么就應(yīng)該進行彎曲和扭轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)合載荷的試驗。這些種類的試驗可以提供非常有用和精確的數(shù)據(jù)。它們可以告訴工程師應(yīng)該使用的安全系數(shù)和對于給定使用壽命時的可靠性。在設(shè)計過程中，只要能夠獲得這種數(shù)據(jù)，工程師就可以盡可能好地進行工程設(shè)計工作。附錄B（原文）Designofmechanicalsystem,wemustfirstofallistheconceptofmodernmechanicalsystemhaveaclearunderstandingoftheconceptofit:anymechanicalproductsarecomposedofseveralcomponents,thecomponentsandmechanismofaspecificsystemtorealizeafunctionisabythedeterminationofthemass,stiffnessanddampingofseveralobjects,eachotherbetweentheorganicconnectionandcancompletethespecificfunctionsofthesystem,wecallformechanicalsystem.Themechanicalpartsarethebasicelementsofthemechanicalsystem,andthepartsareitssubsystems.Thedesignworkisacoursecarriedonrepeatedly.Inthiscourse,wewanttogothroughseveralstages,afterappraisingtotheresult,returningtoprecedingstage.So,wemayanalyzeandoptimizethemaheadofseveralpartsintheintegratedsystem,goon,synthesize,seetheytosystemwhatinfluenceotherpartshave.Analyzeandoptimizeandallrequireustosetupormaketheabstractmodelofthesystem,inordertocarryonmathematicsanalysistothis.Wecallthesemodelsmathematicalmodel.Whilesettingupmathematicalmodel,wehopetofindamathematicalmodelthatcanwellimitatetherealphysicalsystem.Inordertostudythemechanicalsystemdesign,firstweshouldbeclearaboutitsconcept.Themodernmechanicalsystemconceptis:Anymechanicalproductisaspecificsystemwhichiscomposedwithseveralcomponents,thecertainpartequipment,withthedefinitequality,therigidityandthedampingcertainobjectswhichhaverelationswitheachother,thissystemcancompletethespecificfunctionthesystem,thereforecallsitthemechanicalsystem.Themachinepartsarecomposethemechanicalsystemthebasicessentialfactor,thepartareitssubsystem。Thedesignworkisaprocesswhichrelapsecarrieson.Inthisprocess,wemustexperienceseveralstages,incarriesontheappraisalaftertheresult,inreturnstothefrontstage.Therefore,wemayfirstinthesystemensembleseveralcomponents,carryontheanalysisandtheoptimizationtothem,thencarriesonthesynthesisagain,lookedtheyhaveanyinfluencetothesystemotherparts.Theanalysisandtheoptimizationallrequestsustoestablishortomakethesystemtheabstractmodel,regardingthisinordertocarriesonthemathematicalanalysis.Wearecalledthesemodelsthemathematicalmodel.Whenestablishmentmathematicalmodel,wehopedcanfindtobeallowedtosimulatetheactualphysicalsystemwellthemathematicalmodel.Certainly,inmechanicalsystemoverallplandesignprocess,alsoshouldfollowsomebasicprinciples,guaranteedthedesignthequality,ceasesthewastewhichshouldnothave.Followingseveralprinciplesarethedesignswhichapersonnelhavetoobserve:Demandprinciple:Theproductfunctionoriginatesfromthedemand,theproductneedstosatisfythemarketdemandisalldesignsthemostbasicstartingpoint.Didnotconsidertheobjectiveneedcancreatetheproductthebacklogandthewaste.benefitsprinciples:Inthedesignmusteverywhere,attimesconsiderthebenefit,includingtechnologyeconomicefficiencyandsocialefficiency.informationprinciples:Inthedesignprocessinformationmainlyhasthemarketdemandinformation,thescienceandtechnologyinformation,thetechnicalsurveyinformation,theprocessingcraftinformationandthecolleagueinformationandsoon.Designsthepersonneltobesupposedcomprehensively,fully,correctlyandreliablygraspswiththedesignrelatedeachkindofinformation,usestheseinformationtocomethecorrectguidancemechanicaloverallplanthedesign.systemsprinciples:Sinceeachmechanicalproductallmaythinkisasystem,weshouldinstructownbythesystemsengineeringideadesign.innovationsprinciples:Theinnovationisthehumancivilizationfountainhead.Designspersonnel'sboldinnovation,isadvantageoustobreaksthrougheachtraditionalideasandtheconventionfetter,thecreationinventsvariousprincipletobeunique,thestructurenovelmechanicalproduct.Intheproductdesign,doesnothavethenovelidea,designstheproductgenerallydoesnothavethemarketcompetitionstrength.Themechanicalsystemoverallplandesignismostisadvantageousforthefulldisplaycreationabilitydesignstage.optimizedprinciples:Becauseorganizationtypemany,transmissionsystemandtheoriginmachinetypealsomany,thecombinationwayaremore,therefore,cansatisfythedesignbasicrequestthefeasibilitydesignproposaltohavemany,designsthepersonneltobesupposedtochoosesuperiorfromtheseplans.Appraiseeachkindofplanwiththesciencestandardandthemethod,commentingthehighestvalueplanastheoptimalplan.simplificationsprinciples:Inguaranteestheproductfunctionunderthepremise,designsplansimplificationwhichthepersonnelshouldmakeeveryefforttodesign,inordertoisguaranteeingthequalitysimultaneouslythelowerthecostprice.theoriesandthepracticeunifyprinciple:Designsthepersonnelnotonlytohavetohavethetheoryknowledge,shouldpaygreatattentiontotheprojectpractice,makeseveryefforttodothetheoryandthepracticeunifies,candesignthegoodproduct.projectsprinciples:Themachinedesignistheengineeringdesign,itbothincludesthetechnicalingredient,andincludesthenon-technicalingredient.Intheoverallplandesign,designsthepersonnelalreadytohavetoapplyinthenaturalsciencesthescientificprinciple,thescienceandtechnology,alsohadtopayattentionstodisciplineandsooninhumanities,socialsciences,artandeconomyrelatedfactor,theconsiderationatthattimelocalitynaturalenvironment,thesocialenvironment,theeconomicenvironmentandthetechnicalenvironment.Toassuresoundandeconomicaldesignfromastandpoint,carefulconsiderationofthefollowinggeneraldesignrules-bothseparatelyandtogether-isofparamountimportance.theorderofimportancemayvaryaccordingtodesignrequirement,orfactors,buttheoverallimportancealwaysremainsthesame.Toleranceonfinishanddimensionsplayanimportantpartinthefinalachievementorabsenceofpracticalproductiondesign.Acomprehensivestudyoftheprincipleofinterchangeabilityisessentialforathoroughunderstandingandfullappreciationoflow-costproductiontechniques.Detailsofallpartsshouldbesurveyedcarefullytoassurenotonlyinexpensiveprocessingbutalsorapid,easyassemblyandmaintenance.Itmustberememberedthateachproductionmethodhasawell-establishedlevelofprecisionwhichcanbemaintainedincontinuousproductionwithoutexceedingnormalbasiccost.Economicmanufacturingdoesnot“justhappen.”Itstartswithdesignandconsiderspracticallimitsofmachinetools,processes,tolerances,andfinishes.Neitherdimensionaltolerancenorsurfaceroughnessshouldbespecifiedtolimitsofaccuracycloserthanthosewhichtheactualfunctionordesignnecessitate.Thisisdonetoassuretheadvantagesoflowestpossiblecostandfastestpossibleproduction.Withoutneedingtoknowhowtooperateaparticularmachinetoattainthedesireddegreeofsurfaceroughness,therearecertainaspectsofallthesemethodsdegreeofsurfaceroughness,therearecertainaspectsofallthesemethodswhichshouldbeunderstoodbythedesignengineer.Knowledgeofsuchfactsasdegreeofroughnessobtainedbyanyoperation,andtheeconomicsofattainingasmoothersurfacewitheachoperation,willaidhimindecidingjustwhichsurfaceroughnesstospecify.Thedesignworkalsoincludesaveryimportantstage,thatappraisesthestage,Evaluationisthefinalproofofasuccessfuldesign,whichusuallyinvolvesthetestingofaprototypeinthelaboratory.Herewewishtodiscoverifthesuccessfullywithsimilarproducts?Isitecon0omicaltomanufactureandtouse?Isiteasilymaintainedandadjusted?Canaprofitbemadefromitssaleoruse?Communicatingthedesigntoothersisthefinal,vitalstepinthedesignprocess.Undoubtedlymanygreatdesigns,inventions,andcreativeworkshavebeenlosttomankindsimplybecausetheoriginatorswereunableorunwillingtoexplaintheiraccomplishmentstoothers.PresentationisasellingjobTheengineer,whenpresentinganewsolutiontosellortoprovetothemthatthissolutionisabetterone.Unlessthiscanbedonesuccessfully,thetimeandeffortspentonobtainingthesolutionhavebeenlargelywasted.Whatisworthmentioningis:theabovemethodsarenotcompletelyisolated,variousmethodsexisttosomeextentonthelinksIfmodularstructuredesign,moduledivisionstructurecontainsasystematicthinking,andtheestablishmentofproductcharacteristicsandthedesignknowledgebaseinferenceengine,itisusuallyalsoneedtouseasystematicandstructuralmodularapproachInaddition,theproductfeaturesoftheknowledge-baseddesignisalsoaprogramofintelligentdesignoneofthefoundations.Inmechanicalproductdesign,which,dependingonthespecificfunctionstoachievethecommonparts,componentsorstructureusedforthemodulebody,willbeappliedtothesystematicdesignofthespecificlevelsofdesign,upcomingfinancialstructuremodularapproachtosystemdesignmethods,itcanguaranteethestandardizationofthedesign,itcansimplifythedesignprocess,improvedesignefficiencyandquality,andlowerdesigncosts.Networktechnologytoflourish,CollaborativeDesignandManufacturing,andtheusersofproductsfromthefunctionalrequirements→Design→processing→finishedassemblingtheparallelprojectofthepossible.However,toachievetheseobjectivesbyoneoftheimportantprerequisitesforthatproductdesigneffectof3-Dvisualization.Tothisend,3Dgraphicssoftware,intelligentdesignsoftwareusedinmoreandmoreproductstothedesign,Virtualrealitytechnologyandmultimedia,hypermediatoolisthedesignofproductsbegantobearfruit.Currently,Germanyandotherdevelopedcountriesarefocusedonresearch-mediatechnology,productdataexchangestandardsSTEP,andthestandardVirtualRealityModelingLanguageVRML(VirtualInternetplatformenvironmentbasedonthestandardexchangeformat)Productdesignapplications.MechanicalProductsprogramsaremovingtowardscomputer-aideddesigntoachieve,IntelligentDesignCollaborativeandmeettheneedsofdesignandmanufacturingdirection.productdesigncomputermethodofalatestart,buttherewerenomature,toachievetheaboveobjectivesoftheprogramdesignsoftwaretools.Thewriterbelievesthattheintegrateduseoffourtype