廣東省深圳市2022-2024年中考英語一?！堕喿x理解》

初中

廣東省深圳市2022-2024年（三年）中考英語一模解析版試卷分類匯編

閱讀理解

2024年廣東省深圳市中考一模英語試題

II.閱讀理解（40分）

第一節(jié)閱讀下列短文，從下面每小題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項。（共

15小題，每小題1.5分）

A

Coralreefs（珊瑚礁）areimportanttoseacreatures.Aboutaquarterofalloceanlifedependsoncoralreefsat

somepointintheirlife.However,thisyear,highsea-surfacetemperatureshavekilledalargenumberofcoralreefs

aroundtheworld.

InDapengBay,thedevelopmentofcoralreefsisnotsatisfactory.Comparedwithhealthyreefs,theonesin

DapengBayshowbigdifferences.First,healthyreefshavesmallareaswhicharehometoseacreatures,while

unhealthyreefsarecoveredbyseaplants.Second,theymakedifferentsounds.Healthyreefswithplentyofsea

creaturesproducemanykindsofsounds,likeabandplayingmusicpiecesintheocean.However,brokenreefswith

fewerkindsofseacreaturesaremuchquieter.Theycancausewhalestolosedirectionandevenswimtothecoast.

Therecentwhalestrandings（擱淺）inDapengBayareprobablyrelatedtothestateofcoralreefs.Unfriendly

environmentalactivitiesdoharmtothereefsandbreakthefoodweb,changingthewhales9wayofliving.Waterwith

highnutrient（營養(yǎng)）levelsandcitylightinghavealsomadethewhalesswimclosertothecoast.

Thebeautifulcoralreefsarevaluableforsupportingoceanlife....

11.Whathaveledtothedeathofcoralreefsthisyear?

A.Oceananimals.B.Aboutaquarterofalloceanlife.

C.Seacreatures.D.Highsea-surfacetemperatures.

12.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"ones"inParagraph2referto?

A.CoralReefs.B.Seaplants.C.Musicpieces.D.Smallareas.

13Whatcanwelearnaboutunhealthycoralreefs?

A.Theymakeloudersounds.B.Morewhalesswimaroundthem.

C.Seaplantsgrowalloverthem.D.Theyhelpwhalesfindtheirway.

14.Whatmaythewritercontinuetotalkaboutinthelastparagraph?

A.Waystostopwhalestranding.B.Actionstoprotectthecoralreefs.

C.Solutionstothecitylightingproblem.D.Reasonsforhighsea-surfacetemperatures.

15.Wherecanweprobablyfindthepassage?

試卷1

初中

A.Inafilmreview.B.Inasciencereport.C.Inatravelguide.D.Inanartmagazine.

B

Christinawantedtoleadthewaybacktocampandwentontalkingcheerfully,askingdifferentkindsof

questionsaboutplantsandwildlife.

Aswewalkedabouthalfwaydownthehillside,shefelloverastone.Ijoggeduptowhereshetripped.Suddenly,

Isawalionabouttenfeetuponahugerockwatchingme.Itwasmakingalongdeepangrysound.

Istoodperfectlystill,holdingmybreath,wonderingwhattodo.Christinawascryingdownbelow.Icouldn't

shouttohertobequiet,orthelionmightattackme.

Then,rememberingDad'swords,IslowlydroppedmybackpackandtookoffmyT-shirt.Withthepackonone

armandtheT-shirtontheother,Ispreadmyarms,tryingtolookaswideandbigasIcould.CarefullyImovedaway

downthehillsidetowardChristina,keepingmyeyesonthelion.

“Christina,“Icalled."Stopcrying.Getupslowlyandcatchmybelt.We'regoingdownthehill.There9salionat

thetop.^^

Wemovedquietlyandslowlydownthehill.Oncebacktotheforest,withthelionoutofview,Iremovedthe

sweat（汗水）frommyfacewithmyT-shirtbeforeputtingiton,andlookedatChristina.Hatless,redeyes,afewsmall

cutsbutnothingmajor.

Ipulledoutthemap.Thecampgroundwasontheothersideofthehill.Wehadhikedformilesbeforewefinally

madeourwaybacktooursite.

Dadsawmefirst.

“Wherehaveyoubeen?^^heshouted.

“Weweresoworried,Mothercried.

“Mommy,youdidn'thavetoworry.Seanisrealsmart.^^Christinasaid.

IcaughtDad'seye.Hesmiled.AtthatmomentIrealizedIwasabigbrother.

16.HowdidChristinafeelbeforeshefelloverastone?

A.Happy.B.Proud.C.Nervous.D.Worried.

17.WhatdidSeandowhenhefirstsawthelion?

A.Hestartedcrying.B.Hepickedupahugerock.

C.Heremainedstill.D.Hejoggeduptohissister.

18.WhydidSeantrytolookwideandbig?

A.Tokeepbalance.B.Toscarethelion.

C.Toshowconfidence.D.Topreparetofight.

19.Whatcanweinfer（推斷）fromParagraph6?

A.Seandidn'tcareaboutChristinaatall.B.Seandidn'trelaxuntilhereachedtheforest.

試卷2

初中

C.Christinagotbadlyhurtonthewayback.D.ChristinacomfortedSeanbycleaninghisface.

20.Whatisthebesttitleofthispassage?

A.Father'sSmilingEyesB.ATerribleMountainLion

C.TheWaytoBecomingaBigBrotherD.Christina'sExcitingWildAdventure

C

Isthereaconnectionbetweenvolunteeringandhealth?Couldvolunteeringofferawaytoimprovekids'mental

（心理的）health?

Accordingtoanewstudy,kidswhovolunteeraren'tjusthelpingtheircommunity.Theymightbehelping

themselvesaswell.Scientistsfoundthatvolunteeringinschoolsorcommunitiesisconnectedwithbetterhealth

amongchildrenandteens.

Thestudycomparedkidswhotookpartincommunityservicewiththosewhodidn't.Kidswhovolunteered

were66%morelikelytobeconsidered"flourishing”,ordoingwell.Andkidsaged12andolderwhovolunteered

were25%lesslikelytohaveanxiety（焦慮）.

Parentsofsome50,000kidsintheUnitedStatesaged6to17tookasurvey.Thefindingsofthesurveyshowthat

volunteeringhasapositiveeffecttoraisehigherlevelsofhappiness,life-satisfaction,asenseofcontroloverlifeand

mentalhealth.

Thestudycomesatanimportanttime.Inanotherreport,morethan40%ofhighschoolstudentssaidthatthey

hadeverfeltsadorhopeless.Therefore,there9saclearneedtoimprovestudents9mentalhealth.Givingbacktothe

communitymaybeonemethod.Servingthecommunityseemstohelppeoplefeelasenseofpurpose.Anditmakes

themfeelconnectedtothosearoundthem.So,kids,giveitatry,foryourhealthandhappiness.

21.Howdoesthewriterintroducethetopic?

A.Bytellingastory.B.Byusingasaying.

C.Byaskingquestions.D.Bygivingsomefacts.

22.What'sthemainideaofParagraph2?

A.Volunteersarehelpingcommunity.B.Volunteersarehelpingthemselves.

C.Volunteeringleadstobetterhealth.D.Volunteeringisconnectedwithkids.

23.Whatdoestheunderlinedword/flourishing"inParagraph3probablymean?

A.Beinghelpful.B.Learningfast.C.Beingfriendly.D.Growinghealthily.

24.AccordingtoParagraph4,whotookpartinthesurveyofthestudy?

A.Someparents.B.Youngpeople.

C.Somechildren.D.Communityvolunteers.

25.Whatdoesthewritersuggestkidsdointheend?

A.Domorestudies.B.Askadultsforhelp.

C.Findlifepurpose.D.Servethecommunity.

閱讀下面短文，并從所給的六個句子中選擇五個還原到原文中，使原文的意思完整、連貫。

Althoughrabbitsareacuteandpopularpet,theyhavespecialneedsandarenotaseasytokeepasoncethought.

26Herearesometipsforyoutolookafterarabbit.

Giveitenoughhousing

試卷3

初中

27Theyneedalotofspace.Scientistsadvisethatapairofrabbitsshouldhaveaspacethatisnolessthan

threemetresbytwometresbyonemetrehigh.Children'splayhousesareoftenasgoodasacommoncage.

Keepitcompany（陪伴）

Asinglerabbitislonely.Rabbitsaresocialcreatures.28Keepatleasttwotogetherandyou'llneverlook

back.Watchingrabbitsplaywitheachotheriscertainlyajoy.

Putallfeetonthefloor

Rabbitsareseenasagoodfirstpetforchildren.29Theycanbeeasilyscared.Rabbitsliketokeepall

fourfeetonthegroundratherthanbeheldinarms.

Feedtherightfood

Rabbitshavespecialstomachsandcontinuously-growingteeth.Theyarealwaysinneedofgrassofgoodquality

tokeepthemhealthy.30

A.Raisetworabbitsatatime.

B.RabbitsHketorunandexplore.

C.Theyneedthecompanyoftheirownkind.

DButtheydon'tenjoybeingpickedupandcarriedaround.

E."Sugary“vegetableslikecarrotsshouldonlybefedattimes.

F.However,withtherightcare,theyareverypleasantanimals.

第三節(jié)信息匹配

下面的材料A?F分別介紹了六項旅游活動的內容。請根據Joe,Mike,Peter,Betty,Alice五個人的需求，

幫助他們選出最適合他們的活動。

A.Harbin:AWinterWonderland

Joininoneofthebiggesticefestivals?Enjoyanamazingski

31Joeisinterestedin

holiday?VisitthemagicalSnowTown?Findthemallinthe

volunteering.Heisespeciallycrazyabout

Wonderland!

animals.

B.MaoshanHotSpring

32M汰eisexpectinganexciting

Thehotelisamongthemountainsandwaters.Allguestrooms

skiingexperienceandbeautifulsnowfalls.

haveprivatehotspringbaths,whereyoucanenjoybeautifulviews

33Peterisahugesportsfan.He

outside.

wantstotrydivingandseeoceancreatures.

C.ChengduPandaTour

34Bettywouldliketospendher

Youcanhelplookafterpandas.Youcanalsoexplorethebestof

holidayinfreshair,hikingonanancient

Chengdu,includingDujiangyanandJinshaSiteMuseum.

path.

D.AnjiWeekendGetaway

35Alicewantstorelaxinahotel

TheZhangliAncientPathinAnjiishiddeninthemountains,

withhotspringsandbeautifulmountain

with95%coveredbyforest.Thereyoucanenjoycleanandsweetair.

views.

E.VietnamTour

Startwiththetree-linedstreetsofthecapitalcityofHanoi.Then

試卷4

初中

takeaboattriptotheislandsinHaLongBay.Endyourtouronthe

beachesofHoiAn.

F.Semporna:DivingParadise

Sempomaisaperfectplacefordivingwithitsbluesky,clear

waterandcoralreefs.Youwillhaveseacreatureswithyouwhile

swimming.

2023年廣東省深圳市中考一模英語試題

n.閱讀理解（40分）

第一節(jié)閱讀下列短文，從下面每小題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在

答題卡上將相應的字母編號涂黑。（共15小題，每小題1.5分）

Withanaveragesizeof19centimetersandanaverageweightofonly40grams,thelight-ventedbulbul（白頭鴨）

canbefoundinmanyAsiancountriesincludingSouthKoreaandVietnam.Recently,ithasmadeChinaitspreferred

livingplace.

Thebulbulhasablackcrownwithwhitepatches（白斑）ontopandonbothcheeks（臉頰）.Nearitsback,the

blackcrownturnsintolightgrey.Thegreycolormixeswithdeepsmartgreenfeathersthatmakeitswingsbeautiful.

Thethroatiswhitewhichturnsgreyoverthestomach.Thetailislongcomparedwithitswholebody,coveredindeep

greenfeathers.

Thislovelybirdhasgotusedtolivinginthehumanenvironments.ItcanbefoundthroughoutShenzhenand

eveninthemostcrowdedareasofthecity.Itsspecialcallcanbeheardallyearround.Itfeedsmainlyonfruits,new

leaves,andflyinginsects.

Thebulbulisoneofthemosteasilynoticedbirdsinourcity.Lefsplantmoretreesandprotecttheenvironment

tobuildpleasanthabitatsforthem,sothatwe,andourchildrentoo,canlivehappilywiththemintheyearstocome.

11.Accordingtothepassage,whichcountrydoesthebulbulliketoliveinbest?

A.China.B.Vietnam.C.SouthKorea.D.Japan.

12.WhatisParagraph2mainlyabout?

A.Thebird'stail.B.Thebird'sbehaviour.C.Thebird'ssize.D.Thebird'sappearance.

13.WhycanthisbirdbefoundeveninthemostcrowdedareasinShenzhen?

A.Becausepeopleenjoylisteningtoitsspecialcall.B.Becauseitfeedsmainlyonfruitsandnewleaves.

C.Becauseitisusedtolivingtogetherwithpeople.D.BecauseitiseasyforthebirdtofindfoodinShenzhen.

試卷5

初中

14.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“habitats“inParagraph4probablymean?

A.Farms.B.Fields.C.Homes.D.Squares.

15.Inwhichpartofanewspapercanwereadthispassage?

ATravel.B.Nature.C.Culture.D.Technology.

B

Youcanhardlypaynoattentiontohunger.Hungerhasmanydifferentcauses,accordingtoDr.MoniqueTello,

fromHarvardMedicalSchool.

Thefirstcausemaybemedicalproblems.C6Ifapersonalwaysfeelshungryandcan'tputonweightorevenloses

weight,heshouldgotothehospital.ForpeoplewithType1diabetes（糖尿?。?theirbodyisn'tabletoprocesssugar

（分解糖）.Theyeatalot,butstillloseweightandtheyfeelterrible.^^Tellosaid.

Ifitisn'tamedicalcause,theproblemcouldbeinthehead.Ifsreasonabletobehungryeverythreetofive

hours.However,youarelikelytoeatoftenandalotafterwatchingfoodadvertisementsonTVorsocialmedia.Also,

themoreyoueat,thelargeryourstomachgets,andthemoreyouwanttoeat.Aperson5sstateofmindcanplayarole,

too.Researchhasshownthatstresscanincreaselevelsofghrelin（饑餓激素）.Pressureandworrycansendpeople

lookingintothefridgewhenthey'renottrulyhungry.

Anotherreasonmaybethelifestyle.Sometimesthereasonwhyapersonisalwayshungryisthatheeatstoo

little,exercisestoomuch,orboth.

So,whatarethesolutions?First,reduceyourtimeonwatchingfoodadvertisementsonTVandsocialmedia.In

addition,saynotofoodifyou'renotreallyhungry.Finally,changeyourdietbyeatingmorefoodhighinfiber（纖維）,

protein（蛋白質）andhealthyfats.

16.AccordingtoTello,whatshouldyoudoifyouarealwayshungryandgettingthinner?

A.Eatmorefood.B.Changeyourdiet.C.Seeadoctor.D.Dosomeexercise.

17.WhatcanyoulearnfromParagraph3?

A.Youdon'tfeellikeeatingwhenyou'reworried.

B.Youwillprobablyeatmorewhenyoufeelstressed.

C.Thesmalleryourstomachis,thehealthieryouwillbe.

D.Themorefoodadvertisementsyouwatch,thelessyoueat.

18.HowmanysolutionsdoesthewritergiveinParagraph5?

A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.

19.What'sthestructure（結構）ofthearticle?（P=Paragraph）

20.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthearticle?

A.Howoftenshouldyoueat?B.Whatfoodmakesyouhealthier?

C.Howcanyouloseweight?D.Whyareyoualwayssohungry?

試卷6

初中

c

OncetherewerefourchildrenwhosenameswerePeter,Susan,EdmundandLucy.Thisstoryisaboutsomething

thathappenedtothemwhentheyleftLondonduringthewar.

Thefourchildrenweresenttoanoldman'shouseinthecountryside,tenmilesfromthenearestrailwaystation

andtwomilesfromthenearestpostoffice.Theoldmanhaduntidywhitehairwhichgrewovermostofhisface.On

thefirstevening,hewentouttomeetthechildren.HelookedsostrangethatlittleLucywasabitafraid,butEdmund

wantedtolaughandtriedtohideitbyblowinghisnose.

Aftersayinggoodnighttotheoldman,theywentupstairs.Thehousewassolargewithallthosestepsandrows

ofdoorsleadingintoemptyrooms.Theboyswentintothegirls'roomandtheyarguedaboutthehouseandtheold

man.Whiletheyweretalking,therecameastrangenoise.ThenoiseandthethoughtofthelargehousemadeLucy

feelevenmorefrightened.

"It'sanowl（貓頭鷹）,“saidPeter.a<Thisisawonderfulplaceforbirds.Lefsgoandexploretomorrow.You

mightfindanythinginaplacelikethis.Didyouseethosemountainsandwoodsaswecamealong?^^

Butthenextmorning,therewasarainfalling,sothickthatyoucouldseeneitherthemountainsnorthewoods.

Afterbreakfast,theywereupstairsintheroom.Edmundstartedcomplainingabouttheweather.Susansuggested

readingbooksintheroom."Notforme,^^saidPeter,"Tmgoingtoexploreinthehouse.Everyoneagreedtothisand

thatwashowtheadventuresbegan.

21.Wheredidthestorytakeplace?

A.Inthepostoffice.B.Intheoldman'shouse.

C.Intherailwaystation.D.InthecityofLondon.

22.WhatdidEdmundthinkoftheoldmanwhenhefirstmethim?

A.Funny.B.Kind.C.Terrible.D.Ugly.

23.WhydidLucyfeelevenmorefrightenedinparagraph3?

A.Becauseshesawanowlinthelargehouse.

B.Becausesomeoneunknownwaswalkingonthesteps.

C.Becausetheoldmantookallofthemtotheemptyrooms.

D.Becausesheheardaterriblesoundandthoughtofthehouse.

24.Whatdoes"this"inthelastparagraphreferto?

A.Readingbooksinthehouse.B.Complainingabouttheweather.

C.Findingoutaboutthehouse.D.Searchingforbirdsinthewoods.

25Whatwouldprobablyhappennextinthestory?

A.ThefourchildrenwouldgobacktoLondonsecretly.

B.Thefourchildrenwouldexplorethemountainstogether.

C.Thechildrenwouldexperiencesomethingunusualinthehouse.

D.Theoldmanwouldhuntfortheowlandotherbirdsinthewoods.

第二節(jié)請閱讀下面的短文，并從下列的六個句子中選擇五個還原到原文中，使原文的意思完

整、連貫。（共5小題，每小題2分）

試卷7

初中

Herearefivewaysforteenstoimprovetheirabilitytobalancetheiremotions（情緒）.

KeepingenoughSleep

Gettingmoresleepimprovesthewayteensfeelwhenthey5reawake.However,onestudyshowedasurprising

result.26

Doingphysicalexercise

Physicalactivitiesarehelpfulforteenagers.Exercisehelpsproduceacertainchemicalwhichcandogoodto

emotions.27Inthisway,teens5self-confidenceisimproved.

Developingcreativity

28Whenifsdifficulttotellwhatthey5regoingthrough,theycandrawapictureorcreateapoem.An

artworkisagoodexpressionofemotionsandcreativity.

Tryingmeditation（冥想）

Theabilitytocalmthemindandstopdaydreamingisgoodforteens.Theycanstartbylearninghowtomeditate

withateacher.29

Learningtoridethewave

Teenssometimestrytopushstrongfeelingsaway.30Forexample,theymayhavethefeelingsof

pride,love,orjoy.Ridingtheemotionalwavehelpsthemcontrolstrongfeelingsandbecomemorecomfortable.

A.Italsohelpscreateasenseofachievement.

B.Thatcanbetrueevenifthestrongfeelingsaregoodones.

CItishardertodealwithstrongemotionalchallenges.

D.Onlylessthanninepercentofteensgetenoughsleep.

E.Artisticexpressionisapowerfulwayforteenstomanageemotions.

F.Thentheycantrytakingafewmomentseachdaytopractisethismethodofcalmingdown.

第三節(jié)信息匹配（共5小題，每小題L5分）

下面的材料A?F分別介紹了六個不同主題的展覽。請根據Audrey,Bill,Robert,Julie,Emily的需求選擇

最適合他們參觀的展覽。

31Audreyisveryinterestedincalligraphyofdifferentstyles.

32Billiscrazyabouttheoldobjectsthatwereonceusedinthe1980s.

33RobertlovesartandtriestousesomeAIskillstohelpwithhispainting.

34JulieenjoystraditionalChinesepaintingsandplanstowriteapaperaboutit.

35Emily,afanoftheHanDynastyculture,Hkestheoldstoriesbehindsomeancientobjects.

A.Ancientmirrors

Morethan70ancientmirrorsfromtheHanDynasty（漢朝）areonshowinShenzhen

Museum.

試卷8

初中

B.Artworks

AnewmediaartshowmadeupofworkswithAItechnologyisinGuangmingCultureand

ArtCenter.

■I*1

■?T-

C.Oldobjects

OlddailyobjectsconnectedtoShenzhen9shistorysincethe1980sareonshowinShenzhen

1*冢Museum.

D.Modernart

!“TheHistoryofScience^^shows23modempaintingsandothercreationsinPingshanArt

Museum.

a陽冢H室

上士丁，工E.Calligraphy（書法）

”'左箱曾木打之、；八建二；

XuJing,aChinesecalligrapher,isshowingherworksinShenzhenBayGemTower.

F.Chinesepaintings

Ashowof180JinlingPaintingsfromtheMingDynastyisinHeXiangningArtMuseum.

2022年廣東省深圳市中考一模英語試題

二、閱讀理解（40分）

第一節(jié)閱讀下列短文，從下面每小題的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將相應的

字母編號涂黑。（共15小題，每小題1.5分）

A

Therewasayoungmanwhowasintrouble.Hewentbankrupt（破產）andhiswifewentawayfromhim.

Fromthenon,failurewasallthathehadseen.Strugglingwiththis,hewentintotheforestalone.There,hemet

anoldmanwhohadlivedthereforalongtime.Hesharedhisstorywiththeoldmanandasked"Canyougive

meonegoodreasonnottogiveup?”

“Look,“theoldmansaid,uDoyouseethatfem（蕨類植物）and

bamboothere?^^“Yes,"themananswered.

“WhenIplantedthefemandbambooseeds,Iwateredthemcarefully.Afewdayslater,thefemquickly

grewfromtheland,^^theoldmanwenton.

試卷9

初中

“However,Iwateredthebambooseedsforyears,itstilldidn'tsprout.ButIdidn'tgiveupandcontinued

lookingafterit.Inthefifthyear,asmallsproutcameoutoftheland.Afterafewmonths,thetreegrewvery,

very

“Thelittlebambootreehadbeengrowingundergroundinthepastfouryears,developingarootstrong

enoughforitsgroundgrowthinthefifthyear.Ifithadn'tdonethis,itwouldnotbesostrong.Soyouknow,all

thetimeyouwerestruggling,youwereactuallygrowingstrongroots,9,theoldmansaid.Finally,theman

thankedtheoldmandeeply.Thenhelefttheforestwiththehopeforlife.

()11.Whathappenedtotheyoungman?

A.Hewasbadlyhurt.B.Hewasseriouslyill.

C.Hewenttoabankwithhiswife.D.Hewentbankruptandhiswifelefthim.

()12.Thedifferencebetweenthefemandthebamboomentionedinthepassageistheir.

A.colorsB.growthC.weightD.looks

()13.Theunderlinedword"sprout“inParagraph5means"?inChinese.

AwakeB.happenC.shootD.result

()14.Theyoungmanfeltafterhearingwhattheoldmansaidtohim.

A.nervousB.sadC.hopefulD.unhappy

()15.Whichcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?

A.Neverlosehopewhenintrouble.B.Practicemakesperfect.

C.Theearlybirdcatchestheworm.D.Learntosharewithothers.

B

DuanJiayang,a13-year-oldstudentofamiddleschoolinShenzhen,learnstheskillsrequiredto

takecareofvegetablefields.

66Ilearnedhowtoplacethemulchfilm(地膜),“hesays,"It'snoteasy.^^

InChina,manyparentsplaceaheavyfocusontheirchildren'sgoodresults,butvocational(職業(yè)的)

skillshavelittlebeencared.

“Someparentsdoeverythingfortheirchildren,9,saysYanMei,anofficialwiththemiddleschool,adding

thatmanystudentsareshortofthebasicskillsneededintheirdailylives.

SinceMarchlastyear,thegovernmentshavelaunchedalotofpolicies,requiringthatcolleges,middle

schoolsandprimaryschoolspaymoreattentionto