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備戰(zhàn)2024年高考英語模擬卷(北京專用)黃金卷05(考試時間:120分鐘試卷滿分:150分)注意事項:1.答卷前,考生務必將自己的姓名、準考證號填寫在答題卡上。2.回答選擇題時,選出每小題答案后,用2B鉛筆把答題卡上對應題目的答案標號涂黑。如需改動,用橡皮擦干凈后,再選涂其他答案標號?;卮鸱沁x擇題時,將答案寫在答題卡上。寫在本試卷上無效。3.考試結(jié)束后,將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。第一部分知識運用(共兩節(jié),滿分30分)第一節(jié)完形填空(共10小題;每小題1.5分,共15分)閱讀下面短文,掌握其大意,從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中,選出最佳選項,并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。(2023上·北京房山·高三北京市房山區(qū)??计谥校㊣usedtohatebeingcalleduponinclassmainlybecauseIdidn’tlikeattentiondrawntomyself.Andunlessotherwiseassignedaseatbytheteacher,Ialwayschosetositatthebackoftheclassroom.Allthis1afterIjoinedasportsteam.ItbeganwhenateachersuggestedItryoutforthebasketballteam.AtfirstIthoughtitwasacrazy2becauseIdidn’thaveagoodsenseofbalance,nordidIhavetheabilitytokeeppacewiththeothersontheteamandtheywouldteaseme.Butfortheteacherwhokeptinsistingonmy“3forit”,Iwouldn’thavedecidedtogiveatry.Gettingupthecouragetogotothetryoutswasonlythehalfofit!WhenIfirststarted4thepracticesessions,Ididn’tevenknowtherulesofthegame,muchworsewhatIwasdoing.SometimesI’dget5andtakeashotatthewrongdirection,whichmademefeelreallystupid.6Iwasn’ttheonlyone“new”atthegame,soIdecidedtofocusonlearningthegame,domybestateachpracticesession,andnotbetoohardonmyselfforthethingsIdidn’t7“justyet”.Ipracticedandpracticed.SoonIknewtherulesandthe“moves”.Beingpartofateamwasfunandmotivating.Verysoonthecompetitive8inmewaswinningovermylackofconfidence.Withtime,Ilearnedhowtoplayandmadefriendsintheprocess-friendswhorespectedmyeffortstoworkhardandbeateamplayer.Ineverhadsomuchfun!Withmyimprovedself-confidencecomesmorepraisefromteachersandclassmates.Ihavegonefrom“9”inthebackoftheclassroomandnotwantingtocallattentiontomyself,toraisingmyhand——evenwhenIsometimeswasn’tandnot100percent10Ihadtherightanswer.NowIhavemoreself-confidenceinmyself.1.A.continued B.changed C.settled D.started2.A.idea B.plan C.belief D.saying3.A.going B.looking C.cheering D.a(chǎn)pplying4.A.enjoying B.preparing C.a(chǎn)ttending D.watching5.A.committed B.motivated C.embarrassed D.confused6.A.Interestingly B.Fortunately C.Obviously D.Hopefully7.A.want B.do C.support D.know8.A.roles B.part C.mind D.value9.A.dreaming B.playing C.relaxing D.hiding10.A.lucky B.happy C.sure D.satisfied【答案】1.B2.A3.A4.C5.D6.B7.D8.B9.D10.C【導語】這是一篇記敘文,短文敘述了以前作者是一個在課堂上不喜歡被點名回答問題,喜歡坐在班級后排的學生。但是在老師的鼓勵下,作者勇敢地參加了運動隊,這徹底地改變了作者,使作者成為了一個敢于積極回答問題的學生,作者比以前更自信了。1.考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:這一切都在我加入運動隊后改變了。A.continued繼續(xù);B.changed改變;C.settled和解;D.started開始。根據(jù)下文“Ihavegonefrom“____9____”inthebackoftheclassroomandnotwantingtocallattentiontomyself,toraisingmyhand—evenwhenIsometimeswasn’t100percent____10____Ihadtherightanswer.NowIhavemoreself-confidence.”(我從坐在教室后面,不想引起別人的注意,到舉手——即使有時我不是百分之百地知道正確答案?,F(xiàn)在我對自己更有自信了。)可知,作者之前不愿意舉手回答問題,也不愿意引起別人的注意,但這一切都在作者加入運動隊后改變了。故選B。2.考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:起初我認為這是一個瘋狂的想法,因為我沒有很好的平衡感,也沒有能力跟上團隊中的其他人,他們會取笑我。A.idea想法;B.plan計劃;C.belief信仰;D.saying說法。前文提到“ItbeganwhenateachersuggestedItryoutforthebasketballteam.”(事情開始于一位老師建議我參加籃球隊的選拔。)作者運動能力不佳,但是老師仍然想要作者參加籃球隊,因此對于作者來講是一個非常瘋狂的“想法”。故選A。3.考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:要不是老師一直堅持讓我“去做吧”,我是不會決定去嘗試的。A.going走;B.looking看;C.cheering歡呼;D.applying申請。根據(jù)下文“Iwouldn’thavedecidedtogiveitatry.”(我不會決定試一試。)可知,如果不是老師讓作者去做吧,作者是不會想著動起來的。goforit的意為“加油,努力爭取,放手向前”。故選A。4.考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:當我剛開始參加訓練時,我甚至不知道比賽規(guī)則,更不用說我做什么了。A.enjoying享受;B.preparing準備;C.attending參加;D.watching觀看。根據(jù)“thepracticesessions”(練習環(huán)節(jié))可知,指作者剛開始參加訓練時。故選C。5.考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意:有時我會感到困惑,總是搞錯方向——這讓我覺得自己真的很愚蠢。A.committed盡心盡力的;B.motivated積極的;C.embarrassed尷尬的;D.confused困惑的。根據(jù)下文“takeashotatawrongdirection”(投籃的方向都會搞錯)可知,作者開始訓練的時候方向感不好,總是投錯方向,因此感到十分困惑。故選D。6.考查副詞詞義辨析。句意:幸運的是,我并不是唯一一個“新手”,所以我決定專注于學習比賽,在每個練習階段都做到最好,不對自己還不知道的東西太苛刻。A.Interestingly有趣地;B.Fortunately幸運地;C.Obviously顯然地;D.Hopefully有希望地。根據(jù)下文“Iwasn’ttheonlyone“new”atthegame,”(我不是場上唯一一個“新手”)可知,作者很幸運并不是唯一一個新人”。故選B。7.考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:我并沒有對自己現(xiàn)在不知道的東西,要求過分苛刻。A.want想要;B.do做;C.support支持;D.know知道。根據(jù)上文“Ididn’tevenknowtherulesofthegame”(我甚至不知道比賽的規(guī)則)可知,這里指作者不知道的東西。故選D。8.考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:很快,我內(nèi)心充滿競爭的一面就戰(zhàn)勝了我缺乏自信的一面。A.roles角色;B.part部分;C.mind思維;D.value價值。根據(jù)下文“mylackofconfidence”(缺乏自信的一面)于“thecompetitive”(有競爭力的一面)是作者身上完全相反地兩部分。故選B。9.考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:我已經(jīng)從躲在教室后面,不想引起別人對我自己的注意,變成了舉手,即使有時我不能百分之百確定我有正確的答案。A.dreaming夢想;B.playing玩;C.relaxing放松;D.hiding隱藏。根據(jù)下文“notwantingtocallattentiontomyself”(不想引起別人的注意)可知坐在后排可以不引起別人注意,“藏”在人群后面。故選D。10.考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意:我已經(jīng)從躲在教室后面,不想引起別人對我自己的注意,變成了舉手,即使有時我不能百分之百確定我有正確的答案。A.lucky幸運的;B.happy幸福的;C.sure確定的;D.satisfied滿意的。根據(jù)下文“NowIhavemoreself-confidenceinmyself.”(我現(xiàn)在更加自信了。)可知,即使不能確定是正確的答案,作者也會自信地舉起手。故選C。第二節(jié)語法填空(共10小題;每小題1.5分,共15分)A閱讀下列短文,根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個適當?shù)膯卧~,在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。請在答題卡指定區(qū)域作答。(2023上·北京朝陽·高三統(tǒng)考期中)Inmyearlyyearsatschool,Ihadtroublewithsomesubjects.SometimesIwouldgetan“F”andthatwouldmakeme11(real)scared.WhatIusedtodowasturnthe“F”intoa“B”12(please)myparents.However,itdidn’tworkoutandfinallyIwascaughtdoingthat.ThenIknewIhadtoacceptthatfailureandlearnfromit,soI13(take)apositiveapproach.Naturallythat“F”turnedintoa“B”andthat“B”turnedintoan“A”.【答案】11.really12.toplease13.took【導語】本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了作者剛開始上學的時候,學習成績不佳,為了取悅父母,經(jīng)常偷偷把“F”改為“B”,被抓住后作者吸取教訓,積極地學習,成績慢慢變好了。11.考查副詞。句意:有時候我會得個“F”,這讓我很害怕。分析句子可知,空處修飾形容詞scared,因此應用real的副詞形式really,意為“很,十分”。故填really。12.考查非謂語動詞。句意:我過去常常把“F”變成“B”來取悅我的父母。分析句子可知,空處作目的狀語,表示“為了”,因此應用please的不定式形式。故填toplease。13.考查時態(tài)。句意:然后我知道我必須接受失敗并從中吸取教訓,所以我采取了積極的態(tài)度。分析句子可知,空處作句子的謂語,文章在敘述過去發(fā)生的事情,時態(tài)為一般過去時,因此應用take的過去式。故填took。B閱讀下列短文,根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個適當?shù)膯卧~,在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。請在答題卡指定區(qū)域作答。(2023上·北京·高三北京八中??计谥校㎞earlytwodecades14(pass)sinceChinasentthefirstBeidousatelliteintospacein2000.Duringthattime,moreBeidousatellitesweresentintoorbit(軌道),15(form)theBeidouNavigationSatelliteSystem(BDS).Inlate2012,itbeganprovidingpositioning,navigation,timingandmessaging16(service)topeopleinChinaandotherpartsoftheAsia-Pacificregion.Attheendof2018,BDSstartedtoserveusersworldwide.NowwithtwomoreBeidousatellites17(launch)onDec16,2019,BDShas53satellitesinorbit.【答案】14.havepassed15.forming16.services17.launched【導語】這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了自2000年中國將第一顆北斗衛(wèi)星送入太空以來,已經(jīng)過去了近20年。在此期間,更多的北斗衛(wèi)星被送入軌道,形成了北斗導航衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)(BDS)。14.考查動詞時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意:自2000年中國將第一顆北斗衛(wèi)星送入太空以來,已經(jīng)過去了近20年。分析句子可知,此處為謂語動詞的填入,結(jié)合該句since可知,應為現(xiàn)在完成時,主語twodecades為復數(shù)名詞,所以為動詞復數(shù)形式。故填havepassed。15.考查非謂語動詞。句意:在此期間,更多的北斗衛(wèi)星被送入軌道,形成了北斗導航衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)(BDS)。分析句子可知,此處為非謂語動詞作狀語,form和邏輯主語Beidousatellites為主動關(guān)系,所以為現(xiàn)在分詞形式。故填forming。16.考查名詞復數(shù)形式。句意:2012年底,該公司開始向中國和亞太地區(qū)其他地區(qū)的用戶提供定位、導航、授時和信息服務。根據(jù)句意以及上文“positioning,navigation,timingandmessaging”可知,此處服務不止一種,故應用名詞復數(shù)形式。故填services。17.考查with復合結(jié)構(gòu)。句意:隨著2019年12月16日又發(fā)射兩顆北斗衛(wèi)星,北斗系統(tǒng)在軌衛(wèi)星總數(shù)達到53顆。分析句子可知,此處為with的復合結(jié)構(gòu),所以其動詞應為非謂語形式,launch和Beidousatellites為被動關(guān)系,所以為過去分詞形式。故填launched。B閱讀下列短文,根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個適當?shù)膯卧~,在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。請在答題卡指定區(qū)域作答。(2023上·北京海淀·高三統(tǒng)考期中)InMingDynasty,aclevercraftsmannamedZhangSijiarevolutionizedscissors.He18(combine)thestrengthofironforthehandleswithauniquesword-makingtechnique.19heatingandhammeringtheedgeswithsteel,hecreatedbladesthatwereexceptionallystrongandsharp,20(make)dailytaskseasier.Thesescissorsbecameakitchenessential,especiallyforcuttingthroughtoughitemslikechickenorfish.In1628,hisson,ZhangXiaoquan,establishedhisnamesakecompany.【答案】18.combined19.By/Through20.making【導語】本文是一篇記敘文,主要講述了明朝時期張思佳改良了剪刀。18.考查動詞的時態(tài)。句意:他將鐵制劍柄的優(yōu)點與獨特的制劍技術(shù)結(jié)合在一起。根據(jù)前句中的“InMingDynasty”和上下文時態(tài)可知,這里講述的是過去的事情,應用一般過去時。故填combined。19.考查介詞。句意:通過加熱和用鋼錘擊邊緣,他創(chuàng)造出了非常堅固和鋒利的刀片,這使日常任務變得更容易。根據(jù)空后的“heatingandhammeringtheedgeswithsteel”可知,這里表示方式,應用介詞by或者through。置于句首,首字母大寫。故填By/Through。20.考查非謂語動詞。句意參考上題。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),空處應用非謂語動詞。根據(jù)句意,他創(chuàng)造出了非常堅固和鋒利的刀片,這讓人們更容易作日程工作,這里表示自然而然的結(jié)果,應用現(xiàn)在分詞。故填making。第二部分閱讀理解(共兩節(jié),38分)第一節(jié)(共14小題;每小題2分,共28分)閱讀下列短文,從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中,選出最佳選項,并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。A(2023上·北京朝陽·高三統(tǒng)考期中)Ahearingaidisasmallelectronicdeviceyouwearinorbehindyoureartomakesoundslouder.Ahearingaidhasthreebasicparts:amicrophone,anamplifierandaspeaker.Thehearingaidreceivessoundthroughamicrophone,whichchangesthesoundwavestoelectricalsignalsandsendsthemtoanamplifier.Theamplifierincreasesthepowerofthesignalsandsendsthemtotheearthroughaspeaker.Therearethreestylesofhearingaids.·Behind-the-ear(BTE)aidsareusedbypeopleofallages.“Mini”BTEisanewkind.Thesesmallandopen-fitaidsfitbehindtheearcompletely,withanarrowtubeintotheearcanal,enablingthecanaltoremainopen.Thus,somepeoplepreferitbecausetheirownvoicedoesnotsound“pluggedup”.·In-the-ear(ITE)aidsfitcompletelyinsidetheouterear.SomeITEaidsmayhaveaddedfeatures,suchasatelecoilthatallowsuserstoreceivesoundthroughthecircuitryofthehearingaid,ratherthanthroughitsmicrophone.?Canalaidsfitintotheearcanalandareavailableintwostyles.In-the-canal(ITC)aidsaremadetofitthesizeandshapeoftheearcanal.Completely-in-canal(CIC)aidsarehiddenintheearcanal.Thehearingaidthatwillworkbestforyoudependsonyourhearingneedsandlifestyle.Priceisalsoakeyconsideration.However,justbecauseonehearingaidismoreexpensivethananotherdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatitwillbettersuityourneeds.Otherfeaturestoconsiderincludepartsorservicescoveredbytheguarantee,estimatedcostsforrepair,andthehearingaidcompany’sreputationforqualityandservice.Formoreinformation,contact:nidcdinfo@.21.Whathelpsstrengthenthepowerofelectricalsignalsinahearingaid?A.Themicrophone. B.Theamplifier.C.Thespeaker. D.Thetelecoil.22.Ifpreferringahearingaidthatkeepstheearcanalopen,youcanchoose______.A.“Mini”BTE B.In-the-earaidsC.In-the-canalaids D.Completely-in-canalaids23.Tobuyasuitablehearingaid,youshould______.A.increaseyourestimatedcosts B.findtheonewithmorefeaturesC.giveintotheafter-saleservices D.consideryourneedsandlifestyle【答案】21.B22.A23.D【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了助聽器的基本構(gòu)成和三種基本類型(BTE、ITE、Canalaids)以及適用人群、使用場景和價格等方面的信息。21.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Thehearingaidreceivessoundthroughamicrophone,whichchangesthesoundwavestoelectricalsignalsandsendsthemtoanamplifier.Theamplifierincreasesthepowerofthesignalsandsendsthemtotheearthroughaspeaker.(助聽器通過麥克風接收聲音,麥克風將聲波轉(zhuǎn)換為電信號并將其發(fā)送到放大器。放大器增加信號的功率,并通過揚聲器將它們送到耳朵)”可知,放大器有助于增強助聽器內(nèi)電信號的強度。故選B項。22.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段““Mini”BTEisanewkind.Thesesmallandopen-fitaidsfitbehindtheearcompletely,withanarrowtubeintotheearcanal,enablingthecanaltoremainopen.Thus,somepeoplepreferitbecausetheirownvoicedoesnotsound“pluggedup”.(“迷你”BTE是一種新型BTE。這些小而開放的輔助設備完全適合耳后,有一個狹窄的管進入耳道,使耳道保持開放。因此,有些人喜歡它,因為他們自己的聲音聽起來不“堵塞”)”可知,如果更喜歡保持耳道開放的助聽器,你可以選擇“Mini”BTE。故選A項。23.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Thehearingaidthatwillworkbestforyoudependsonyourhearingneedsandlifestyle.(最適合你的助聽器取決于你的聽力需求和生活方式)”可知,要購買合適的助聽器,你應該考慮你的需求和生活方式。故選D項。B(2023上·北京海淀·高三統(tǒng)考期中)Iwasbornmissingmyleftarm.In1986,at18months,Iwasfittedwithaprosthetic(義肢)device,adecisionmadebymyparentsanddoctorssothatIwoulddevelop“normally”.Ispentmyentirechildhoodandadolescencetryingtofitin.Ididjustaboutanythingtoeasethepainsofthestaresandpointingfingersfrommyclassmates.BythetimeIwas8,Ihadnoself-confidence,andthehandIwaswearingwasmakingitharderformetofitin.SoIdecidedIwasbetteroffwithoutone.Ididn’tneedanyonetofixme.ToprovethatIwasn’tlimitedbymydisability,Idevelopedaloveforallsports,inparticularswimming.IwasselectedtomyfirstAustralianwomen’sswimmingteamatage13andsuccessfullyrepresentedmycountryforeightyears.IrealizedI’dmadeanameformyselfbecauseofmydisability.Itaughtmyselfhowtobecomfortableinasocietyfilledwithinsecurities.SowhenIwasfirstcontactedin2021byCovvi,acompanytryingtocreatetheworld’smostadvancedbionic(仿生的)hand,Iwasabitsurprised.Theyaskedmetotrialthehandand,ifpossible,tobecomeapatientadvocate.Initially,Isaidno.Then,curiositygotthebetterofme.WhileIwasbusyadvocatingfordisabilityrights,anewgenerationofleaders,likeAmyPurdyandNickVujicic,usedthepoweroftechnologyandsocialmediatodisplaywheelchairsorartificiallimbswithoutexplanation.Peoplefeareddisabilityless.Societywasbeginningtoseeapersonfirst,andtheirdisabilitysecond.Viewingdisabilitythroughasociallensalsomeantacknowledgingthatapersonismoredisabledbytheirenvironmentandthediscriminationofothersthanbytheiractualdisability.Asthoseconversationsshifted,Irealizedthattherewasanopportunitytousetechnologytosteerthenarrativeforfuturegenerations.InJuly2022,Idecidedtotrialthehand.Theroleofpatientadvocateisanenormousprivilege.Throughsharingmyjourney,I’mabletoreachthousandsofotherpeoplewhowouldbenefitfromitsextraordinarycapabilities.That’swhyIwearabionichand—notbecauseI’mbroken,butbecauseIhaveanopportunitytoenhancethehumancapabilitiesthatalreadyexist.24.Theauthordevelopedaloveforallsportsbecause________.A.shewaslongingforfame B.sportsgaveherself-confidenceC.shewantedtodefeatherdisability D.herprostheticdeviceempoweredher25.FromPurdyandVujicic,theauthorlearned________.A.morepeopleacknowledgedtheirlimitsB.thedisabledneededafriendlierenvironmentC.socialmediaallowedthedisabledopportunitiesD.technologyshiftedpeople’sattitudestodisability26.Whichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribetheauthor?A.Intelligentandbrave.B.Warm-heartedandpatient.C.Responsibleandstrong-willed.D.Independentandinnovative.27.Fromthepassage,welearnthatoneshould________.A.maximizeone’sabilitiesbyembracingrealityB.buildone’ssocialcirclewithoptimismC.sticktoone’sgoaltoachievesuccessD.takeiteasyindifficultsituations【答案】24.C25.D26.C27.A【導語】本文是一篇記敘文。主要講述了作者從小身患殘疾,失去左臂,但是并不氣餒,參加運動證明自己并不受到殘疾的限制并幫助他人的故事。24.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“ToprovethatIwasn’tlimitedbymydisability,Idevelopedaloveforallsports,inparticularswimming.(為了證明我沒有受到殘疾的限制,我開始熱愛所有的運動,尤其是游泳。)”可知,作者愛上了所有的運動,因為她想戰(zhàn)勝自己的殘疾。故選C。25.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第五段“l(fā)ikeAmyPurdyandNickVujicic,usedthepoweroftechnologyandsocialmediatodisplaywheelchairsorartificiallimbswithoutexplanation.Peoplefeareddisabilityless.Societywasbeginningtoseeapersonfirst,andtheirdisabilitysecond.(比如艾米·珀迪(AmyPurdy)和尼克·胡哲(NickVujicic),他們利用科技和社交媒體的力量,不加解釋地展示了輪椅或假肢。人們不再那么害怕殘疾。社會開始把一個人放在第一位,把他的殘疾放在第二位。)”可知,人們不再那么害怕殘疾。社會開始把一個人放在第一位,把他的殘疾放在第二位,即科技改變了人們對殘疾的態(tài)度。故選D。26.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“ToprovethatIwasn’tlimitedbymydisability,Idevelopedaloveforallsports,inparticularswimming.(為了證明我沒有受到殘疾的限制,我開始熱愛所有的運動,尤其是游泳。)”可知,作者意志堅定,想通過運動戰(zhàn)勝自己的殘疾;根據(jù)文章最后一段“Throughsharingmyjourney,I’mabletoreachthousandsofotherpeoplewhowouldbenefitfromitsextraordinarycapabilities.That’swhyIwearabionichand—notbecauseI’mbroken,butbecauseIhaveanopportunitytoenhancethehumancapabilitiesthatalreadyexist.(通過分享我的歷程,我能夠接觸到成千上萬的其他人,他們將從它的非凡能力中受益)”可知,作者分享自己的歷程是想幫助他人,讓他人從中受益,作者是一名有責任心的人。故選C。27.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Throughsharingmyjourney,I’mabletoreachthousandsofotherpeoplewhowouldbenefitfromitsextraordinarycapabilities.That’swhyIwearabionichand—notbecauseI’mbroken,butbecauseIhaveanopportunitytoenhancethehumancapabilitiesthatalreadyexist.(通過分享我的歷程,我能夠接觸到成千上萬的其他人,他們將從它的非凡能力中受益。這就是我戴仿生手的原因不是因為我壞了,而是因為我有機會增強人類已有的能力。)”可知,作者戴仿生手的原因是為了增強人類已有的能力,即我們應該擁抱現(xiàn)實,最大限度地發(fā)揮自己的能力。故選A。C(2023上·北京豐臺·高三統(tǒng)考期中)“Flyinginsectsdon’tflydirectlytolightsfromfarawaybecausethey’reattractedtothem,butappeartochangecoursetowardalightiftheyhappentobepassingbyduetoastrangeinbornbiologicalresponse,”writesSamuelFabian,abioengineer,inaresearchpaper.Untilnow,theleadingscientifichypothesishasbeenthatinsectsusethemoon’slighttodirectthewayatnightandmistakeartificiallightsforthemoon.Butthisideadoesn’texplainwhyinsectsthatonlyflyduringthedayalsogatheraroundlights.Tofindoutwhatreallyhappens,Samuel’steamtracktheprecisemovementsofinsectsinthewildaroundlightsusingahigh-speedcamera.Thisrevealedtwonotablebehaviours.First,wheninsectsflyabovelights,theyofteninvert(轉(zhuǎn)向)themselvesandtrytoflyupsidedown,causingthemtofallveryfast.Justafterinsectspassunderalight,theystartdoingaringroad.Astheirclimbanglebecomestoosteep,theysuddenlystopandstarttofall.Second,wheninsectsapproachalightfromtheside,theymaycircleor“orbit”thelight.Thevideosshowthattheinversionssometimesresultininsectsfallingonlights.Itcanappeartothenakedeyeasthoughtheyareflyingatthelights.“Instead,insectsturntheirdorsumtowardthelight,generatingflightperpendicular(垂直)tothesource,”theteamwrite.Itiscommontothetwobehavioursthattheinsectsarekeepingtheirbackstothelight,knownasthedorsallightresponse(DLR).ThisDLRisashortcutforinsectstoworkoutwhichwayisupandkeeptheirbodiesupright,asthemoonorsunisusuallymoreorlessdirectlyabovethem,andthisdirectionallowsthemtomaintainproperflightattitudeandcontrol.Theyalsofindthattheinsectsflyatrightanglestoalightsource,leadingtoorbitingandunstableflightsasthelight’slocationrelativetothemchangesastheymove.Samuel’steamsuggestthatapossibleoutcomeoftheresearchcouldhelptheconstructionindustrytoavoidthetypesoflightthatmostattractinsects.28.Whatdoestheresearchfocuson?A.Whyinsectsgatheraroundlights.B.Whereartificiallightsleadinsectsto.C.Whatbiologicalresponseinsectsarebornwith.D.Howtodesignenvironmentfriendlyartificiallights.29.Whatcanwelearnaboutinsectsfromthevideosoftheirmovements?A.Theyflydirectlytolights. B.Theycircleclosetolights.C.Theirflyingspeedissteady. D.Theirinversionscanbecontrolled.30.DLRmakesinsects____________.A.balancetheirflying B.keeptheirroutestraightC.decidetheirbodypositon D.shortentheirflightdistance【答案】28.A29.B30.C【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹一項對昆蟲趨光的研究,旨在幫助建筑行業(yè)避免那些最容易吸引昆蟲的光線。28.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Flyinginsectsdon’tflydirectlytolightsfromfarawaybecausethey’reattractedtothem,butappeartochangecoursetowardalightiftheyhappentobepassingbyduetoastrangeinbornbiologicalresponse(飛行的昆蟲不會因為被燈光吸引而直接飛向遠處的燈光,但如果它們碰巧經(jīng)過,由于一種奇怪的先天生物反應,它們似乎會朝著燈光改變方向)”以及第二段“Butthisideadoesn’texplainwhyinsectsthatonlyflyduringthedayalsogatheraroundlights.(但這個想法并不能解釋為什么只在白天飛行的昆蟲也會聚集在燈光周圍)”可推知,研究的重點是為什么昆蟲聚集在燈光周圍。故選A項。29.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“Justafterinsectspassunderalight,theystartdoingaringroad.(昆蟲剛從燈光下經(jīng)過,它們就開始走環(huán)形路)”以及“wheninsectsapproachalightfromtheside,theymaycircleor“orbit”thelight(當昆蟲從側(cè)面接近光線時,它們可能會繞著光線轉(zhuǎn)或“繞”)”可推知,昆蟲經(jīng)常在燈光附近盤旋。故選B項。30.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“ThisDLRisashortcutforinsectstoworkoutwhichwayisupandkeeptheirbodiesupright,asthemoonorsunisusuallymoreorlessdirectlyabovethem,andthisdirectionallowsthemtomaintainproperflightattitudeandcontrol.(這種DLR是昆蟲找出向上方向并保持身體直立的捷徑,因為月亮或太陽通常或多或少在它們的正上方,這個方向使它們能夠保持適當?shù)娘w行姿態(tài)和控制。)”可知,DLR使昆蟲決定它們的身體姿勢。故選C項。D(2023上·北京朝陽·高三統(tǒng)考期中)Inthe1770s,anEnglishdoctorcalledEdwardJennergavehisgardener’ssoncowpox(牛痘)andthendeliberatelyinfectedhimwithsmallpox(天花)totesthisassumptionthatpeoplewhowerefrequentlyexposedtocowpox,asimilarbutlessseverevirus,wouldavoidcatchingsmallpox.Itworkedandcowpoxasthevaccine(疫苗)washighlyeffective.“Vaccination”,fromtheLatinwordforcow,soonbecamecommonplace.Challengetrialsareformsofresearchwhere,ratherthanrelyingondatafromnaturalinfections,weintentionallyexposesomeonetoadiseaseinordertotesttheeffectivenessofavaccineortreatment.ThingshavechangedalotsinceJenner’stime,ofcourse,whenitwasnotuncommonfordoctorstoconductthiskindofresearch.Evenso,there’sthecontinuoussensethatthere’ssomethingimmoralaboutmakingsomeoneillonpurpose.Butthisshouldn’tblindustotheextraordinarypowerofchallengetrials.Theycouldbecomeincreasinglyimportantweaponsinthemedicalresearch,inasituationwherevaccinetechnologyisadvancingandthethreatofdiseasesjumpingfromanimalsintohumanbeingsisincreasing.Muchhasbeendonetoreducetherisksofchallengetrials.Likerespiratorysyncytialvirus(RSV),researchershaveinvolvedadultswhoareatalowriskofsevereillness.Theseactshavealreadycutdownamassiverangeofvaccinecandidates.Withtheirhelp,theworldwillsoonhavethefirstvaccinesagainstRSV,whichkillstensofthousandsofnewbornbabieseachyear.Butnotalldiseasesareliketheseones.Wedon’talwaysknowthedangersvolunteersmightface;wedon’talwayshavetreatmentsready.Whatthen?Wecould,ofcourse,justavoidthesequestionsentirely,andrelyonothertypesofresearch.Butthatdoesn’talwayswork:sometimes,animaltestingistrickyanduninformative,becausethediseasedoesn‘tdevelopinthesamewayasitwouldinhumans.Incontrast,challengetrialscanbedeeplyinformativewithinweeks,withfarfewervolunteers.Andthebenefitscanbesurprisinglyhigh.Takethelatestpandemic.Attheendoflastyear,asthenumberofdeathsisestimatedtohavereachedabout17.8million,it’salsoestimatedthat20millionhadbeensavedbyvaccines.Intheyearstocome,theywillhopefullysavemillionsmore.Inordertomakesureweareasprotectedaspossiblefromcurrentandfuturethreats,weshouldtrytogetridofthemisbeliefinchallengetrials,makingthemamorefamiliarpartofourtoolkits.Perhapsthegreatestrewardofallwouldbetomakesureparticipants’effortsareworthwhile:bydesigningtrialstobefairandeffectiveandapplyingthemwhenandwheretheymightmakearealdifference.Inshort,byhelpingthemtosavethousands,ifnotmillionsoflives.31.TheauthortellsthestoryofEdwardJennermainlyto______.A.giveadefinitionofchallengetrialsB.introducethetopicofchallengetrialsC.highlighttheeffectivenessofhisvaccineD.explaintheoriginoftheword“vaccination”32.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.Theissuesbehindchallengetrialscanbesolved.B.Thedangersofchallengetrialsoutweighthebenefitstheybring.C.Challengetrialscanbenefitnumerouslivesinspiteoftheirrisks.D.Challengetrialscansetbackthedevelopmentofvaccinetechnologies.33.Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellus?A.Peopleshouldstillbecarefulaboutchallengetrials.B.Amoreopenattitudeshouldbetakentowardschallengetrials.C.Challengetrialsguaranteeparticipantsprotectionagainstthreats.D.Morevolunteersinvolvedcanimprovetheaccuracyofchallengetrials.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.Shouldweusechallengetrialstofindcures?B.Canchallengetrialsbeablocktomedicalprogress?C.Canchallengetrialsbetheendofinfectiousdiseases?D.Shouldwereplaceanimaltestingwithchallengetrials?【答案】31.B32.C33.B34.A【導語】本文是一篇說明文。它提供了關(guān)于醫(yī)學研究中挑戰(zhàn)試驗的信息,并闡述了挑戰(zhàn)試驗的優(yōu)勢和重要性。通過簡明扼要地介紹,以及使用有據(jù)可查的數(shù)據(jù)和案例,解釋挑戰(zhàn)試驗在醫(yī)學研究中的用途和潛在效益。31.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Inthe1770s,anEnglishdoctorcalledEdwardJennergavehisgardener’ssoncowpox(牛痘)andthendeliberatelyinfectedhimwithsmallpox(天花)totesthisassumptionthatpeoplewhowerefrequentlyexposedtocowpox,asimilarbutlessseverevirus,wouldavoidcatchingsmallpox.(18世紀70年代,一位名叫愛德華·詹納(EdwardJenner)的英國醫(yī)生讓他的園丁的兒子染上牛痘,然后故意讓他感染天花,以檢驗他的假設,即經(jīng)常接觸牛痘(一種類似但不那么嚴重的病毒)的人會避免感染天花)”以及第二段“Challengetrialsareformsofresearchwhere,ratherthanrelyingondatafromnaturalinfections,weintentionallyexposesomeonetoadiseaseinordertotesttheeffectivenessofavaccineortreatment.(挑戰(zhàn)試驗是一種研究形式,我們不是依靠自然感染的數(shù)據(jù),而是故意讓某人接觸某種疾病,以測試疫苗或治療的有效性)”可知,作者講述愛德華·詹納的故事是為了介紹挑戰(zhàn)試驗的話題。故選B項。32.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Evenso,there’sthecontinuoussensethatthere’ssomethingimmoralaboutmakingsomeoneillonpurpose.(即便如此,人們?nèi)匀徽J為故意讓別人生病是不道德的)”以及第三段“Butthisshouldn’tblindustotheextraordinarypowerofchallengetrials.Theycouldbecomeincreasinglyimportantweaponsinthemedicalresearch,inasituationwherevaccinetechnologyisadvancingandthethreatofdiseasesjumpingfromanimalsintohumanbeingsisincreasing.(但這不應該讓我們忽視挑戰(zhàn)試驗的非凡力量。在疫苗技術(shù)不斷進步、疾病從動物傳染給人類的威脅日益增加的情況下,它們可能成為醫(yī)學研究中越來越重要的武器)”可知,盡管有風險,但挑戰(zhàn)試驗可以使許多生命受益。故選C項。33.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Inordertomakesureweareasprotectedaspossiblefromcurrentandfuturethreats,weshouldtrytogetridofthemisbeliefinchallengetrials,makingthemamorefamiliarpartofourtoolkits.Perhapsthegreatestrewardofallwouldbetomakesureparticipants’effortsareworthwhile:bydesigningtrialstobefairandeffectiveandapplyingthemwhenandwheretheymightmakearealdifference.Inshort,byhelpingthemtosavethousands,ifnotmillionsoflives.(為了確保我們盡可能免受當前和未來的威脅,我們應該努力消除對挑戰(zhàn)試驗的誤解,使其成為我們工具箱中更為常見的一部分。也許最大的回報將是確保參與者的努力是值得的:通過設計公平、有效的試驗,并在可能產(chǎn)生真正差異的時間和地點應用這些試驗。簡而言之,通過幫助他們拯救成千上萬,甚至數(shù)百萬人的生命)”可知,本文作者想告訴我們對挑戰(zhàn)試驗應采取更開放的態(tài)度。故選B項。34.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Challengetrialsareformsofresearchwhere,ratherthanrelyingondatafromnaturalinfections,weintentionallyexposesomeonetoadiseaseinordertotesttheeffectivenessofavaccineortreatment.ThingshavechangedalotsinceJenner’stime,ofcourse,whenitwasnotuncommonfordoctorstoconductthiskindofresearch.Evenso,there’sthecontinuoussensethatthere’ssomethingimmoralaboutmakingsomeoneillonpurpose.(挑戰(zhàn)試驗是一種研究形式,我們不是依靠自然感染的數(shù)據(jù),而是故意讓某人接觸某種疾病,以測試疫苗或治療的有效性。當然,與詹納的時代相比,情況發(fā)生了很大變化,當時醫(yī)生進行這類研究并不罕見。即便如此,人們?nèi)匀徽J為故意讓別人生病是不道德的)”以及縱觀全文可知,本文講述了盡管有風險,但挑戰(zhàn)試驗可以使許多生命受益,并且目前已采取很多方法來降低這種風險,呼吁人們對挑戰(zhàn)試驗應采取更開放的態(tài)度。所以A項“Shouldweusechallengetrialstofindcures?”是本文最好的標題。故選A項。第二節(jié)(共5小題;每小題2分,共10分)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,從短文后的七個選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項,并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Coralreefsaretherainforestsoftheocean.Theyexistonvastscalesandareequallyimportanthavensofbiodiversity.Reefsoccupy0.1%oftheoceans.35Coralsareusefultopeople.Withouttheprotectionwhichreefsaffordfromcrashingwaves,low-lyingislandssuchastheMaldiveswouldhavefloodedlongago,andabilli

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