人教版高中英語必修四第8講：Unit4-Body-language-語法篇(學(xué)生版)

Unit4Bodylanguage語法篇____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________要求學(xué)生掌握本單元的重點(diǎn)語法----動詞的-ing形式作定語和狀語并能熟練運(yùn)用相關(guān)語法知識解決相應(yīng)類型的題。一、動詞的-ing形式由“動詞原形+ing形式”構(gòu)成，它既是現(xiàn)在分詞形式，也是動名詞形式。v-ing能在句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語、賓語補(bǔ)足語和狀語，但不能單獨(dú)作謂語。其時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化為時態(tài)語態(tài)及物動詞（do）不及物動詞（go）主動被動一般時doingbeingdonegoing完成時havingdonehavingbeendonehavinggone二、動詞-ing形式的作用1.動詞-ing形式作定語E.g.Thesleepingbabylooksverybeautiful.(前置定語)這位正在睡覺的嬰兒看起來太漂亮了。E.g.Themansittinginthecariswaitingforhisdaughter.(后置定語)坐在車?yán)锏哪凶诱诘人呐畠?。E.g.Thelawbeingcarriedoutistobandrunkendriving.(后置定語，強(qiáng)調(diào)正在被執(zhí)行的法律)正在執(zhí)行中的這則法律旨在禁止酒后駕駛。名師點(diǎn)撥(1)現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時通常后置，而單個的分詞作定語時可置于被修飾詞的前面，也可置于被修飾詞的后面。(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時的主動及被動形式均不作后置定語。2．動詞-ing形式作狀語。(1)作時間狀語。E.g.Workingintheoffice,theclerkheardanexplosionfromthestreet.在辦公室工作時，這位職員聽到街上發(fā)出了爆炸聲。E.g.Havingfinishedherhomework,thegirlwasbusywiththethingshelikes.完成了家庭作業(yè)，女孩就忙于做她喜歡做的事情。名師點(diǎn)撥動詞-ing形式一般式常表示該動作與句子謂語動作同時發(fā)生，而動詞－ing形式的完成式則表示該動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前。(2)作原因狀語。E.g.Lackingenoughmoney,theyhadtogiveuptheplan.由于缺乏足夠的資金，他們只好放棄了這項(xiàng)計劃。(3)作條件狀語。E.g.Gettingthechancetostudyabroad,hewilltryhisbesttoimprovehimself.如果得到到國外學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會，他將盡力提升自己。(4)作結(jié)果狀語。E.g.Hefailedtoworkoutthelastquestioninthemathpaper,makinghimlosethechancetoenterhisidealuniversity.他沒有能夠做出數(shù)學(xué)試卷上的最后一道題，致使他失去了上理想大學(xué)的機(jī)會。(5)作讓步狀語。E.g.Workinghardalltheday,hestillfeltenergetic.盡管努力工作了一整天，他仍然感到精力充沛。(6)作伴隨狀語。E.g.Thegirlssattogetherinfrontofthehouse,talkingandlaughing.女孩們一起坐在屋前，又說又笑。(7)作方式狀語。E.g.Theygreetedeachotherbowingtoeachother.他們鞠躬彼此打招呼。名師點(diǎn)撥(1)動詞－ing形式作狀語時相當(dāng)于與之對應(yīng)的狀語從句，并且可互相轉(zhuǎn)換。(2)動詞－ing形式作伴隨狀語時，則可轉(zhuǎn)化成并列謂語。E.g.Knowingwhattodonext,hesetouttodoitatonce.=Whenheknewwhattodonext,hesetouttodoitatonce.當(dāng)明白下一步要做什么時，他立刻開始著手做起來。E.g.Theguideshowedthevisitorsaroundthepicturesexplainingthebackgroundofeachpicture.=Theguideshowedthevisitorsaroundthepicturesandexplainedthebackgroundofeachpicture.導(dǎo)游領(lǐng)著游客參觀這些圖畫，并解說每一幅畫的背景。三、難點(diǎn)突破1．單個的動詞-ing形式作定語置于被修飾詞的前面時，注意下面的兩種情況對比。E.g.Theoldmanneedsawalkingstick.=Theoldmanneedsastickusedforwalking.(表示用途)老人需要一把用于行走的手杖。E.g.Therearemanypeopleonthetopofthemountainnowwhoareenjoyingtherisingsun.=Therearemanypeopleonthetopofthemountainnowwhoareenjoyingthesunwhichisrising.(強(qiáng)調(diào)動作)現(xiàn)在山頂上有很多人在欣賞正在升起的太陽。2．獨(dú)立主格?，F(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，有時它也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，通常用來表示伴隨的動作或情況，也可以表示時間、原因或條件等。E.g.Weatherpermitting,wewillgooutforanouting.如果天氣允許，我們會出去遠(yuǎn)足。E.g.Thepaperhavingbeenfinished,thestudenthandeditin.做完試卷之后，這位學(xué)生把它交了上去。3．評論性狀語。有些動詞-ing形式作狀語，在句中沒有邏輯上的主語而獨(dú)立存在，用來修飾主句，表明說話者的態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)等，被稱為評論性狀語或懸垂分詞。常見的有g(shù)enerally/strictly/franklyspeaking，judgingfrom，considering，supposing，providing等。E.g.Judgingfromwhathehassaid，heisadoctor.根據(jù)他的話判斷，他是位醫(yī)生。E.g.Consideringthattheoldmanisold,heneedslookingafter.考慮到老人老了，他需要被照顧4．動詞-ing形式作狀語時，常將否定副詞not置于分詞前面。E.g.Nothavingfinishedthework,theyhadtoworkextrahours.由于沒有完成工作，他們只好加班。5．狀語從句轉(zhuǎn)化為非謂語作狀語時，若從句的主語與主句的主語一致，從句謂語含有be動詞時，可保留從句的引導(dǎo)詞。E.g.Whengettingtothetopofthemountain,theyfoundthesunwasrising.當(dāng)他們到達(dá)山頂時，發(fā)現(xiàn)太陽正在升起。6．動詞-ing形式與過去分詞的區(qū)別(1)語態(tài)不同：v.－ing形式表示主動概念，與相關(guān)的名詞或代詞之間構(gòu)成一種“主謂關(guān)系”。而過去分詞表示被動概念，與相關(guān)的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成一種“動賓關(guān)系”。(2)時間不同：v.－ing形式表示“正在進(jìn)行的動作”；過去分詞表示“已完成的動作”。E.g.Seeingfromthehill,youwillseethebeautifulcity.在山上看，你會看到美麗的城市。E.g.Seenfromthehill,thebeautifullakeislikeabigmirror.從山上看，那個美麗的湖就像一面大鏡子?！厩蓪W(xué)助記】分詞短語記憶口訣分詞作狀語，主語是問題；逗號前后兩動作，共用一主語；主語找出后，再來判關(guān)系；主動用-ing，被動用-ed；havingdone表先后，千萬要牢記例1.（2014福建泉州期中）Hewaitedatthegateofthehotelallthetime,______torunintohisfavoritepopsinger.A.hopingB.tohopeC.havinghopedD.hoped例2.（2014大綱全國）Todaytherearemoreairplanes_______morepeoplethaneverbeforeintheskies.A.carry B.carryingC.carriedD.tobecarrying例3.（2014福建）________thepastyearasanexchangestudentinHongKong,Lindaappearsmorematurethanthoseofherage.A.Spending B.Spent C.Havingspent D.Tospend例4.（2014山東濟(jì)寧期中）______money,hisparentscouldn’tsendhimtouniversity.A.LackedB.Lackingof C.Lackedin D.Lacking例5.（2014遼寧錦州月考）Titanic3Dmovedallaudiencetotearsonceagain,________ourattentiontoCameron’sfilmsandthedefinitionoftruelove.A.turning B.toturn C.turned D.beingturned基礎(chǔ)演練句型轉(zhuǎn)換(用非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)變換句子)1.Thestormleftandhascausedalotofdamagetothisarea.Thestormleft,__________________________thisarea.2.Becarefulwhenyoucrosstheroad.Becarefulwhen________________.3.Thebuildingthatisbeingbuiltnowisournewschool.Thebuilding______________isournewschool.4.Whoisthemanthatisreadingoverthere?Whoistheman________________?5.Becauseshedidnotknowthatthetrafficaccidenthappenedtoherhusband,shewaswaitingforhimtohavesupper.______________thatthetrafficaccidenthappenedtoherhusband,shewaswaitingforhimtohavesupper.6.Becauseheisastudent,heshouldstudyhard.______________,heshouldstudyhard.7.Eventhoughthefarmerworkshardonthefarmalltheyearround,hestillcan'tbecomerich.________________alltheyearround,thefarmerstillcan'tbecomerich.8.TheboysatonthesofaandwatchedTV.Theboysatonthesofa,____________.鞏固提高用所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1.Theman________________(visit)Japanismyuncle.2.____________(see)nooneathome,Idecidedtocomeagain.3.________(hear)thegoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.4.________(walk)inthestreet,Isawafriendofmine.5.________________(talkandsmile),theywentintotheroom.6.Themotherdied,________(leave)alotofmoneyforherchildren.7.________(see)fromthetopofthehill,wecanseeourbeautifulschool.8.Manypeople________(be)absent,theydecidedtoputthemeetingoff.9.________(nothave)heardfromhersonforalongtime,themotherworriedagreatdeal.10.________________(finish)hiswork,Henrywenthome.一、單項(xiàng)語法填空1.Hesatonachairundertheshadeofthetree,________(read)anovel.2.Theboysandgirlsarewalkingalongthestreet,each________(wear)asmallyellowcap.3.WhenIreachedhome,myhusbandwaslyingonthefloor,________(entertain)thekidswithtoys.4.CisthelargestEnglishsiteinChina,________(provide)news,businessinformationandlearningmaterials.5.Chinabecamethe143rdmemberoftheWTOonDecember11,2001,thus________(realize)its15－yearwishtojointheglobaltradebody.6.Doyouknowwhoisthepatient________(operate)onnow?7.________(complete)theprojectontime,thestaffarehavingapartytohaveacelebration.8.________(fail)toreachthemonthephone,wesentanemailinstead.9.________(come)fromamountainvillage,hecouldn'taffordahouseinShanghai.10.________(spend)thepastyearasanexchangestudentinHongKong,Lindaappearsmorematurethanthoseofherage.二、單項(xiàng)選擇1._______withsomuchtrouble,wefailedtocompletethetaskontime.A.FacedB.Face C.Facing D.Toface2.Atpresent,heisastudentatZhejiangUniversity,_______foradegreeincomputerA.studies B.studying C.tohavestudied D.havingstudied3.--HowdoyoufindthefurnitureIbought?--_______.But_______whatyouboughtwiththeonewehad,Idon’tthinkitworththemoney.A.Fascinating./compared B.Fascinating/comparingC.Fascinated/tocompare D.Fascinated/compared4.Tosomepeople,“spiritualhealth”isaveryabstractconcept,_______manyunexplainableelements.A.contained B.havingcontained C.beingcontained D.containing5.Therearemanytalloldtrees_______inandaroundourschool.A.stood B.tostand C.standing D.beingstanding__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________一、單項(xiàng)選擇1.Mygoodperformanceinthejobinterviewleftme______aboutmyfutureandaboutwhatIcandohere.A.puzzled B.sensitive C.optimisticD.embarrassed2.Whilewaitingfortheopportunitytoget______,Henrydidhisbesttoperformhisduty.A.promote B.promoted C.promotingD.topromote3.Thereisanotepinnedtothedoor______whentheshopwillopenagain.A.saying B.says C.said D.havingsaid4.It’sstandardpracticeforacompanylikethisone______asecurityofficer.A.employed B.beingemployed C.toemploy D.employs5.Lastnight,thereweremillionsofpeople______theopeningceremonyliveonTV.A.watch B.towatch C.watched D.watching6.Therearestillmanyproblems______beforewearereadyforalongstayontheMoon.A.solving B.solved C.beingsolved D.tobesolved7.Thefilmstarwearssunglasses.Therefore,hecangoshoppingwithout______.A.recognizing B.beingrecognized C.havingrecognized D.havingbeenrecognized8.______thepastyearasanexchangestudentinHongKong,Lindaappearsmorematurethanthoseofherage.A.Spending B.Spent C.HavingspentD.Tospend9.Forthosewithfamilymembersfaraway,thepersonalcomputerandthephoneareimportantinstaying______.A.connected B.connecting C.toconnect D.tobeconnected10.Children,when ______bytheirparents,areallowedtoenterthestadium.A.tobeaccompanied B.toaccompany C.accompanying D.accompanied11.______yourownneedsandstylesofcommunicationisasimportantaslearningtoconveyyouraffectionandemotions.A.Understanding B.Tobeunderstood C.Beingunderstood D.Havingunderstood12.Thereisnogreaterpleasurethanlyingonmybackinthemiddleofthegrassland,______atthenightsky.A.tostare B.staring C.stared D.havingstared13.______ourselvesfromthephysicalandmentaltensions,weeachneeddeepthoughtandinnerquietness.A.Havingfreed B.Freed C.Tofree D.Freeing14.Hislecture______,alivelyquestion-and-answersessionfollowed.A.beinggivenB.havinggiven C.tobegiven D.havingbeengiven15.Whenitcomesto______inpublic,noonecanmatchhim.A.speakB.speaking C.beingspokenD.bespoken16.______nearlyallourmoney,wecouldn’taffordtostayatahotel.A.HavingspentB.Tospent C.Spent D.Tohavespent17.Heisthought______foolishly.Nowhehasnoonebuthimselftoblameforlosingthejob.A.toact B.tohaveacted C.actingD.havingacted18.Toadytherearemoreairplanes______morepeoplethaneverbeforeintheskies.A.carryB.carrying C.carried D.tobecarrying19.It’squitehottoday.Doyoufeellike______foraswim?A.togoB.going Cgo D.havinggone20.______thedifficultmathsproblem,IhaveconsultedProfessorRussellseveraltimesA.Workingout B.Workedout C.ToworkoutD.Workout二、閱讀理解、AThebabymonkeyismuchmoredevelopedatbirththanthehumanbaby.Almostfromthemomentitisborn,thebabymonkeycanmovearoundandholdtightlytoitsmother.Duringthefirstfewdaysofitslifethebabywillapproachandholdontoalmostanylarge,warm,andsoftobjectinitsenvironment,particularlyifthatobjectalsogivesitmilk.Afteraweekorso,however,thebabymonkeybeginstoavoidnewcomersandfocusesitsattentionson“mother”—therealmotherorthemother-substitute(母親替代物).Duringthefirsttwoweeksofitslifewarmthisperhapsthemostimportantpsychological(心理的)thingthatamonkeymotherhastogivetoitsbaby.TheHarlows,acouplewhoarebothpsychologists,discoveredthisfactbyofferingbabymonkeysachoiceoftwotypesofmother-substitutes——onecoveredwithclothandonemadeofbarewire.Ifthetwoartificialmotherswereboththesametemperature,thelittlemonkeysalwayspreferredtheclothmother.However,ifthewiremodelwasheated,whiletheclothmodelwascool,forthefirsttwoweeksafterbirththebabymonkeyspickedthewarmwiremother-substitutesastheirfavorites.Thereaftertheyswitchedandspentmostoftheirtimeonthemorecomfortableclothmother.Whyisclothpreferabletobarewire?SomethingthattheHarlowscalledcontact(接觸)comfortseemstobetheanswer,andamostpowerfulinfluenceitis.Babymonkeysspendmuchoftheirtimerubbingagainsttheirmothers’skins,puttingthemselvesinasclosecontactwiththeparentastheycan.Whenevertheyounganimalisfrightened,disturbed,orannoyed,ittypicallyrushestoitsmotherandrubsitselfagainstherbody.Wiredoesn’t“rub”aswellasdoessoftcloth.Prolonged(長時間的)“contactcomfort”withaclothmotherappearstogivethebabiesconfidenceandismuchmorerewardingtothemthaniseitherwarmthormilk.AccordingtotheHarlows,thebasicqualityofababy’sloveforitsmotheristrust.Ifthebabyisputintoanunfamiliarplayroomwithoutitsmother,thebabyignoresthetoysnomatterhowinterestingtheymightbe.Itscreamsinterrorandcurlsupintoafurrylittleball.Ifitsclothmotherisnowintroducedintotheplayroom,thebabyrushestoitandholdsontoitfordearlife.Afterafewminutesofcontactcomfort,itobviouslybeginstofeelmoresecure.Itthenclimbsdownfromthemother-substituteandbeginstoexplorethetoys,butoftenrushesbackforadeepembrace(擁抱)asiftomakesurethatitsmotherisstillthereandthatalliswell.Bitbybititsfearsofthenewenvironmentaregoneanditspendsmoreandmoretimeplayingwiththetoysandlesstimeholdingonto“itsmother.”1.Psychologically,whatdoesthebabymonkeydesiremostduringthefirsttwoweeksofitslife?A.Warmth B.Milk C.Contact D.Trust2.Afterthefirsttwoweeksoftheirlife,babymonkeysprefertheclothmothertothewiremotherbecausetheformeris________.A.largerinsizeB.closertothemC.lessfrighteningandlessdisturbingD.morecomfortabletorubagainst3.Whatdoesthebabymonkeyprobablygainfromprolonged“contactcomfort”?A.Attention B.Softness C.Confidence D.Interest4.Itcanbeinferredthatwhenthebabymonkeyfeelssecure,________.A.itfrequentlyrushesbackforadeepembracewhenexploringthetoysB.itspendsmoretimescreamingtogetrewardsC.itislessattractedtothetoysthoughtheyareinterestingD.itcareslessaboutwhetheritsmotherisstillaround5.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto________A.givethereasonsfortheexperimentB.presentthefindingsoftheexperimentC.introducethemethodoftheexperimentD.describetheprocessoftheexperimentBFearmaybefeltintheheartaswellasinthehead,accordingtoastudythathasfoundalinkbetweenthecyclesofabeatingheartandthechanceofsomeonefeelingfear.Testsonhealthyvolunteersfoundthattheyweremorelikelytofeelasenseoffearatthemomentwhentheirheartsarecontracting(收縮)andpumpingbloodaroundtheirbodies,comparedwiththepointwhentheheartbeatisrelaxed.Scientistssaytheresultssuggestthattheheartisabletoinfluencehowthebrainrespondstoafearfulevent,dependingonwhichpointitisatinitsregularcycleofcontractionandrelaxation.SarahGarfinkelattheBrightonandSussexMedicalSchoolsaid:“Ourstudyshowsforthefirsttimethatthewayinwhichwedealwithfearisdifferentdependingonwhenweseefearfulpicturesinrelationtoourheart.”Thestudytested20he