高考英語(yǔ)閱讀細(xì)節(jié)理解題三步法帶練(04) 講義

一、高考英語(yǔ)閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題三步法：第一步，初步讀題干，弄清楚關(guān)鍵詞所在位置和明確答題方向第二步，迅速定位和找出題干關(guān)鍵詞相關(guān)的近義詞，反義詞或者解釋性信息，最好明確句間邏輯關(guān)系和段間邏輯關(guān)系（因果，遞進(jìn)，解釋?zhuān)D(zhuǎn)折，對(duì)比，比較等關(guān)系）第三步，利用正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)，確定答案(明確近義詞替換原文信息，關(guān)注變換原文語(yǔ)態(tài)詞性或詞形，簡(jiǎn)化或概括原文，正話(huà)反說(shuō))高考英語(yǔ)閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題三步法帶練Thepowerofhumanlanguagecomesnotonlyfromtheprecisionofitssignalsandthecomplexityofitsgrammarbutalsofromitslinkstocognition(認(rèn)知).Babiesasyoungas3monthshavebeguntolinklanguageandcorecognitivecapacities.Previousworkinthelabhadfoundthatforbabiesaged3to4months,listeningtobothhumanvocalizations(發(fā)聲)(theirnativelanguage)andnon-humanprimatevocalizations(callsofmonkeys)boostedcognition.Itremainedunknownwhetherallhumanlanguageswouldhavethisadvantageouseffect.Inanewstudy,theresearchersconsideredEnglish-acquiring3-to4-month-oldbabies’responsestotwonon-nativelanguages(GermanorCantonese)—inthecontextoftheclassicobjectcategorizationtask.Inthiscognitivetask,babiesfirstviewedaseriesof“familiarization”imagesfromoneobjectcategory(e.g.,dinosaurs).Thentheyviewedtwonew“test”imagesatthesametime:anewexamplefromthefamiliarizedcategory(e.g.,anotherdinosaur;“afamiliarobject”)andanewmodelfromanovelcategory(e.g.,afish;“anovelobject”).Babies’abilitytodistinguishbetweenthefamiliarandnoveltestimages,measuredbytheirlookingtimes,indicateswhethertheyhaveformedtheobjectcategory.Crucially,babies’successinthetaskdependsuponthesoundinformationthataccompaniesthevisualimagespresentedduringfamiliarization.“WefoundthatGerman,whichisphonologically(音系地)‘near’toEnglish,facilitatedobjectcategorization.ButCantonese,whichisphonologically‘distant’,didnot,”saidDaniellePerszyk,leadauthorofthestudy.“Babies’responsestothetwonon-nativelanguagestested,consideredincombinationwiththeirresponsestoEnglishandtothesoundsofmonkeys，areconsistentwiththepossibilitythatbabies’earliestlinkstocognitionoriginatefromtwodistinctmechanisms.Onlyoneofthemisusedspecificallyforhumanspeech,”sheadded.Whenbabiesare3to4monthsold，vocalizationsofnon-humanprimatesmayboosttheircognitionbyengaginganothersystem,onenotspecializedforspeech.However,thecognitiveadvantageisshort-lived:onlylastsfor2to3months.Thestudyalsoprovidesthefirstevidencethatbabies’increasinglyprecisecognitivetuningtothesoundsoftheirnativelanguagesetsrestrictionsontherangeofhumanlanguagestheywilllinktocognition.1.Whatcanweknowaboutbabiesaged3to4monthsaccordingtopreviouswork?A.Theygetacognitivebonusafterexposuretoanimalsounds.B.Theycantellhumanlanguagesfromthoseofanimals.C.Theyhaveagiftformasteringdiverselanguages.D.Theyshownointerestinnon-nativelanguages.第一步，初步讀題干，弄清楚關(guān)鍵詞所在位置和明確答題方向Whatcanweknowaboutbabiesaged3to4monthsaccordingtopreviouswork?根據(jù)之前的研究，我們對(duì)3到4個(gè)月大的嬰兒有什么了解?第二步，迅速定位和找出題干關(guān)鍵詞相關(guān)的近義詞，反義詞或者解釋性信息，最好明確句間邏輯關(guān)系和段間邏輯關(guān)系（因果，遞進(jìn)，解釋?zhuān)D(zhuǎn)折，對(duì)比，比較等關(guān)系）Previousworkinthelabhadfoundthatforbabiesaged3to4months,listeningtobothhumanvocalizations(發(fā)聲)(theirnativelanguage)andnon-humanprimatevocalizations(callsofmonkeys)boostedcognition.Itremainedunknownwhetherallhumanlanguageswouldhavethisadvantageouseffect.實(shí)驗(yàn)室之前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，對(duì)于3到4個(gè)月大的嬰兒來(lái)說(shuō)，既聽(tīng)人類(lèi)的聲音(發(fā)聲)(他們的母語(yǔ))，也聽(tīng)非人類(lèi)靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物的聲音(猴子的叫聲)，都能提高他們的認(rèn)知能力。是否所有的人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言都會(huì)有這種有利的影響，這仍然是未知的。第三步，利用正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)，確定答案(明確近義詞替換原文信息，關(guān)注變換原文語(yǔ)態(tài)詞性或詞形，簡(jiǎn)化或概括原文，正話(huà)反說(shuō))1.Whatcanweknowaboutbabiesaged3to4monthsaccordingtopreviouswork?根據(jù)之前的研究，我們對(duì)3到4個(gè)月大的嬰兒有什么了解Theygetacognitivebonusafterexposuretoanimalsounds.在聽(tīng)到動(dòng)物的聲音后，他們的認(rèn)知能力得到了提升。Theycantellhumanlanguagesfromthoseofanimals.他們能分辨人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言和動(dòng)物語(yǔ)言。Theyhaveagiftformasteringdiverselanguages.他們有掌握多種語(yǔ)言的天賦。Theyshownointerestinnon-nativelanguages.他們對(duì)非母語(yǔ)不感興趣。同義替換：cognitivebonus=boostedcognition;Exposuretoanimalsounds=listeningtonon-humanprimatevocalization2.WhichofthefollowingmayDaniellePerszykagreewith?A.Peoplemayprefercertainlanguagesatayoungage.B.Babiesmayadoptdifferentsystemstobuildcognitivelinks.C.Babies’cognitivelinksaredependentontheirlearninghabits.D.Peoplecandevelopearlycognitivelinksthroughfamiliarlanguages.第一步，初步讀題干，弄清楚關(guān)鍵詞所在位置和明確答題方向2.WhichofthefollowingmayDaniellePerszykagreewith?DaniellePerszyk可能同意以下哪項(xiàng)?第二步，迅速定位和找出題干關(guān)鍵詞相關(guān)的近義詞，反義詞或者解釋性信息，最好明確句間邏輯關(guān)系和段間邏輯關(guān)系（因果，遞進(jìn)，解釋?zhuān)D(zhuǎn)折，對(duì)比，比較等關(guān)系）Crucially,babies’successinthetaskdependsuponthesoundinformationthataccompaniesthevisualimagespresentedduringfamiliarization.“WefoundthatGerman,whichisphonologically(音系地)‘near’toEnglish,facilitatedobjectcategorization.ButCantonese,whichisphonologically‘distant’,didnot,”saidDaniellePerszyk,leadauthorofthestudy.至關(guān)重要的是，嬰兒在任務(wù)中的成功取決于在熟悉過(guò)程中呈現(xiàn)的視覺(jué)圖像所伴隨的聲音信息?！拔覀儼l(fā)現(xiàn)，在音系上(音系地)與英語(yǔ)‘相近’的德語(yǔ)有助于對(duì)物體進(jìn)行分類(lèi)。但在音系上‘遙遠(yuǎn)’的粵語(yǔ)卻沒(méi)有，”該研究的主要作者丹妮爾·佩爾茲克(DaniellePerszyk)說(shuō)?！癇abies’responsestothetwonon-nativelanguagestested,consideredincombinationwiththeirresponsestoEnglishandtothesoundsofmonkeys，areconsistentwiththepossibilitythatbabies’earliestlinkstocognitionoriginatefromtwodistinctmechanisms.Onlyoneofthemisusedspecificallyforhumanspeech,”sheadded.嬰兒對(duì)測(cè)試的兩種非母語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的反應(yīng)，結(jié)合他們對(duì)英語(yǔ)和猴子聲音的反應(yīng)，與嬰兒最早的認(rèn)知聯(lián)系源于兩種不同機(jī)制的可能性是一致的。其中只有一個(gè)是專(zhuān)門(mén)用于人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言的，”她補(bǔ)充道。第三步，利用正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)，確定答案(明確近義詞替換原文信息，關(guān)注變換原文語(yǔ)態(tài)詞性或詞形，簡(jiǎn)化或概括原文，正話(huà)反說(shuō))2.WhichofthefollowingmayDaniellePerszykagreewith?DaniellePerszyk可能同意以下哪項(xiàng)?Peoplemayprefercertainlanguagesatayoungage.人們可能在很小的時(shí)候就喜歡某些語(yǔ)言。Babiesmayadoptdifferentsystemstobuildcognitivelinks.嬰兒可能采用不同的系統(tǒng)來(lái)建立認(rèn)知聯(lián)系Babies’cognitivelinksaredependentontheirlearninghabits.嬰兒的認(rèn)知聯(lián)系依賴(lài)于他們的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。Peoplecandevelopearlycognitivelinksthroughfamiliarlanguages.人們可以通過(guò)熟悉的語(yǔ)言發(fā)展早期的認(rèn)知聯(lián)系。同義替換：differentsystems=distinctmechanismsLinkstocognition=buildcognitivelinks3.Whatmaybabies’precisecognitivetuningtosoundsoftheirnativelanguagebringabout?A.Improvingtheirspeechprocessingsystem.B.Enhancingtheirdesiretopickupnewlanguages.C.Limitingtheircognitiveassociationswithotherlanguages.D.Affectingtheirabilitytodistinguishbetweendifferentlanguages.第一步，初步讀題干，弄清楚關(guān)鍵詞所在位置和明確答題方向3.Whatmaybabies’precisecognitivetuningtosoundsoftheirnativelanguagebringabout?嬰兒對(duì)母語(yǔ)聲音的精確認(rèn)知調(diào)整可能會(huì)帶來(lái)什么?第二步，迅速定位和找出題干關(guān)鍵詞相關(guān)的近義詞，反義詞或者解釋性信息，最好明確句間邏輯關(guān)系和段間邏輯關(guān)系（因果，遞進(jìn)，解釋?zhuān)D(zhuǎn)折，對(duì)比，比較等關(guān)系）Whenbabiesare3to4monthsold，vocalizationsofnon-humanprimatesmayboosttheircognitionbyengaginganothersystem,onenotspecializedforspeech.However,thecognitiveadvantageisshort-lived:onlylastsfor2to3months.Thestudyalsoprovidesthefirstevidencethatbabies’increasinglyprecisecognitivetuningtothesoundsoftheirnativelanguagesetsrestrictionsontherangeofhumanlanguagestheywilllinktocognition.當(dāng)嬰兒3到4個(gè)月大時(shí)，非人類(lèi)靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物的發(fā)聲可能會(huì)通過(guò)參與另一個(gè)系統(tǒng)來(lái)提高他們的認(rèn)知能力，而這個(gè)系統(tǒng)不是專(zhuān)門(mén)用于言語(yǔ)的。然而，認(rèn)知優(yōu)勢(shì)是短暫的:只持續(xù)2到3個(gè)月。這項(xiàng)研究也提供了第一個(gè)證據(jù)，證明嬰兒對(duì)母語(yǔ)聲音的日益精確的認(rèn)知調(diào)整，限制了他們將與認(rèn)知聯(lián)系起來(lái)的人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言的范圍。難句分析：Thestudyalsoprovidesthefirstevidencethatbabies’increasinglyprecisecognitivetuningtothesoundsoftheirnativelanguagesetsrestrictionsontherangeofhumanlanguages(that)theywilllinktocognition.第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句補(bǔ)充修飾thefirstevidence；第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾humanlanguanges翻譯：這項(xiàng)研究也提供了第一個(gè)證據(jù)，證明嬰兒對(duì)母語(yǔ)聲音的日益精確的認(rèn)知調(diào)整，限制了他們將與認(rèn)知聯(lián)系起來(lái)的人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言的范圍?！拘】破铡繌募?xì)節(jié)邏輯上判斷——轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系主要指英語(yǔ)行文中后句對(duì)前句構(gòu)成逆轉(zhuǎn)邏輯關(guān)系。如果空格前后兩句話(huà)之間是邏輯上的逆轉(zhuǎn)，則空格處很有可能是個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯的句子。表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連接詞有：However,nevertheless,nonetheless,still；though，yet,inspiteof,atanyrate,inanycase,whoever,whatever，onthecontrary,incontrast,bycontrast,incomparison,bycomparison,conversely,otherwise，not...but，aswell等。第三步，利用正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)，確定答案(明確近義詞替換原文信息，關(guān)注變換原文語(yǔ)態(tài)詞性或詞形，簡(jiǎn)化或概括原文，正話(huà)反說(shuō))3.Whatmaybabies’precisecognitivetuningtosoundsoftheirnativelanguagebringabout?嬰兒對(duì)母語(yǔ)聲音的精確認(rèn)知調(diào)整可能會(huì)帶來(lái)什么?A.Improvingtheirspeechprocessingsystem.改進(jìn)語(yǔ)音處理系統(tǒng)。B.Enhancingtheirdesiretopickupnewlanguages.增強(qiáng)他們學(xué)習(xí)新語(yǔ)言的欲望。C.Limitingtheircognitiveassociationswithotherlanguages.限制他們與其他語(yǔ)言的認(rèn)知聯(lián)系。D.Affectingtheirabilitytodistinguishbetweendifferentlanguages.影響他們區(qū)分不同語(yǔ)言的能力。同義替換：limiting=setrestrictionon;associationwith=linkto【出自廣東省深圳市外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)校2024屆高三下學(xué)期第九次模擬考試英語(yǔ)試題】TheotherdayIwasgoingthroughtheairportatIbizaandgettingmySpanishexitstamp—aBrexitbenefitordrawbackdependingonhowyoufeel—andthenicepassportladyflickedthrough(瀏覽)mypassport,seekingarareemptypage,andsaid:“Wow,youhavealotofstamps.”Likeafive-year-old,Ipracticallyglowedwithpride.BecauseIdohavealotofstamps.AndsometimesIsimplyliketolookatthem.Rightnow,mypassportissofullofstampsitisindangeroffillingup.However,thereisafairchancethatthiswon’thappen—notbecauseIhaveanyintentionofceasingmytravels,butbecausemostcountriesaremovingonfromtheeraofphysicalstamps.Infutureourcomingsandgoingswillbemonitoreddigitally—andspeedily.Thiswill,ofcourse,begreatforshorteningairportqueues,butitalsomeanswewillkissgoodbyetotheromanceoftheexotic(奇異的)stamp,thatreminderofthetimewecrossedfrom,say,ChiletoBoliviaviatheAndesandthesaltplains.OrthatfirsttimewelandedintheUSAandgotoneofthesimpleststampsofall.Theborderofficersmiledashestampedmypassportandsaid:“WelcometoAmerica.”Inmydecadesoftravel,Ihaveacquiredsomeseriously—tomymind—exoticandwonderfulstamps:Armenia,Madagascar,Greenland.Someofthesmallestcountriesdemandentirepagesofyourpassport—lookingatyou,Cambodia.Thentherearethespecialstampstotrulyremotedestinations.MypersonalfavouriteisprobablytheoneIgotgoingintotheRepublicofMountAthosinnorthernGreece.Itwasmagnificentlybeautiful:thedouble-headedeagleofByzantium,returnedtolifeandimpressedonmypassportpages.ItwascertainlymorecheerfulthanthestampIoncegotfromtheBritishembassyinBangkok,whicharrangedformyreturntotheUKfromThailandafterIreallymisbehaved.Thatstampsaid“Impound(扣留)PassportonArrivalinLondon”.Andsotheydid.YetImissthatstamptoo.1.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftheshiftfromphysicalstampstodigitalrecords?Modernbutartisticallyinferior.B.Eco-friendlybutculture-erasing.C.Cost-efficientbutemotionallyhurtful.D.Convenientbutromance-reducing.第一步，初步讀題干，弄清楚關(guān)鍵詞所在位置和明確答題方向1.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftheshiftfromphysicalstampstodigitalrecords?作者如何看待從實(shí)體郵票到數(shù)字記錄的轉(zhuǎn)變第二步，迅速定位和找出題干關(guān)鍵詞相關(guān)的近義詞，反義詞或者解釋性信息，最好明確句間邏輯關(guān)系和段間邏輯關(guān)系（因果，遞進(jìn)，解釋?zhuān)D(zhuǎn)折，對(duì)比，比較等關(guān)系）BecauseIdohavealotofstamps.AndsometimesIsimplyliketolookatthem.Rightnow,mypassportissofullofstampsitisindangeroffillingup.However,thereisafairchancethatthiswon’thappen—notbecauseIhaveanyintentionofceasingmytravels,butbecausemostcountriesaremovingonfromtheeraofphysicalstamps.Infutureourcomingsandgoingswillbemonitoreddigitally—andspeedily.同義替換：theshiftfromphysicalstampstodigitalrecords=movingonfromtheeraofphysicalstamps.段落大意：因?yàn)槲掖_實(shí)有很多郵票。有時(shí)我只是喜歡看著它們?，F(xiàn)在，我的護(hù)照上滿(mǎn)是郵票，有被填滿(mǎn)的危險(xiǎn)。然而，這很有可能不會(huì)發(fā)生——不是因?yàn)槲掖蛩阃Ｖ刮业穆眯?，而是因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)國(guó)家都在從