卓越研究生英語(yǔ)（人文篇）綜合教程1 教案 B1U3-Gems-of-the-earth

卓越研究生英語(yǔ)（人文篇）1Unit3Gemsoftheearth卓越研究生英語(yǔ)（人文篇）1Unit3Gemsoftheearth教師用書11Unit3GemsoftheearthSetting自然和文化遺產(chǎn)是我們?nèi)祟惒豢苫蛉钡慕M成部分，但在世界范圍內(nèi)這些遺產(chǎn)不斷受到威脅。濫伐森林、過(guò)度采礦等不可持續(xù)的發(fā)展行為使生態(tài)系統(tǒng)遭到破壞和退化，最終威脅到自然遺產(chǎn)。文化遺產(chǎn)也同樣面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，重要的歷史遺址、文物和傳統(tǒng)面臨著武裝沖突、戰(zhàn)亂掠奪和不當(dāng)開發(fā)造成的破壞和無(wú)法彌補(bǔ)的損毀。這種持續(xù)破壞的后果是深遠(yuǎn)的。本單元將探討如何保護(hù)和傳承自然和文化遺產(chǎn)Setting自然和文化遺產(chǎn)是我們?nèi)祟惒豢苫蛉钡慕M成部分，但在世界范圍內(nèi)這些遺產(chǎn)不斷受到威脅。濫伐森林、過(guò)度采礦等不可持續(xù)的發(fā)展行為使生態(tài)系統(tǒng)遭到破壞和退化，最終威脅到自然遺產(chǎn)。文化遺產(chǎn)也同樣面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，重要的歷史遺址、文物和傳統(tǒng)面臨著武裝沖突、戰(zhàn)亂掠奪和不當(dāng)開發(fā)造成的破壞和無(wú)法彌補(bǔ)的損毀。這種持續(xù)破壞的后果是深遠(yuǎn)的。本單元將探討如何保護(hù)和傳承自然和文化遺產(chǎn)（核心議題）。ExploringExploring通過(guò)視聽（Viewing）和閱讀（ReadingA&B）素材，從世界遺產(chǎn)品牌效應(yīng)、面臨的威脅、個(gè)人與自然文化遺產(chǎn)的關(guān)系探討遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)與傳承。Viewing觀看視頻，了解入選世界遺產(chǎn)名錄的條件和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以及該名錄的作用。Viewing觀看視頻，了解入選世界遺產(chǎn)名錄的條件和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以及該名錄的作用。ReadingA閱讀世界遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)的相關(guān)文章，解讀世界遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)及聯(lián)合國(guó)的應(yīng)對(duì)舉措。ReadingB閱讀茶馬古道的相關(guān)文章，從不同視角重新探索茶馬古道的歷史和人文意義。ProducingProducing聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)委員會(huì)即將召開一次致力于保護(hù)瀕危世界遺產(chǎn)的國(guó)際會(huì)議。委員會(huì)成員將在會(huì)上介紹他們?cè)诒緡?guó)保護(hù)世界遺產(chǎn)的舉措和成效。作為中國(guó)代表，你將分享中國(guó)世界遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和倡議。EvaluatingEvaluating學(xué)生從學(xué)科知識(shí)、學(xué)術(shù)視聽技能、閱讀技能、寫作技能掌握情況以及任務(wù)完成情況評(píng)價(jià)反思學(xué)習(xí)效果，明確待改進(jìn)的方面。教師回顧本單元教學(xué)目標(biāo)：學(xué)科知識(shí)目標(biāo)：入選世界遺產(chǎn)名錄的條件和意義（Viewing）、世界遺產(chǎn)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)（ReadingA）、茶馬古道的歷史和人文意義（ReadingB）學(xué)術(shù)技能目標(biāo)：通過(guò)視覺線索理解講座大意（Academiclisteningskill）、推斷學(xué)術(shù)文章的寫作意圖（Academicreadingskill）、撰寫倡議書呼吁保護(hù)世界遺產(chǎn)（Academicwritingskill）思政目標(biāo)：增強(qiáng)學(xué)生作為全球公民保護(hù)世界遺產(chǎn)的責(zé)任意識(shí)，使學(xué)生具備全球遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)現(xiàn)狀及舉措的全球視野，提高對(duì)本民族文化的認(rèn)同感和對(duì)多元遺產(chǎn)文化的理解與尊重，通過(guò)團(tuán)隊(duì)合作完成真實(shí)學(xué)術(shù)情境任務(wù)，在跨文化和跨學(xué)科背景下交流保護(hù)遺產(chǎn)的想法，增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的交流和協(xié)作意識(shí)與能力。PAGE2PAGE2LeadinginNaturalthreatstoheritagesites:climatechangee.g.increasingtemperatures,risingsealevels,andchangesinprecipitationpatternsgeologicaleventse.g.volcaniceruption,earthquake,andavalanchelocalenvironmente.g.wind,humidity,andradiationMan-madethreatstoheritagesites:transportationinfrastructuree.g.constructionofroads,airports,andharborurbandevelopmente.g.buildingofhouses,largeshoppingmalls,andgolfcoursesserviceinfrastructuree.g.constructionofdams,cellphonetowers,andpowerlinesAdditionalactivityWhatshouldbedonetoaddressthethreatstoheritagesitesmentionedabove?ReferenceanswerMeasurestoaddressnaturalthreats:Climatechangeadaptation:Developsite-specificclimateadaptationplans;Useresilientmaterialsandtechniquestowithstandextremeweather;Implementsustainablepracticestoreducecarbonfootprints.Geologicalhazardpreparedness:Assessvulnerabilitytoearthquakesandlandslides;Strengthenstructuresandfoundationstowithstandgeologicalevents;Developandpracticeemergencyresponseplans.Localenvironmentalmanagement:Addressissuessuchaspollution,erosion,andbiodiversityloss;Implementmeasurestocontrolvegetation,waterflow,andsoilstability;Engagelocalcommunitiesinenvironmentalstewardshipprograms.Measurestoaddressman-madethreats:ImplementstrictzoninglawsandbufferzonestocontrolnearbyImplementstrictzoninglawsandbufferzonestocontrolnearbydevelopment;Conductthoroughimpactassessmentsfornewprojects,ensuringtheydonotharmheritagesites;Promotesustainableurbanplanningthatintegratesheritageconservation;Engagelocalcommunitiesandstakeholdersinpreservationefforts;Enhancemonitoringandenforcementofregulationstopreventillegalconstructionandalterations.Continuouseducation,documentation,andcollaborationwithpolicymakersanddevelopersareessentialtosafeguardingheritagesitesfromvariousthreats.ExploringViewingPre-viewingTobeincludedontheWorldHeritageList,sitesmustbeofoutstandinguniversalvalueandmeetatleastoneoutoftenselectioncriteria.WorldHeritagesitesareselectedonthebasisofsixculturalandfournaturalcriteria:torepresentamasterpieceofhumancreativegenius;toexhibitanimportantinterchangeofhumanvalues,overaspanoftimeorwithinaculturalareaoftheworld,ondevelopmentsinarchitectureortechnology,monumentalarts,town-planningorlandscapedesign;tobearauniqueoratleastexceptionaltestimonytoaculturaltraditionortoacivilizationwhichislivingorwhichhasdisappeared;tobeanoutstandingexampleofatypeofbuilding,architecturalortechnologicalensembleorlandscapewhichillustrates(a)significantstage(s)inhumanhistory;tobeanoutstandingexampleofatraditionalhumansettlement,land-use,orsea-usewhichisrepresentativeofaculture(orcultures),orhumaninteractionwiththeenvironmentespeciallywhenithasbecomevulnerableundertheimpactofirreversiblechange;tobedirectlyortangiblyassociatedwitheventsorlivingtraditions,withideas,orwithbeliefs,withartisticandliteraryworksofoutstandinguniversalsignificance.(TheCommitteeconsidersthatthiscriterionshouldpreferablybeusedinconjunctionwithothercriteria);tocontainsuperlativenaturalphenomenaorareasofexceptionalnaturalbeautyandaestheticimportance;tobeoutstandingexamplesrepresentingmajorstagesofearth’shistory,includingtherecordoflife,significanton-goinggeologicalprocessesinthedevelopmentoflandforms,orsignificantgeomorphicorphysiographicfeatures;tobeoutstandingexamplesrepresentingsignificanton-goingecologicalandbiologicalprocessesintheevolutionanddevelopmentofterrestrial,freshwater,coastalandmarineecosystemsandcommunitiesofplantsandanimals;tocontainthemostimportantandsignificantnaturalhabitatsforin-situconservationofbiologicaldiversity,includingthosecontainingthreatenedspeciesofoutstandinguniversalvaluefromthepointofviewofscienceorconservation.NOTESTheEiffelTower(埃菲爾鐵塔)isalandmarkinParis,France.Itisatechnologicalmasterpieceinbuilding-constructionhistory.Rock-Hewnchurches(拉利貝拉巖石教堂)refertothe11medievalmonolithiccavechurchesofthis13th-century“NewJerusalem.”TheyaresituatedinamountainousregionintheheartofEthiopianearatraditionalvillagewithcircular-shapeddwellings.LalibelaisahighplaceofEthiopianChristianity,stilltodayaplaceofpalpigradeanddevotion.CahokiaMounds(卡俄基亞土丘),locatedsome13kmnortheastofStLouis,MissourioftheU.S.A,isthelargestpre-ColumbiansettlementnorthofMexico.Itisastrikingexampleofacomplexchiefdomsociety,withmanysatellitemoundcentersandnumerousoutlyinghamletsandvillages.OkavangoDelta(奧卡萬(wàn)戈三角洲),locatedinnorthwestBotswana,comprisespermanentmarshlandsandseasonallyfloodedplains.Itisoneoftheveryfewmajorinteriordeltasystemsthatdonotflowintoaseaorocean,withawetlandsystemthatisalmostintact.Itisanexceptionalexampleoftheinteractionbetweenclimatic,hydrologicalandbiologicalprocesses.DresdenElbeValley(德累斯頓的埃爾伯峽谷),locatedinGermany,stretchesfromübigauPalacetothePillnitzPalaceandtheElbeRiverIsland.Renownedforitsmeadows,thevalleyisanchoredbythePillnitzPalaceandDresden’shistoriccenterwithitsmonumentsandparks.ItwasremovedfromUNESCO’sWorldHeritageListin2009duetoanewbridgethatundermineditsculturalvalue.TheancientcityofPalmyra(帕爾米拉古城)isanoasisintheSyriandesert,northeastofDamascus.Itcontainsthemonumentalruinsofagreatcitythatwasoneofthemostimportantculturalcentersoftheancientworld.Script:UNESCO’sWorldHeritageSites:Protectingtheworld’streasuresInIcelandic,Vatnaj?kullmeansthewaterglacier.Atover3,000squaremiles,thismassiveicecapcoversmorethan8%ofIceland.“IrememberthefirsttimeI’veseenaglacier,itmovedmyheart.Icouldn’timaginethismassiveiceexisting.”Vatnaj?kullisoneofthelargestglaciersinallofEurope.AndasmyguidepointedoutwhenIvisitedpre-pandemic,ithasanothernoteworthydistinction.“RecentlyrecognizedbyUNESCOasaWorldHeritageSite.”BeingrecognizedasaUNESCOWorldHeritageSiteisoneofthosethingsthatsuresoundsimpressive,butwhatdoesitactuallymean?WhatdoacoralreefinAustralia,acaveinKentucky,andanentirecityinPeruhaveincommon?IheadedtoanofficebuildinginParistogetsomeanswers.“Theideaoftheconventionistoprotectthemostoutstandingplaces,thosewhichhaveoutstandinguniversalvalueforallofhumanityforfuturegenerations.Nowthisbuilding...”MechtildR?ssleristhedirectorofUNESCO’sWorldHeritageCenter,locatedintheshadowoftheEiffelTower,which,yes,ispartofanotherWorldHeritageSite.UNESCO,theUnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,andCulturalOrganization,adoptedtheWorldHeritageConventionin1972.Theirfirstlistofoutstandingplacesincluded12spots,rangingfromEthiopia’sRock-HewnchurchestoYellowstoneNationalPark.Todaytherearemorethan1,100WorldHeritageSites.Thereareculturallysignificantlocations,likeIndia’sTajMahal,andIllinois’prehistoricCahokiaMounds,andnaturallyimpressivelocations,likeEngland’sJurassicCoastandBotswana’sOkavangoDelta.Thisweek,thecommitteeismeetingvirtually,reviewingdozensofpossibleadditionstothelist.“Igetmanyletterseveryday.Peoplewrite,whyisthischurchorthiscityorthisparknotprotectedbyUNESCO?”Forstarters,WorldHeritageSitesmustbenominatedbytheirhomecountryandmeetatleastoneoftendefinedcriteria.Itcanbeamasterpieceofhumancreativegenius,oritcanbethemostimportanthabitatforaspecificanimal.Iceland’sVatnaj?kullwasdeemedgeologicallysignificant.HelgaArnadóttirisaparkmanagerforVatnaj?kull,whichsitsontopofanactivevolcano.Icelandicofficialsspentyearspreparinga362submissiontowinUNESCO’sapprovalin2019.2020wasthefirstyearUNESCOdidn’tnameanynewsites.Thepandemicpreemptedtheannualcommitteemeeting.“Itseemsinawaythatit’sabrandname.Isitmorethanthat?Isitmorethanjustabrand?”“Itismuchmorethanabrand.Thebrandisveryimportant,butit’sreallyaninternationalsystemforprotection.”WhileUNESCOmonitorsthesites,itgenerallydoesn’tfundthem.Theorganization’spowerislargelytiedtoitsprestige.“Becauseithasthisrecognitionandalsothetourismindustryisinvestingaroundthesesitesbecausetheseare,ofcourse,keyattractions.SoyouseetheWorldHeritagestatushelps.”ButwhatUNESCOgivesit,itcanalsotakeitaway.In62009,Germany’sDresdenElbeValleywastakenofftheWorldHeritagelistafteramodernbridgewasbuiltacrossthelandscape.“Ithinkitwasawake-upcallthatyoucannotjustdowhatyouwant.Youcannotdoadevelopmentwhichmaybethreateningthereasonswhythesitewaslistedinthefirstplace.”“Morethanaquartermillionpeoplekilled.Morethan11millionhavelosttheirhomes.ButthegreatesttreasurelostwastheancientcityofPalmyra,aWorldHeritagesite.”Some,likePalmyrainSyria,arethreatenedbecausethey’reinconflictzones.Others,likethetropicalrainforestofSumatra,arethreatenedduetoongoingpoachingandagriculturalexploitation.BackhereatVatnajokullNationalPark,aswithallsites,alistingalonedoesn’treallychangealotintheshortterm.Except,perhaps,forperceptions.“Itmakesyouactuallyreallyproud.ItwasofgreatvalueforIcelanders,butnowitisofgreatvalueforthewholeworld.”Analyticalviewing1WorldHeritagesiteWhatdothesesiteshaveincommonGeologicallysignificantinternationalsystemforprotectionConflictsPoachingExercisesonlineB.TheEiffelTowerD.Notre-DameCathedralB.TheEiffelTowerD.Notre-DameCathedralF.YellowstoneNationalParkH.TheHistoricCenterofViennaJ.MogaoCaves7A.PalmyrainSyriaC.Botswana’sOkavangoDeltaE.Illinois’prehistoricCahokiaMoundsG.TheGreatWallI.ThetropicalrainforestofSumatraPAGE25PAGE25AListofWorldHeritageSitesIceland’sVatnaj?kullIceland’sVatnaj?kull1 Ethiopia’sRock-HewnChurches2 Mahal3 England’sJurassicCoast4 Germany’sDresdenElbe5 6 AnswerBFECAI3Answerthefollowingquestions. WhatkindofsitescouldbedesignatedandprotectedundertheWorldHeritageConvention? WhatmotivatesnationsandcommunitiestoapplyfortheWorldHeritagedesignation? Howdoyouunderstand“ButwhatUNESCOgivesit,itcanalsotakeitaway”?Giveexamplestoillustrateyouropinion.ReferenceanswerAccordingtothevideo,sitesthatcouldbedesignatedandprotectedundertheWorldHeritageConventionincludethosethatmeetatleastoneofthetendefinedcriteriaandhaveoutstandinguniversalvalueforallofhumanityforfuturegenerations.Thesitecouldbeamasterpieceofhumancreativegenius,asignificanthabitatforaspecificanimal,orgeologicallysignificant,amongotherpossibilities.NationsandcommunitiesaremotivatedtoapplyfortheWorldHeritagedesignationbecauseUNESCOWorldHeritagerecognitionnotonlybringsprestige,butalsoprovidesinternationalrecognitionandprotectionforthesesites.Italsohelpsattracttourismandinvestment,whichcontributestothelocaleconomy.Inaddition,thedesignationcanraiseawarenessoftheimportanceofpreservingthesesitesforfuturegenerations.ThismeansthatUNESCOcangiveaWorldHeritagesiteanamethatenhancesitsprestigeandstatus,oritcandisqualifyaWorldHeritagesitethatisnotadequatelyprotected,thusactingasawatchdogandwarning.TheDresdenElbeValley,whichwasstrippedofitsWorldHeritagestatusbecauseanewbridgechangedthelandscape,isanexampleofthelatter.Languagefocus(online)WordsandphrasesCompletethesentenceswiththecorrectformofthewords.criterionconventionvirtuallynominateongoingexploitationLastLastmonth,they thehistoricbuildingforinclusiononthelistofInternationalInternationalcollaborationsand dialoguesbetweencountriesplaya2TheheritagepreservationassociationhasestablishedasetTheheritagepreservationassociationhasestablishedasetof forwho3thetheadventof realitytechnology,individualscannowexplore4The The ofculturalheritagesitesforcommercialgainposesasignificant5ThisThisinternational isquiteimportantinunifyingglobaleffortsto6achievesustainabledevelopment.AnswernominatedongoingcriteriavirtualexploitationconventionReadingAPre-readingAdvantagesofasitereceivingWorldHeritagestatus:Prestigeandinternationalrecognition:WorldHeritagestatuselevatesasite’sglobalprofile,attractingvisitorsandenhancingitsreputation.Increasedtourismandeconomicbenefits:Economicbenefitsflowtolocalcommunitiesastourismgrowthdrivesrevenue,jobs,andinvestment.Technicalandfinancialsupport:UNESCOanditspartnersprovidetechnicalassistance,expertise,andfinancialsupporttohelpcountriesprotectandmanagetheirWorldHeritagesites.DisadvantagesofasitereceivingWorldHeritagestatus:Increasedtourismpressureandovercrowding:Theinfluxoftouristscanoverburdeninfrastructure,leadingtocongestionandenvironmentalissues.Excessivecommercializationandlossofauthenticity:Commercialinterestsmayoverdevelopsites,erodingtheiroriginalcharacterandculturalsignificance.Financialburdenanddependency:Relianceonexternalfundingcanbevulnerableiffinancialsupportdwindles,andsitepreservationcanbeburdensomeforcountrieswithunstablepoliticalandeconomicconditions,leadingtoirreversibledamagetothesitesthemselves.LanguagepointsSecond,Austrianslovewintersports.ThishasmanifesteditselfinaritualheldintheheartofViennaatthebeginningofeveryyearsince1996:theconstructionofaseasonalice-skatingrink,drawinghundredsofthousandsofvisitors.(Para.2)Meaning:Secondly,Austrianshaveapassionforwintersports.Thispassionisshownthroughanannualtraditionthatstartedin1996.AtthestartofeveryyearinthecenterofVienna,atemporaryice-skatingrinkisbuilt,attractinghundredsofthousandsofvisitors.manifestitself(insth.):toappearorbecomenoticeable顯現(xiàn)；使人注意到Theartist’screativityoftenmanifestsitselfintheiruniqueandvibrantartwork.Inotherwords,ice-skatingisasVienneseassausagesandsymphonies.(Para.2)Meaning:Toputitdifferently,Vienneselikeice-skatingasmuchastheylikesausagesandsymphonies.Aloveofice-skating,sausagesandsymphoniesisadistinctivefeatureoftheViennese.Sotheideaofapermanentrink,housedinsideahigh-risecomplextominimizeobstructiontopedestrians,wouldnothavebeenexpectedtoinvitecontroversy.(Para.2)Meaning:Thelastingicerinkwasbuilttokeepwalkwaysclear.Thus,itwasunexpectedthatthebuildingshouldleadtoanydisagreement.minimizevt.toreducesth.esp.sthbad,tothelowestpossiblelevel使減少到最低限度Therailcompanyisbringinginmoretrainsinanefforttominimizedisruptiontotravelers.invite:vt.tomakesth.esp.sthbadorunpleasant,likelytohappen招致（尤指壞事）Allowingasixteen-year-oldtostayoutallnightisjustinvitingtrouble.IfthecityfailstosatisfactorilyaddresstheCommittee’sconcerns,itrisksbeingpermanently“de-listed”asaUNESCOlandmark.(Para.3)Meaning:Ifthecitydoesn’tproperlydealwiththeCommittee’sworries,itcouldloseitsstatusasaWorldHeritagesite.address:vt.(fml.)tothinkaboutaproblemorasituationanddecidehowyouaregoingtodealwithit設(shè)法解決；處理；對(duì)付Youressaydoesnotaddresstherealissues.UNESCOhaspreferredtoframeitsworkatAngkorasamodelforthemanagementofahugesitethatattractsmillionsofvisitorsandsustainsalargelocalpopulation.(Para.7)Meaning:UNESCOconsidersitseffortsatAngkorasanexcellentexampleofhowtomanageabigsite.Thissitedrawsmillionsoftouristsandsupportsasignificantnumberoflocalresidents.framevt.topresentordescribesthinaparticularway（以某種方式）呈現(xiàn)或描述Thecompany’sno-smokingpolicywasframedasawaytoprotectemployeesfromsecondhandsmoke.Flawedandattimespowerlessthoughitmaybe,theWorldHeritageprogramremainsrelevant,ifonlybecauseoftheprincipleitespouses.(Para.13)Meaning:TheWorldHeritageprogramisimperfectsometimesandlacksinfluence.However,itisstillmeaningfulbecauseoftheprincipleitpromotes.flawed:a.havingaflawdamagedorspoiled有錯(cuò)誤的；有缺點(diǎn)的；有瑕疵的Thesetestsweresoseriouslyflawedastorendertheresultsmeaningless.relevant:a.havingideasthatarevaluableandusefultopeopleintheirlivesandwork有價(jià)值的；有意義的Theresearchconductedbytheteamishighlyrelevant,offeringpracticalinsightsthatcanbedirectlyappliedtoimproveemployeesatisfaction.espouse:vt.(fml.)togiveyoursupporttoabelief,policyetc.支持，擁護(hù)，贊成（信仰、政策等）Ithasbeenrhetoricallyespousedbypoliticiansandskepticallyanalyzedbyacademics.If,atsuchmoments,theWorldHeritageCommitteeexistsonlyasafocalpointwhereconscienceissummoned,thenthenext50yearsmayfinditmoreimportantthanever.(Para.13)Meaning:TheWorldHeritageCommitteeismainlyseenasacentertosummonupconscienceduringsuchtime.Inthenexthalf-century,itcouldbecomeevenmorecrucial.focalpoint:athingorpersonthatisthecenterofinterestoractivity焦點(diǎn)Thefocalpointoftheliteraturereviewwastheevolutionofrenewableenergytechnologiesoverthepastdecade.conscience:n.[C,U]thepartofyourmindthattellsyouwhetheryouractionsarerightorwrong良心；良知IhavebattledwithmyconscienceoverwhetherIshouldactuallysendthisletter.summon:vt.(~sth.up)tomakeanefforttoproduceaparticularqualityinyourself,esp.whenyoufinditdifficult鼓起；振作；使出Ittookthreeyearstosummonthecouragetostepoutsidemycomfortzone.A

世界遺產(chǎn)地位足以拯救瀕危遺址嗎？201612月，奧地利維也納市政府宣布了一個(gè)當(dāng)時(shí)聽起來(lái)很受歡迎的消息：一家公私合營(yíng)企業(yè)將在擁有百年歷史的維也納音樂廳外新建一個(gè)溜冰場(chǎng)。對(duì)于那些參觀過(guò)貝多芬、莫扎特和弗洛伊德的光輝誕生地的人來(lái)說(shuō)，以下兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)顯而易見。第一，維也納核心區(qū)是由巴洛克式宮殿、完美無(wú)暇的庭院和新哥特式市政廳組成的建筑夢(mèng)幻圣地。第二，奧地利人熱愛冬季運(yùn)1996年以來(lái)，每年年初都會(huì)在維也納市中心舉行一場(chǎng)儀式：建造季節(jié)性溜冰場(chǎng)，吸引數(shù)十萬(wàn)游客。換句話說(shuō)，溜冰就像香腸和交響樂一樣具有維也納特色。因此，建造一個(gè)永久性溜冰場(chǎng)的想法按理是不會(huì)引起爭(zhēng)議的。溜冰場(chǎng)建在高層建筑群內(nèi)，將最大限度地減少對(duì)行人的阻礙。然而，一個(gè)重要的利益相關(guān)方極力反對(duì)：聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)委員會(huì)，它認(rèn)為新建筑群將破壞維也納歷史中心“突出的普遍價(jià)值”。2001年以來(lái)被列為世界遺產(chǎn)，是聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織認(rèn)為值得保護(hù)的全球眾多獨(dú)特地標(biāo)之一。自宣布反對(duì)修建高層溜冰場(chǎng)以來(lái)，世界遺產(chǎn)委員會(huì)已將維也納列入“瀕危”名單。如果該市不能圓滿地解決委員會(huì)關(guān)注的問(wèn)題，它將面臨被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織永久“除名”的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。一座備受尊敬的城市及其深受喜愛的娛樂活動(dòng)間的爭(zhēng)議，給世界遺產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目帶來(lái)了意外的關(guān)注。其理事機(jī)構(gòu)——聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織——是戰(zhàn)后促進(jìn)文化理解與和平全球行動(dòng)的一部分。1972年，參與國(guó)批準(zhǔn)了聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織《世界遺產(chǎn)公約》，以保護(hù)具有重要?dú)v史意義的遺址免受軍事沖突、自然災(zāi)害、掠奪和經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力的影響。維也納歷史中心并非一成不變，保護(hù)這樣一個(gè)城區(qū)本身就是一個(gè)充滿爭(zhēng)議的命題。這也是聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織項(xiàng)目自成立以來(lái)一直在努力克服的幾個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)之一。其中最重要的是其核心章程：通過(guò)喚起人們對(duì)世界各地標(biāo)志性古跡、景觀和棲息地的關(guān)注，提高人們的文化意識(shí)。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，世界遺產(chǎn)名錄成功地把游客吸引到偏遠(yuǎn)的、往往經(jīng)濟(jì)落后的地方。然而，要防止游客成為洪水猛獸，它的成績(jī)喜憂參半。例如，位于越南中部海岸的會(huì)安村曾一度沉寂，如今村里狹窄的街道卻被大量游客擠得水泄不通。在聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織的施壓下，有些地方成功地自行控制了過(guò)度旅游，比如克羅地亞的杜布羅夫尼克古城對(duì)歷史中心的游客數(shù)量設(shè)置了上限。還有柬埔寨的吳哥窟遺址，一度只有祭司才能進(jìn)入。1992年，吳哥窟被列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄，此后就開始吸引大量游客。預(yù)計(jì)在未來(lái)幾十年內(nèi)，該遺址將迎來(lái)數(shù)量驚人的游客。聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織將其在吳哥的工作成果描述為：吸引數(shù)百萬(wàn)游客并維持大量當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裆畹拇笮瓦z址的管理典范。但它也承認(rèn)，大規(guī)模的旅游活動(dòng)威脅到該地區(qū)的地下水位，進(jìn)而危及遺址本身的穩(wěn)定性。讓世界遺產(chǎn)免受惡意行為者的破壞早已超出聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織的能力范圍。從敘利亞的阿勒頗到也門的薩那，蓄意將國(guó)家文化瑰寶作為攻擊目標(biāo)以示軍事挑釁的行為屢見不鮮。最近，聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織不得不面對(duì)新的敵人：氣候變化。2007年，該組織發(fā)布了一篇論文，科學(xué)家們?cè)谖闹芯荆煌氖澜邕z產(chǎn)正面臨日益嚴(yán)重的威脅，其中包括冰川、生物多樣性熱點(diǎn)地區(qū)和考古地標(biāo)，例如，秘魯昌昌城龐大的前西班牙時(shí)期土城正在遭受厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象帶來(lái)的強(qiáng)降水威脅。在這方面，聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織可支配的工具也很有限。例如，澳大利亞傳198120212022311在不太富裕的國(guó)家，聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織的影響力往往要大得多。以中美洲11在不太富裕的國(guó)家，聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織的影響力往往要大得多。以中美洲“富有遠(yuǎn)見的”努力。2018“富有遠(yuǎn)見的”努力。20182009也許最著名的瀕危世界遺產(chǎn)是意大利的威尼斯。這座潟湖城市正面臨著兩個(gè)嚴(yán)峻的問(wèn)題：令人震驚的過(guò)度旅游以及因氣候變化導(dǎo)致的日益加劇的洪2021顯，也不是決定性的，但仍然很重要。盡管世界遺產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目有缺陷，有時(shí)也缺乏影響力，但它仍然具有重要意義，就算僅僅是因?yàn)樗欧畹脑瓌t。這一原則既簡(jiǎn)單又麻煩：世界上的各種珍寶無(wú)法保護(hù)自己，因此需要保護(hù)。所以有必要指出，正如聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織所說(shuō)的那樣，溜冰場(chǎng)會(huì)危及維也納歷史中心。如果在這種時(shí)候，世界50AnalyticalreadingReadingandunderstanding1Overtourismcapthenumberof(its)visitorsMilitarybelligerence/ConflictsBeyonditscapabilitiesClimatechange“indanger”listtheWorldHeritageprogramremainsrelevantarousereaders’awarenessofprotectingWorldHeritagesitesExercisesonline2Matcheachofthefollowingstatementswiththeparagraphthatcontainsthecorrespondinginformation.TheHistoricCenterofwasdeclaredaUNESCOHeritageSitein2001.TheHeritagedesignationhasundeniablybeeneffectiveindrawingtouriststopoorerandmoreremoteareas.AlthoughskatingisabelovedViennesetradition,theproposalforapermanentrinkinahigh-risecomplexsparkedcontroversy.IntenserainfallcausedbyElNi?oposesthreatstothepre-HispaniccityinPeru.UNESCOthreatenedtoputtheGreatBarrierReefonthe“indanger”listduetoinsufficienteffortstoreducegreenhousegasemissions.Answerparagraph3paragraph6paragraph2paragraph9paragraph103Answerthefollowingquestions.WhatarethelimitationsandchallengesthatUNESCOfacesinensuringthepreservationofHeritagesites?Whatrolecouldlocalauthoritiesplayinbalancingthepreservationofhistoricsiteswithmodernconstruction?WhatmeasurescanUNESCOtaketomitigatetheimpactofclimatechangeonHeritagesites,especiallygiventhelimitedtoolsandleveragethattheorganizationhas?ReferenceanswerFirst,WorldHeritagedesignationhasundoubtedlybeensuccessfulinattractingvisitorstoisolated,ofteneconomicallydisadvantagedplaces,butmasstourismhasalsothreatenedtheenvironmentandlocallife.Second,ithasbeenbeyondUNESCO’scapacitytoprotectWorldHeritagesitesfromthreatssuchasmilitarybelligerence.Third,UNESCOfacesanewenemy–climatechange–forwhichithaslimitedtools.Localauthoritiesplayapivotalroleinmanagingthebalancebetweenpreservinghistoricsitesandallowingmodernconstructionbyimplementingseveralstrategies.Theseincludedraftingandenforcingpreservationlaws,adoptingzoningandlanduseplans,offeringincentivesforrestorationandcompatibledevelopment,andestablishingdesignreviewprocesses.Thiscomprehensiveapproachensuresthatnewconstructionisarchitecturallycompatiblewiththeexistinghistoriccharacter,respectingthepastwhilemeetingtheneedsofthepresentandfuture.UNESCOcanleverageitsinfluencetomitigateclimatechange’simpactonWorldHeritagesitesthroughvariousmeasures.Firstly,itcanraiseawarenessaboutthevulnerabilityofthesesites,seekingpublicandpoliticalbackingforconservation.Secondly,itcanoffertechnicalassistanceandtrainingtobuildcapacityandexpertiseinclimateadaptation.Thirdly,itcanintegrateclimatechangeintositemanagementplans,conductingvulnerabilityassessmentsandimplementingadaptivestrategies.Fourthly,itcanfosterpartnershipsforresourcepoolingandinnovation.Fifthly,itcanadvocateforclimatechangepoliciesthatsupportsiteprotection.Inaddition,UNESCOcanimprovemonitoringandreportingontheeffectsofclimatechange.Finally,cooperationwithinternationalbodiessuchastheUNFCCC(UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange)andIPCC(IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange)canimprovecoordinationandknowledgesharing.Despiteitslimitedtools,UNESCO’sgloballeadershipcanadvanceinternationaleffortstoprotectthesesites.ThinkingbeyondThereareseveralmeasuresthatcanbetakentoaddressthebalancebetweencommunitydevelopmentandheritageconservationinordertoachievesustainabledevelopment:Sustainabletourismmanagement:Controlvisitornumbers,limitaccesstosensitiveareas,andpromoteresponsibletourismpractices.Promotingappreciationandraisingawarenessofthreats:Educationfostersappreciationofculturalheritage,bothtangibleandintangible,andinformscommunitiesaboutriskssuchasurbandevelopment,naturaldisasters,climatechange,andpollution,andencouragesthemtoprotecttheirheritage.Economicincentivesforlocalcommunities:Encouragecommunity-basedtourisminitiatives,supportlocalbusinesses,provideemploymentopportunitiesthatutilizelocalskillsandexpertise,andreinvesttourismrevenuesinthepreservationandmaintenanceofheritagesites.Fundingandrestorationplans:Provideadequatefundingformaintenanceandapplystrictguidelinesandregulationstominimizenegativeimpacts.Collaborationandinternationalcooperation:Sharebestpractices,exchangeknowledge,andcollaborateonchallengesamongstakeholders,governmentagencies,andinternationalorganizations.Overall,balancingcommunitydevelopmentandheritageconservationrequiresacomprehensiveapproachthataddressesenvironmental,social,andeconomicfactors.Languagefocus(online)Wordsandphrases1Replacetheunderlinedwordsinthesentenceswiththebestwordsfromthefourchoices.Theluminousbeautyofendangeredsitesservesasapowerfulreminderoftheurgentneedfortheirprotectionandpreservation.AAdull Bflaming Cbrilliant DdimEffectivemanagementisneededtoensurethattourismactivitiesdonotbecomeanobstructiontotheconservationofHeritagesites.AAaccess Bimpediment Coption DaccessoryTheUNESCOurgedallmemberstoratifytheagreementtoprotectandpreserveHeritagesites.AAconfirm Bparticipate Cclarify DprohibitThePyramidsofGizainEgypthavelongbeenrecognizedasasymbolofhumaningenuityandhaveearnedthedesignationasoneofthemosticonicHeritagesites.AAgame Bvacancy Clabel Dstatusthedevelopmentoftechnology,onlineplatformsandvirtualtourshavemadeChina’shistoricalheritagemoreaccessibletopeoplearoundtheworld.AAobscure Breachable Cfeasible DintangibleAnswerCBADBStructure2 TranslatetheChinesesentencesintoEnglishbyusingif-clauses.Model:In