初高中英語(yǔ)銜接重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法快速入門(mén)之句子成分和結(jié)構(gòu)解析

句子成分及句子結(jié)構(gòu)這兩句話(huà)的翻譯正確嗎？Howareyou？怎么是你?Howoldareyou?怎么老是你?不可以完全按照中文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)哦！我們需要了解中英文表達(dá)習(xí)慣的差異。Howareyou？你好嗎?Howoldareyou?你幾歲啦?什么是句子呢？我，是句子嗎？你，是句子嗎？我愛(ài)你，是句子嗎？請(qǐng)思考：我，是句子嗎？你，是句子嗎？我愛(ài)你，是句子嗎？句子是指由詞和詞組通過(guò)句法構(gòu)成的、能夠表達(dá)完整意思的語(yǔ)言單位。那么，句子成分又是什么呢？Iloveyou.主語(yǔ)：I謂語(yǔ)：love賓語(yǔ)：you句子成分包括主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)，同位語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)。概念須知：I

met

mybest

friendTomatthestationyesterday.我昨天在這個(gè)車(chē)站遇到了我最好的朋友Tom.組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫句子成分。

I

met

mybest

friend

Tom

atthestation

yesterday.↓主語(yǔ)↓謂語(yǔ)↓定語(yǔ)↓賓語(yǔ)↓同位語(yǔ)↓地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)↓時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)句子成分的構(gòu)成句子的主干成分：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)句子的次要成分：定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)(subject)1.主語(yǔ)是句子陳述的對(duì)象。2.一般在句首。3.一般由名詞，代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)。1.WestudyinNo.7MiddleSchool.2.Theclassroomisveryclean.3.ToteachthemEnglishismyjob.4.Surfing,divingandswimmingareallwatersports.5.Fourplusfouriseight.6.Whathehassaidistrue.7.Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.代詞名詞不定式動(dòng)名詞數(shù)詞主語(yǔ)從句（the+adj表示一類(lèi)人）謂語(yǔ)(verb)1.表示主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作行為。2.必須由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。3.一般在主語(yǔ)后面。(1)簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：

是由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的。Westudyhard.Heoftenlistenstomusic.實(shí)義動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞（V.）(2)復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。HecanspeakEnglish.Wehavefinishedthetask.Ididseeheryesterday.賓語(yǔ)

(object)1.表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象（動(dòng)賓）；介詞涉及的對(duì)象（介賓）2.用在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞后面。Sheisplayingthepiano.Heoftenhelpsme.Weenjoy

livinginthecountryside.Heisinterestedinpainting.3.賓語(yǔ)種類(lèi)：（1）雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)），例如：Pleasepassme

thebook.（2）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)），例如：Theyelectedhim

theirmonitor.Theysawanexhibition（展覽）yesterday.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.Hepretendednottoseeme.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.名詞代詞數(shù)詞（the+adj表示一類(lèi)人）不定式動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)從句找出下列句子的賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(objectcomplement)在賓語(yǔ)后面,對(duì)賓語(yǔ)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。Imademyroombeautiful.Icanseeherdancingthere.Hehadhiscarwashed.Sheaskedmetolendhermybike.Pleasemakeyourselfathome.Wekeepthedogout.WecallherMadam.形容詞現(xiàn)在分詞過(guò)去分詞不定式介詞短語(yǔ)副詞名詞狀語(yǔ)(adverbial)1.修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞,副詞或整個(gè)句子。2.表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，目的，方式，程度，結(jié)果，條件，讓步，伴隨等。Lighttravelsveryquickly.Waitaminute.I'vedoneithundredsoftimes.Igothome,tiredandthirsty.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.副詞名詞數(shù)詞形容詞介詞短語(yǔ)找出下列句子的狀語(yǔ)。表語(yǔ)(predicative)1.說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、類(lèi)屬、狀態(tài)或特征。2.位于系動(dòng)詞后面（最常見(jiàn)的系動(dòng)詞是be）。1.Heisyoung.2.Iamateacher.3.Everybodyishere.4.MyjobistoteachthemEnglish.5.Nowtheyareathome.6.ThebookiswhatIneed.8.Hishobbyisswimming.形容詞名詞副詞不定式短語(yǔ)介詞短語(yǔ)從句動(dòng)名詞定語(yǔ)(attributive)“……的”用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞,類(lèi)似于形容詞的修飾作用。1.Heisacleverboy.2.Hisfatherworksinashoefactory.3.Thereare54studentsinourclass.4.DoyouknowBetty’ssister?5.HisspokenEnglishisgood.6.Thegirlinredishissister.7.Iwanttohavesomethingtodrink.8.Thegirlstandingunderthetreeishisdaughter.9.Doyouknowthemanwho'sstandingthere?（形容詞）(物主代詞)(數(shù)詞)(名詞所有格)(過(guò)去分詞)(介詞短語(yǔ))(現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ))(從句)(不定式)(名詞)同位語(yǔ)（apposition）1.對(duì)前面的名詞或代詞做進(jìn)一步解釋,說(shuō)明它們的性質(zhì)和情況。2.在句中和前面的名詞指同一人、同一物，同做一種句子成分。1.Tom,ourmonitor,isahandsomeboy.2.Imyselfwilldotheexperiment.3.Sheistheoldestamongthemsix.4.Thenewsthatheisillworriesus.名詞反身代詞數(shù)詞從句插入語(yǔ)（parenthesis）插入語(yǔ)指的是對(duì)一句話(huà)所做的附加解釋。其作用是，補(bǔ)足句意，包括說(shuō)話(huà)者的態(tài)度，或引起聽(tīng)話(huà)者的注意。以下句子帶有常見(jiàn)的插入語(yǔ)：1.Thatwillbeagoodbeginning,Ihope.2.We'llhavetotakeanumbrella,

I'mafraid.3.Ihavenomoney,yousee.4.Heisabadguy,youknow.5.Mr.Smith,Ithink,isatleast50yearsold.6.This,Isuppose,willgiveyousomeideaofthesituationinChina.Ex.分析下列句子成分1.Everyonelaughedhappily.2.Mybrother,Jim,waselectedmonitor.3.Thereisariveratthefootofthehill.4.Heboughthissonsomebooks.5.TheyounggirlwithlongblackhairisKate.6.Ismellthecake.7.Thecakesmellsgood.8.IsawmyfriendTomstandingatthebusstop.八種基本句型基本句型簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)SV主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)SVO主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)SVP主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)SVOO主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)SVOC主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+狀語(yǔ)SVA主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+狀語(yǔ)SVOA存現(xiàn)句Therebe基本句型（1）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)s+v謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞特點(diǎn)：不及物動(dòng)詞（本身意思完整，后面不需要賓語(yǔ)）Thesunrises.（rise-rose-risen

是vi，不能帶賓語(yǔ).）基本句型（2）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)（S.+V.+O.

）該句型的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是vt或vt的動(dòng)詞詞組.

Hehasreadthisbookbefore.基本句型（3）主+系+表表語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、性質(zhì)、特征和狀態(tài)，通常在系動(dòng)詞后。1.Myuncleisaprofessor.2.Helookedtired.1.Theoldmanisfeelingverytired.A.theoldmanB.isC.feelingD.tired2.Hisjobwastopaintthewall.A.hisjobB.wasC.topaintthewallD.paint請(qǐng)選出下列句子中的表語(yǔ)基本句型（4）主+謂語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)常跟雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：bring,give,lend,hand,offer,show,teach,make,tell,write,ask,buy

He

asked

me

aquestion.人間物直[溫馨提示]常跟雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞:①需借助于to的動(dòng)詞:bring,

give,

lend,

hand,

offer,

pass,

promise,

return,

send,

show,

teach,

tell,

write等;②需借助于for的動(dòng)詞:buy,

call,

cook,

choose,

draw,

find,

get,

make,

order,

save,

spare等。及物動(dòng)詞帶雙賓語(yǔ)通常有以下兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：

1.及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)2.及物動(dòng)詞+直接賓語(yǔ)+to/for+間接賓語(yǔ)請(qǐng)劃出句子中的直接賓語(yǔ),間接賓語(yǔ)。1.Pleasetellusastory.2.Mybrotherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.3.Mr.LiisgoingtoteachusMathsnextterm.4.Hereisapen,giveittoTom.5.Didheleaveanythingforme?基本句型（5）主+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的?？梢杂米鲑e補(bǔ)的有：名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞不定式，分詞等。如：1.Thesunkeepsuswarm.2.Iheardhimsinging.3.Youmustgetyourhaircut.

三室:see,lookat,watch,兩廳:hear,listento一感覺(jué):feel注意：notice,observe讓make:let,make,haveleave/want/get/find/keep[溫馨提示]常跟賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞:基本句型（6）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+狀語(yǔ)Hetalkedtoomuch.基本句型（7）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+狀語(yǔ)Ihadmyfirstmathsclassatseniorhighschool.基本句型（8）

存現(xiàn)句Thereisalottoexploreatseniorhigh.therebe結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn):there

be…意思是“有”,表示“某地有某物”。there

be…屬倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),后面的名詞是句子的主語(yǔ)。There

be

中的be

有時(shí)可以是lie,

stand,

used

to

be,

seem

to

be,

appear

to

be

等。There

are

two

people

waiting

outside.

主語(yǔ)主謂賓、定狀補(bǔ)，主干枝葉分清楚。主干成分主謂賓，枝葉成分定狀補(bǔ)。定語(yǔ)必居主賓前，謂前為狀謂后補(bǔ)。狀語(yǔ)有時(shí)位主前，逗號(hào)分開(kāi)心有數(shù)。句子成分劃分口訣一、寫(xiě)出五種句子結(jié)構(gòu)的英語(yǔ)符號(hào)：1:_____+______(主+謂)2:_____+_____+______(主+系+表)3:______+_______+________(主+謂+賓)4:________+________+________+________（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）5：________+__________+_______+__________（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）SVSVPSVOSVOOSVOC1)Puttheunderlinedsentencesintothetable.WepracticeAlberEinsteinsaid,“Ifyouwanttoliveahappylife,tieittoagoal.”Iagree.Goalsareimportantinmanyways.Settinggoalsgivesyouafocusinlife.Bysettinggoalsnow,youaredecidingwhatyouwanttoachieveinthefuture.Thenyouknowwhereyouaregoinginlifeandcanworkhardtogetthere.Settinggoalsalsohelpsyoudevelopgoodhabits.Torealizeyourgoals,youneedtohaveagoodplan,manageyourtimewellandpayattentiontodetails.Thesehabitswillbehelpful.Finally,settinggoalsmakesyoumoreconfident.Whenyouachieveagoal,youseetheresultofyourhardworkandknowhowmuchprogressyouhavemade.Agoalisadreamthatneedsaction.Asaresultofyouraction,yourdreamwillcometrueandhopefullyyouwillliveahappylife.SubjectVerbIagree.SubjectVerbPredictiveSubjectVerbObjectSubjectVerbIndirectobjectDirectobjectSubjectVerbObjectObjectcomplement

Thesehabitswillbehelpful.Youwillliveahappylife.Settinggoalsgivesyouafocusinlife.Settinggoalsmakesyoumoreconfident.Matchthesentencesbelowwiththecorrectstructures.a.SV b.SVPc.SVO d.SVOOe.SVOC f.SVAg.SVOA

1.Weathermattersagreatdeal.()2.Schoolmealsarefreshandhealthy.()3.Ourschooloffersstudentsabalanceddiet.()4.Abalanceddietkeepsthebodyhealthy.()5.Studentshavefreshfruitandvegetables.()fbdecPractice

6.AmylikeswatchingEnglishfilmsverymuch.()7.Englishlearningisinteresting,meaningfulandpractical.()8.FocusingonusingEnglishmakesEnglishlearningmoreeffective.()9.Thespeechbegan.()10.SheacquiresagoodknowledgeofEnglish.()gbeacMatchthesentencesbelowwiththecorrectstructures.a.SV b.SVPc.SVO d.SVOOe.SVOC f.SVAg.SVOAPractice【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練】Ⅰ

指出畫(huà)線(xiàn)部分所作的句子成分1.The

aged

are

well

taken

care

of

in

the

village.________主語(yǔ)2.He

managed

to

finish

the

work

in

time.________賓語(yǔ)3.His

wish

is

to

become

a

scientist.________表語(yǔ)4.Great

changes

have

taken

place

in

China

since

1980.謂語(yǔ)5.He

noticed

a

man

enter

the

room._______________賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)6.Would

you

tell

me

youradvice?_____________________________________________me作間接賓語(yǔ),your

advice作直接賓語(yǔ)7.I

opened

the

window

to

let

some

fresh

air

in.________狀語(yǔ)8.I'll

never

forget

the

day

when

I

worked

together

withyou.

________定語(yǔ)Ⅱ

選出下列句子屬于哪種句子結(jié)構(gòu)①SV

②SVO

③SVP

④SVOO

⑤SVOC

⑥SVA

⑦SVOA

⑧There

be…1.Time

flies.______①2.He

enjoys

reading.______②3.The

sun

keeps

us

warm.______⑤4.The

dinner

smells

good.______③5.The

red

sun

rises

in

the

east.______⑥6.There

are

45

students

in

our

class.______⑧7.This

is

an

English-Chinese

dictionary.______③8.I

want

to

have

a

cup

of

tea

very

much.______⑦9.Would

you

please

pass

me

the

dictionary?______④10.She

cooked

her

husband

a

delicious

meal.______④①SV

②SVO

③SVP

④SVOO

⑤SVOC

⑥SVA

⑦SVOA

⑧There

be…將下列五種基本句型構(gòu)成的句子譯為漢語(yǔ)。1.Iaskedhertoopenthewind