2020考研英語一真題二

2020考研英語一真題完整版

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblank

andmark[A],[B],[C],or[D]ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Eveniffamiliesdon'tsitdowntoeattogetherasfrequentlyasbefore,mil-

lionsofBritonswillnonethelesshavegotasharethisweekendofoneofthat

nation5sgreattraditions:theSundayroast.1acoldwinter'sday,fewculinary

pleasurescan2it.Yetaswereportnow.Thefoodpolicearedeterminedour

health.Thatthis3shouldberenderedyetanotherqualitypleasure4todamage

ourhealth.

TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has5apublicwormingaboutthe

risksofacompoundcalledacrylamidethatformsinsomefoodscooked6high

temperatures.Thismeansthatpeopleshould7crispingtheirroastpotatoes,re-

jectthin-crustpizzasandonly8toasttheirbread.Butwhereistheevidenceto

supportsuchalarmistadvice?9studieshaveshownthatacrylamidecancause

neurologicaldamageinmice,thereisno10evidencethatitcausescancerin

humans.

Scientistssaythecompoundis11tocausecancerbuthavenohardscien-

tificproof12theprecautionaryprincipleitcouldbearguedthatitis13tofol-

lowtheFSAadvice.14,itwasrumouredthatsmokingcausedcancerforyears

beforetheevidencewasfoundtoprovea15.

Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe16uponSundayalongside

somesteamedvegetables,withouttheYorkshirepuddingandnowine.But

wouldlifebeworthliving?17,theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutout

roastfoods18,butreducetheirlifetimeintake.Howeverits19riskscominga

crossasbeingpushyandoverprotective.Constanthealthscaresjust20withone

listening.

1.[A]In[B]Towards[C]On[D]Till

2.[A|match[B]express[C]satisfy[D]influence

3.[A]patience[B]enjoyment[CJsurprise[D]concern

4.[A]intensified[B]privileged[CJcompelled[D]guaranteed

5.[A]issued[B]received[C]compelled[D]guaranteed

6.[A]under[B]at[C]for[D]by

7.[A]forget[B]regret[C]finish[D]avoid

8.[A]partially[B]regularly[C]easily[D]initially

9.[A]Unless[B]Since[C]If[D]While

10.[A]secondary[B]external[C]conclusive[D]negative

11.[A]insufficient[B]bound[C]likely[D]slow

12.[A]Onthebasisof[B]Atthecostof[C]Inadditionto[D]Incontrastto

13.[A]interesting[B]advisable[C]urgent[D]fortunate

14.[A]Asusual[B]Inparticular[C]Bydefinition[D]Afterall

15.[A]resemblance[B]combination[C]connection[D|pattern

16.[A]made[B]served[C]saved[D]used

17.[A]Tobefair[B]Forinstance[C]Tobebrief[D]Ingeneral

18.[A]reluctantly[B]entirely[CJgradually[D]carefully

19.[A]promise[B]experience[C]campaign[D]competition

20.[A]followup[B]pickup[C]openup[D]endup.

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartADirections:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby

choosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.

(40points)

Text1

AgroupoflabourMPs,amongthemYvetteCooper,arebringinginthe

newyearwithacalltoinstituteaUK“townofculture“award.Theproposalis

thatitshouldsitalongsidetheexistingcityofculturetitle,whichwasheldby

Hullin2017andhasbeenawardedtoCoventryforzozl.Cooperandhercol-

leaguesarguethatthesuccessofthecrownforHull,whereitbroughtin￡220m

ofinvestmentandanavalancheofarts,outnottobeconfinedtocities.Britain'

town,itistruearenotpreventedfromapplying,buttheygenerallylackthere-

sourcestoputtogetherabittobeattheirbiggercompetitions.Atownofculture

awardcould,itisargued,becomeanannualevent,attractingfundingandcreat-

ingjobs.

SomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthatBritainisno

longerbeabletoapplyforthemuchmoreprestigioustitleofEuropeancapital

ofculture,asough-afterawardbaggedbyGlasgowin1990andLiverpoolin

2008.AcynicmightspeculatethattheUKisonthe

vergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinitsdes-

perationtoreinventitselfforthepost-Brexitworld:aftertownofculture,who

knowsthatwillfollow—villageofculture?Suburbofculture?Hamletofcul-

ture?

Itisalsowiselorecallthatsuchtitlesarenotacure-all.Abadlyrun”year

ofculture^^washesinandoutofaplacelikethetide,bringingprominencefora

spellbutleavingnolastingbenefitstothecommunity.Thereallysuccessful

holdersofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhotelbedrooms

andbringinhigh-profileartseventsandgoodpressforayear.Theytransform

theaspirationsofthepeoplewholivethere;theynudgetheself-imageofthe

cityintoabolderandmoreoptimisticlight.Itishardtogetright,andrequiresa

remarkabledegreeofvision,aswellascooperationbetweencityauthorities,the

privatesector,community,groupsandculturalorganisations.Butitcanbedone:

Glasgow'syearasEuropeancapitalofculturecancertainlybeseenasoneof

complexseriesoffactorsthathaveturnedthecityintothepowerofart,music

andtheatrethatitremainstoday.

A“townofculture“couldbenotjustabouttheartsbutabouthonouringa

town'speculiarities

一helpingsustainitshighstreet,supportinglocalfacilitiesandaboveall

celebratingitspeopleandturnitintoaction.

21.Cooperandhercolleaguesarguethata“townofculture"awardcould

[A]consolidatethetown-citytiesinBritain.

[B]promotecooperationamongBritain'stowns.

[C]increasetheeconomicstrengthofBritain'stowns.

[D]focusBritain'slimitedresourcesonculturalevents.

22.AccordingtoParagraph2,theproposalmightberegardedbysomeas

[AJasensiblecompromise.

[B]aself-deceivingattempt.

[C]aneye-catchingbonus.

[D]aninaccessibletarget.

23.Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonlyifit

[A]endeavourstomaintainitsimage.

[B]meetstheaspirationsofitspeople.

[C]bringsitslocalartstoprominence.

[D]commitstoitslong-termgrowth.

24.GlasgowismentionedinParagraph3topresent

[A]acontrastingcase.(B]asupportingexample.

[C]abackgroundstory.

[D]arelatedtopic.

25.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheproposal?

[A]Skeptical.

[B]Objective.

[CJFavourable.

ID]Critical.

Text2

Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientists

needjournalsinwhichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticles

withoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeer

reviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatus

andtheproductionofscientificknowledge.

Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfinda

marketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotveryprice

sensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%

ontheiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinan

existentialcrisis.

TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientific

papersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethan￡900mlastyear,while

UKuniversitiesalonespentmorethan￡210min2016toenableresearchersto

accesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppa-

blydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.

Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergence

ofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2012,

whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince

2015.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopies

theyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegit-

imacyamongisusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallpartici-

pants.

InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenby

fundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.Morethanhalfofall

Britishscientificresearchisnow

publishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreelyavailablefromthemo-

mentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscan

makeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneralrelease.

Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.

Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreeto

readersbychargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.

Theserangefromaround￡500to$5,000.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthe

costsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese“articlepreparationcosts"hadbeen

steadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.Insomewaysthescientificpublishing

modelresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet:labourisprovidedfreein

exchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirms

whorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.

26.Scientificpublishingisseenas“alicencetoprintmoney^^partlybe-

cause

[A]itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincrease.

[B]itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful.

[C]itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced.

[D]itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing.

27.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersElsevierhave

[AJthrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries.

[B]gonethroughanexistentialcrisis.

[C]revivedthepublishingindustry.

[D]financedresearchersgenerously.

28.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?

[A]Relieved.

[B]Puzzled.

[C]Concerned.

[D]Encouraged.

29.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccessterms.

[A]allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney.

[B]renderpublishingmucheasierforscientists.

[C]reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially

[D]freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens.

30.Whichofthefollowingcharacteristicsthescientificpublishingmodel?

[A]Trialsubscriptionisoffered.

[B]Labourtriumphsoverstatus.

[C]Costsarewellcontrolled.[D]Thefewfeedonthemany.

Text3

Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityanda

waytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincere

formofvirtue-signalingthatbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittleto

helpaveragepeople.

ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisand

HouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure“genderparity^^on

boardsandcommissions,provideacasein

point.

HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate-government

boardsarelessthan40percentfemale.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhave

moresuchopportunities,theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.If

thebillsbecomelaw,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredtosetaside

50percentofboardseatsforwomenby2022.

ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifornia,whichlast

yearbecamethefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.In

signingthemeasure,CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,

whichexpresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobablyunconstitu-

tional.

TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyare

designedtoaddressan“important“policyinterest,BecausetheCalifornialaw

appliestoallboards,evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,

courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeof

“equalprotection^^.

Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Femaleparticipation

oncorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthepercentageofwomeninthe

generalpopulation,butsowhat?

Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasing

withoutgovernmentinterference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,between

2010and2015theshareofwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsin-

creasedby54percent.

Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimaryqualificationforboard

membershipwillinevitablyleadtolessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.That

isexactlywhathappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategender

quota.

WritinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumber

ofopportunitiesforboardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualified

womentoserveonsuchboardshasledtoa“goldenskirt“phenomenon,where

thesameelitewomenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.

Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegender

equity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmake

theirsponsorsfeelgoodbutdolittletohelpaveragewomen.

31.TheauthorbelieveshatthebillssponsoredbyLewisandHaddadwill

[A]helplitetoreducegenderbias.

[B]poseathreattothestategovernment.

[C]raisewomen'spositioninpolitics.

[D]greatlybroadencareeroptions.

32.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliforniameasure?

[AJIthasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.

[B]ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt.[C]ItmaygoagainsttheConsti-

tution.

[D]Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.

33.TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalysttoillustrate

[A]theharmfromarbitraryboarddecision.

[B]theimportanceofconstitutionalguarantees.

[C]thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporations.

[D]theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions.

34.Norway?sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquotahasledto

[A]theunderestimationofelitewomen'srole.

[B]theobjectiontofemaleparticipationonbards.

[C]theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboard.

[D]thegrowingtensionbetweenLaborandmanagement.

35.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?

IAIWomen'sneedinemploymentshouldbeconsidered

[B]Feasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.

[C]Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.

[D]Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.

Text4

LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,which

wouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigital

servicestoconsumersorusersinFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverything

fromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlinetotargetingad-

vertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchser-

vices.ManyFrenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisas

a“GAFAtax,"meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuch

asGoogle,Apple,FacebookandAmazon-inotherwords,multinationaltech

companiesbasedintheUnitedStates.

ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuel

Macron,whohasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffect

withinthenextfewweeks.Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,

withtheUniteStatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationintowhether

thetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,whichinturncouldleadto

tradesanctionsagainstFrance.

TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrev-

enue.Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withcoun-

triesoverthepastfewyearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupof

newinternationaltaxprovisions.ThesehaveincludedBritain'sDPT(diverted

profitstax),Australia'sMAAL(multinationalantiavoidancelaw),andIndia's

SEP(significanteconomicpresence)test,to.namebutafew.Atthesametime,

theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveallserious-

lycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.

Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyareallde-

signedtotaxmultinationalsonincomeandrevenuethatcountriesbelievethey

shouldhavearighttotax,evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthat

right.Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhas

failedtokeepupwiththecurrenteconomy.

Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforEco-

nomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131

countriestoreachaconsensusbytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.

BothFranceandtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganization'swork,but

France'sdigitalservicestaxandtheAmericanresponseraisequestionsabout

whatthefutureholdsfortheinternationaltaxsystem.

France'splannedtaxisaclearwaning:Unlessabroadconsensuscanbe

reachedonreformingtheinternationaltaxsystem,othernationsarelikelyto

followsuit,andAmericancompanieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfrom

dozensofnationsthatwillprove

burdensomeandcostly.

36.TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabillto

[A]regulatedigitalservicesplatforms.

[B]protectFrenchcompanies'interests.

[C]imposealevyontechmultinationals.

[D]curbtheinfluenceofadvertising.

37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigitalservicestax

[A]maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFrance.

[B]isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroad.

[C]aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensions.

[D|willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFrance.

38.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuressharetheopinionthat

[A]redistributionoftechgiants'revenuemustbeensured.

[B]thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgrading

[C]techmultinationals'monopolyshouldbeprevented.

[D]allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxingrights.

39.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph5thattheOECO'scurrentwork

[A]isbeingresistedbyUScompanies.

[B]needstobereadjustedimmediately.

[C]isfacedwithuncertainprospects.

[D]needstoinvolvemorecountries.

40.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthistext?

[A]FranceIsConfrontedwithTradeSanctions

[B]FranceleadsthechargeonDigitalTax[C]FranceSays"NO"toTech

Multinationals

[D]FranceDemandsaRoleintheDigitalEconomy

PartBDirections:

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemost

suitablesubheadingfromtheA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraph(41-45).

Therearetwoextrasubheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.

(10points)

[A]Eyefixationsarebrief

[B]Toomucheyecontactisinstinctivelyfelttorude

[C]Eyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignal

[D]Personalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeyecontact

[E]Biologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeinginvestigated

[F]Mostpeoplearenotcomfortableholdingeyecontactwithstrangers

[G]Eyecontactcanalsobeaggressive.

Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncanshowthatyouare

payingattentioninafriendlyway.Butitcanalsobeantagonisticsuchaswhen

apoliticalcandidateturnstowardtheircompetitorduringadebateandmakes

eyecontactthatsignalshostility.Here'swhathard

sciencerevealsabouteyecontact:

41.

Weknowthatatypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeintoitsmother'seyes,

andshewilllookback.Thismutualgazeisamajorpartoftheattachmentbe-

tweenmotherandchild.Inadulthood,lookingsomeoneelseinapleasantway

canbeacomplimentarysignofpayingattention.Itcancatchsomeone'satten-

tioninacrowdedroom,“Eyecontactandsmile^^cansignalavailabilityand

confidence,acommon-sensenotionsupportedinstudiesbypsychologistMon-

icaMoore.

42.

NeuroscientistBonnieAugeungfoundthatthehormoneoxytocinincreased

theamountofeyecontactfrommentowardtheinterviewerduringabriefinter-

viewwhenthedirectionoftheirgazewasrecorded.Thiswasalsofoundin

high-functioningmenwithsomeautisticspectrumsymptoms,whomaytendto

avoideyecontact.Specificbrainregionsthatrespondduringdirectgazearebe-

ingexploredbyotherresearches,usingadvancedmethodsofbrainscanning.

43.

Withtheuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsonoftheHarvard

KennedySchoolofGovernmentconcludedthateyecontactcansignalverydif-

ferentkindsofmessages,dependingonthesituation.Whileeyecontactmaybe

asignofconnectionortrustinfriendlysituations,it'smorelikelytobeassoci-

atedwithdominanceorintimidationinadversarialsituations.''Whetheryou'rea

politicianoraparent,itmightbehelpfultokeepinmindthattryingtomaintain

eyecontactmaybackfireifyou'retryingtoconvincesomeonewhohasadiffer-

entsetofbeliefsthanyou,^^saidMinson.

44.

Whenwelookatafaceorapicture,oureyespauseononespotatatime,

oftenontheeyesormouth.Thesepausestypicallyoccurataboutthreeperse-

cond,andtheeyesthenjumptoanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsin

theimageareregisteredlikeaseriesofsnapshots.Howthewholeimageisthen

assembledandperceivedisstillamysteryalthoughitisthesubjectofcurrent

research.

45.

Inpeoplewhoscorehighinatestofneuroticism,apersonalitydimension

associatedwithself-consciousnessandanxiety,eyecontacttriggeredmoreac-

tivityassociatedwithavoidance,accordingtotheFinnishresearcherJari

Hietanenandcolleagues."Ourfindingsindicatethatpeopledonotonlyfeeldif-

ferentwhentheyarethecentreofattentionbutthattheirbrainreactionsalso

differ.^^Amoredirectfindingisthatpeoplewhoscoredhighfornegativeemo-

tionslikeanxietylookedatothersforshorterperiodsoftimeandreportedmore

comfortablefeelingswhenothersdidnotlookdirectlyatthem.

PartCDirections:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedseg-

mentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWER

SHEET.(10points)

FollowingtheexplosionofcreativityinFlorenceduringthe14thcentury

knownastheRenaissance,themodernworldsawadeparturefromwhatithad

onceknown.ItturnedfromGod

andtheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandinsteadfavoureda

morehumanisticapproachtobeing.Renaissanceideashadspreadthroughout

Europewellintothe17thcentury,withtheartsandsciencesflourishingex-

traordinarilyamongthosewithamorelogicaldisposition.(46)Withthe

Church'steachingsandwaysofthinkingeclipsedbytheRenaissance,thegap

betweentheMedievalandmodemperiodshadbeenbridgedleadingtonewand

unexploredintellectualterritories.

DuringtheRenaissance,thegreatmindsofNicolausCopernicus,Johannes