高考英語一輪總復(fù)習(xí)練案21必修5Unit1Greatscientists練習(xí)含解析新人教版

一輪復(fù)習(xí)精品資料(高中)PAGEPAGE1必修五Unit1GreatscientistsⅠ.完形填空(2020·昆明市摸底調(diào)測)Youmayalwayshearaboutpeoplewhoknewexactlywhattheywantedtodowiththeirlifefromthetimetheywereinkindergarten.Ididn'tconsideredlotsofcareer1.CwhenIgraduatedfromhighschool.Likemoststudentswhoearnedgoodgradesinmathandscienceclasses,Ifoundpeople2.Dmetobeanengineer.ButallofthatchangedwhenIwenttomy3.A.IwillneverforgetthefeelingofwalkingintomyveryfirstBiology4.B.Inervouslyfoundaseatandwaitedforthetypeof5.DyouseeinTVshows,oldandstrict.WhatIgotwasexactly6.A.Dr.Espinozawasacaringand7.Cteacher,andtwotermsofherclassesmademefallinlovewithBiology.Herexcitingclassesmademe8.AthatIhadotherchoicesbesidesbeinga(n)9.D.ItmeantIwasheadedforacareerinbiologicalresearch.10.BDr.Espinozaandmanyotherprofessorslikeher,Ifoundthatscientistsaren'tjustwhatwe11.ContheNationalGeographicChannel.Theyarerealpeoplewhoanswerrealquestionsand12.Arealproblems.Thisledmetoseekout13.BtodorealscienceprojectsandseeifI14.Ait.WhileIwasatuniversity,Ilearnedhowtoaskgoodquestions,howto15.Cexperimentsandcollectdata,andhowtosharewhatIlearnedwithpeople.Asit16.D，Ilovedeveryminuteofit.Fallinginlovewith17.Bwasalongprocessforme,butitledmetoajobIlove.Likethescienceitself,myjourneytowardbeingascientistwas18.D，buthelpedalongbymanyteachersandprofessorswho19.Bmetheway.Now,Itrymybesttolearnnewthingsand20.Cnewknowledge.文章大意：本文講述了“我”上大學(xué)后，老師和教授們對“我”的專業(yè)和擇業(yè)產(chǎn)生的深遠(yuǎn)影響。1．A.development B．difficultyC．choices D．requirements〖解析〗根據(jù)8空后的“thatIhadotherchoices...inbiologicalresearch”可知，高中畢業(yè)時，“我”沒考慮過眾多的職業(yè)選擇(choices)。development“發(fā)展”；difficulty“困難”；requirement“所需的東西”。2．A.appointing B．forcingC．a(chǎn)llowing D．encouraging〖解析〗像大多數(shù)數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)課程出眾的學(xué)生一樣，人們鼓勵(encouraging)“我”以后成為一名工程師。appoint“任命；安排”；force“迫使”；allow“允許；準(zhǔn)許”。3．A.university B．officeC．room D．lab〖解析〗根據(jù)下文中的“WhileIwasatuniversity,Ilearned...whatIlearnedwithpeople.”可知，上大學(xué)(university)后，一切都發(fā)生了改變。4．A.league B．lectureC．test D．teamwork〖解析〗根據(jù)下文中的“andtwotermsofherclassesmademefallinlovewithBiology”可知此處填入的詞在范疇上應(yīng)與classes一致，故lecture“講座”符合語境。5．A.agent B．volunteerC．host D．professor〖解析〗根據(jù)語境可知，此處指坐等教授(professor)的到來。agent“代理人；經(jīng)紀(jì)人”；volunteer“志愿者”；host“主人；節(jié)目主持人”。6．A.opposite B．traditionalC．typical D．similar〖解析〗根據(jù)上文可知，坐等教授時，“我”以為即將來上課的老師就如同電視節(jié)目中看到的那樣古板、嚴(yán)肅，但后來“我”發(fā)現(xiàn)她是一位體貼且富有熱情的(enthusiastic)老師。故先前想象的與實際見到的完全相反(opposite)。traditional“傳統(tǒng)的”；typical“典型的”；similar“相似的”。7．A.average B．casualC．enthusiastic D．severe〖解析〗參見上題〖解析〗。average“平均的；正常的；一般的”；casual“漫不經(jīng)心的；隨便的”；severe“極為惡劣的；嚴(yán)厲的”。8．A.realize B．regretC．refuse D．recall〖解析〗她令人振奮的課使“我”意識到(realize)除了成為一名工程師(engineer)，“我”還可以從事生物學(xué)研究。9．A.lawyer B．educatorC．scholar D．engineer〖解析〗參見上題〖解析〗。第一段中的“engineer”是暗示。10．A.Asto B．DuetoC．Onbehalfof D．Inspiteof〖解析〗由于(Dueto)Dr.Espinoza和許多其他像她一樣的教授的影響，“我”發(fā)現(xiàn)科學(xué)家并非像我們在國家地理頻道上了解到(learnabout)的那樣。asto“關(guān)于；至于”；onbehalfof“代表”；inspiteof“盡管”。11．A.takecareof B．makefunofC．learnabout D．searchfor〖解析〗參見上題〖解析〗。12．A.solve B．bringC．raise D．ignore〖解析〗他們是回答真實問題并解決(solve)實際問題的有血有肉的人。13．A.concepts B．opportunitiesC．faith D．a(chǎn)mbition〖解析〗這引領(lǐng)著“我”去尋找做真正的科學(xué)研究項目的機(jī)會(opportunities)并看一下“我”是否喜歡(enjoyed)它。concept“概念；觀念”；faith“信任；信仰”；ambition“夙愿；抱負(fù)”。14．A.enjoyed B．doubtedC．recommended D．a(chǎn)cknowledged〖解析〗參見上題〖解析〗。下文中的“l(fā)oved”亦是〖提示〗。doubt“懷疑”；recommend“推薦；建議”；acknowledge“承認(rèn)；感謝”。15．A.replace B．predictC．conduct D．copy〖解析〗在大學(xué)里，“我”學(xué)到了如何問好的問題，如何做(conduct)實驗和收集數(shù)據(jù)，以及如何和別人分享“我”了解到的東西。conductexperiments“做實驗”，為固定用法。16．A.cameabout B．brokeupC．setoff D．turnedout〖解析〗結(jié)果是(turnedout)，“我”喜歡科學(xué)研究的每一分鐘。comeabout“發(fā)生；造成”；breakup“粉碎；破碎”；setoff“出發(fā)；動身”。17．A.literature B．scienceC．language D．a(chǎn)rt〖解析〗根據(jù)上文做科學(xué)研究項目的描述可知B項符合語境。18．A.precious B．smoothC．beneficial D．slow〖解析〗雖然成為科學(xué)家之路是耗時的(slow)，但一路上有很多老師和教授給“我”引路(showedmetheway)。19．A.promised B．showedC．left D．a(chǎn)warded〖解析〗參見上題〖解析〗。20．A.record B．a(chǎn)dmireC．create D．forget〖解析〗現(xiàn)在“我”在努力學(xué)習(xí)新東西并創(chuàng)造(create)新知識。Ⅱ.閱讀理解A(2020·鄭州市畢業(yè)班第三次質(zhì)檢)Aninfectiousdiseaseisadiseasethatiscausedbytheinvasionofahostbypathogens(病原體)whoseactivitiesharmthehost'stissuesandcanbespreadtootherindividuals.Microorganisms(微生物)capableofcausingdiseasearecalledpathogens.Atruepathogenisaninfectiousagentthatcausesdiseaseinanypossiblehost.Theterms“infection”and“disease”arequitedifferent.Inordertocausedisease,pathogensmustbeabletoenterthehost'sbody,sticktospecifichostcells,invadeandmultiplyanddodamagetothehost'stissues.Pathogensmaybespreadthrougheitherdirectorindirectcontact.Directcontactoccurswhenanindividualisinfectedbycontactwiththeinfectionsource.Italsoincludestakingintheinfectiousdropletsreleasedbysneezingorcoughing.Indirectcontactoccurswhenapathogencansurvivetheenvironmentoutsideitshostforalongperiodoftime.Solifelessobjectsthatarepollutedbydirectcontactwiththeinfectionsourcemaycausetheindirectcontactfortheeasilyinfectedgroup.Publichealthmeasurestypicallyinvolvekillingthepathogenfromitssourceorfromitsroutetospread.Thosemeasuresincludeensuringasafewatersupply,effectivelytreatingwastewater,andinitiatinganimalcontrolandvaccination(疫苗)programs,etc.Personally,thefirstlineofdefenseistokeeppathogensatbaybyfollowinggoodpersonalhygienehabits.Preventinfectionbeforeitbeginsandavoidspreadingittootherswithsomeeasymeasures,suchaswashinghandsandgettingvaccinated.Manneverstopsfightingagainstallkindsofinfectiousdiseases.Butinthepasttwodecadesatleastadozen“new”diseaseshavebeenidentified,andtraditionaldiseasesthatappearedtobe“ontheirwayout”arere-emerging.Globally,infectiousdiseasesremaintheleadingcauseofdeath.Clearly,thebattlehasnotbeenwon.Nevertheless,itisincreasinglydifficultformostofustodenytheclaimsofscience.Wearecontinuallypresentedwithgreatamountsofrelevantscientificandmedicalknowledge,whichencouragesustotakemoreresponsibilityforourownhealth.文章大意：本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了傳染性疾病的成因、病原體的傳播方式、預(yù)防傳染性疾病的措施等。1．Whatdoesparagraph2focuson？BA．Originoftruepathogens.B．Natureofinfectiousdiseases.C．Strategiesforavoidingtissuedamage.D．Differencesbetweeninfectionanddisease.〖解析〗段落大意題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容“能夠引起疾病的微生物叫作病原體。真正的病原體是那種可以在任何可能的宿主身上引起疾病的傳染劑?！畟魅尽汀膊　莾蓚€完全不同的術(shù)語。為了引發(fā)疾病，病原體必須進(jìn)入宿主的身體，附在特定的宿主細(xì)胞上，入侵、繁殖并對宿主組織造成傷害?！笨梢耘袛?，本段主要講述了傳染性疾病的本質(zhì)。故選B。2．Whatislikelytocausediseasetospreadthroughindirectcontact？BA．Gettingbittenbyaninfecteddog.B．Playingwithtoysasickchildplayedwith.C．Takingintinydropsfromsneezing.D．Shakinghandswithaninfectedperson.〖解析〗推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Solifelessobjectsthatarepollutedbydirectcontactwiththeinfectionsourcemaycausetheindirectcontactfortheeasilyinfectedgroup.”可以推斷，符合間接接觸引發(fā)疾病的情景是玩生病小孩玩過的玩具。故B項正確。3．Whichofthefollowingcanbestexplaintheunderlinedphrase“atbay”inparagraph4？CA．Atrisk. B．Offcourse.C．Undercontrol. D．Withinreach.〖解析〗詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線短語所在句中的“thefirstlineofdefense...byfollowinggoodpersonalhygienehabits”可以判斷，遵循良好的個人衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣可以防控病原體，故C項的含義與畫線短語的含義最為接近。atrisk“有危險”；offcourse“偏離航線”；withinreach“很接近，靠近”。4．Whatdoesthelastparagraphimply？CA．Manisatalossaboutinfectiousdiseases.B．Traditionalinfectiousdiseasesaredyingout.C．Sciencecountsinfightinginfectiousdiseases.D．Thebattleagainstinfectiousdiseasesisinvain.〖解析〗推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Nevertheless，itisincreasinglydifficultformostofustodenytheclaimsofscience...takemoreresponsibilityforourownhealth.”，可以推斷，作者在最后一段表明科學(xué)在與傳染性疾病的斗爭中是很重要的。故選C。C項中的“counts”意為“重要”。B(2021·四省八校聯(lián)考)Itisfoodnewsguaranteedtoputasmileonyourface.Scientistshavefoundthateatingdarkchocolateappearstolowertheriskofdepressionbyaquarter.While7.6percentofthe13,000peoplesurveyedreporteddepressivesymptoms,just1.5percentofthechocolateeatersdid.ThestudybyUniversityCollegeLondon(UCL),theUniversityofCalgaryandAlbertaHealthServices,alsofoundthatthepeoplewhoconsumedthemostofanychocolatewerealso57percentlesslikelytoreportdepressivesymptoms.LeadauthorDr.SarahJacksonsaid，“Thisstudyprovidessomeevidencethatconsumptionofchocolate,particularlydarkchocolate,maybeassociatedwithreducingoddsofclinicallyrelevantdepressivesymptoms.”Thestudyisthefirsttoexaminetheassociationwithdepressionaccordingtothetypeofchocolateconsumed.Theteamassesseddatafrom13,626adultsfromtheUSNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey.Arangeofotherfactorsincludingheight,weight,maritalstatus,ethnicity,education,householdincome,physicalactivity,smokingandchronichealthproblemswerealsotakenintoaccounttoensurethestudyonlymeasuredchocolate'seffectondepressivesymptoms.Afteradjustingforthesefactors,itwasfoundthatindividualswhoreportedeatinganydarkchocolateintwo24-hourperiodshad70percentloweroddsofreportingclinicallyrelevantdepressivesymptomsintheprevioustwoweeksthanthosewhoreportednoteatingchocolateatall.Chocolatecontainsanumberofpsychoactiveingredientswhichproduceafeelingofeuphoria.Italsocontainsphenylethylamine(苯乙胺),whichisbelievedtobeimportantforregulatingpeople'smoods.Darkchocolatealsohasahigherconcentrationofflavonoids(類黃酮),antioxidantchemicalswhichlowerinflammationandcanpreventtheonset(發(fā)生)ofdepression.However,Britishscientistspointedoutthatthedecisiontoeatdarkchocolatecouldbelinkedtootherhealthfactors.Forexample,peoplewhochoosedarkchocolatemaybemorehealthconsciousingeneral,whichisknowntoprotectagainstdepression.Depressedpeoplearealsomorelikelytodesiremoresugaryfattyfoodsandsocouldbelesslikelytopickadarkalternativewhenchoosingchocolate.文章大意：科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)吃黑巧克力能降低患抑郁癥的風(fēng)險。此項研究是人類首次根據(jù)巧克力攝入的類型來研究巧克力攝入與抑郁癥之間的關(guān)系。但是英國科學(xué)家指出患有抑郁癥的人更可能想要甜的和高脂食物所以在選擇巧克力時不太可能會選擇黑巧克力。5．WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEofthestudy？AA.Aminorityofchocolateeaterssufferfromdepression.B．Amajorityofpeoplesurveyedaredepressive.C．Allkindsofchocolatecanhelpfightdepression.D．Halfofpeoplewithdepressionaresurveyed.〖解析〗考查理解具體信息的能力。根據(jù)第一段最后一句可知，被調(diào)查的13000人中7.6%的人患有抑郁癥，而吃巧克力的人患抑郁癥的僅有1.5%。由此可知，少數(shù)吃巧克力的人患抑郁癥，故選A項。6．ThestudyistypicalinthatC.A．itpointedouttherelationshipbetweendepressionandchocolateB．itdemonstratedtheprotectiveeffectsofdarkchocolateC．thefindingswerebasedonthetypeofchocolateconsumedD．theresearchersconductedthesurveyworldwide〖解析〗考查推斷的能力。根據(jù)第三段首句可知，這項研究是第一次根據(jù)巧克力攝入的類型來研究巧克力與抑郁癥之間的關(guān)系。由此可推斷，研究結(jié)果是建立在人們攝入的巧克力的類型之上的，這是它的典型之處。故選C項。7．Whatisthefifthparagraphmainlyabout？BA．Theadvantagesofchocolate.B．Thereasonsfortheprotectiveeffects.C．Thecausesofdepression.D．Theeffectsofchocolate.〖解析〗考查理解段落主旨要義的能力。第五段表述巧克力中含有大量的能使人產(chǎn)生愉悅感覺的成分，還含有調(diào)節(jié)情緒的物質(zhì)。另外，黑巧克力中富含更高濃度的抗氧化物質(zhì)，可以減少炎癥，防止抑郁癥的發(fā)生，由此可以判斷，本段主要介紹了黑巧克力對抑郁癥有防護(hù)效果的原因，故選B項。8．What'stheBritishscientists'attitudetowardthefindings？AA．Cautious. B．Supportive.C．Unimportant. D．Curious.〖解析〗考查理解態(tài)度的能力。根據(jù)最后一段第一句和最后一句可知，英國科學(xué)家指出選擇黑巧克力與其他健康因素有關(guān)?；家钟舭Y的人更可能想要甜的和高脂食物所以在選擇巧克力時不太可能會選擇黑巧克力。由此可推知，英國科學(xué)家對研究結(jié)果持有謹(jǐn)慎的態(tài)度。故A項正確。B項意為“支持的”；D項意為“好奇的”。Ⅲ.短文改錯(2020·四川省天府名校聯(lián)考)MyfriendMillerstillrememberstheexcitementwhenshebegintousethe“redpacket”functiononWeChatinthe2018.Theruleisthepersonwhograbsthehighestamountsendsthenext.Theamountofmoneyonecangrabdependsonhisandherluck.Attractedbythisuniquewayofcommunication,sheparticipated.Twoyearsago,whenMillerwassenta5.20yuanredpacket,shehadnoideaaboutthehidingmeaning.NowshehasnotonlyknownaboutthembutalsohasgotveryfamiliarwithChineseculturethanbefore.Therefore,peoplestillsendpaperredpacketswithrealcashesduringtheSpringFestival.Thereasonisthattheyregardgivechildrenluckymoneyasablessing.〖答案〗MyfriendMillerstillrememberstheexcitementwhensheeq\o(begin,\s\do8(began))tousethe“redpacket”functiononWeChatinthe2018.Theruleiseq\o(∧,\s\do8(that))thepersonwhograbsthehighestamountsendsthenext.Theamountofmoneyonecangrabdependsonhiseq\o(and,\s\do8(or))herluck.Attractedbythisuniquewayofcommunication,sheparticipated.Twoyearsago,whenMillerwassenta5.20yuanredpacket,shehadnoideaabouttheeq\o(hiding,\s\do8(hidden))meaning.Nowshehasnotonlyknownabouteq\o(them,\s\do8(it))butalsohasgoteq\o(very,\s\do8(more))familiarwithChineseculturethanbefore.eq\o(Therefore,\s\do8(However))，peoplestillsendpaperredpacketswithrealeq\o(cashes,\s\do8(cash))duringtheSpringFestival.Thereasonisthattheyregardeq\o(give,\s\do8(giving))childrenluckymoneyasablessing.文章大意：本文是一篇記敘文。主要內(nèi)容是我的朋友米勒回憶自己初用微信紅包功能時的經(jīng)歷和感受。〖解析〗1．考查時態(tài)。根據(jù)語境可知，in2018是過去的時間，故此處應(yīng)用一般過去時，故將begin改成began。2．考查冠詞。in后加年份，年份前不加冠詞，故將the去掉。3．考查表語從句。句意：規(guī)則是，誰拿到的錢最多，誰就發(fā)下一個。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，is后是表語從句，且從句部分不缺成分，that用在表語從句中不做成分沒有意義，故在is后加that。4．考查并列連詞。句意：一個人能拿多少錢取決于他或她的運(yùn)氣。根據(jù)語境可知，and是并列關(guān)系，而此處表示選擇關(guān)系，故將and改為or。5．考查形容詞。句意：她不知道隱藏的意思。根據(jù)句意可知，hidden在此處是形容詞，意為“隱藏的”，而hiding是hide的現(xiàn)在分詞，與題意不符，故將hiding改為hidden。6．考查代詞。句意：現(xiàn)在她不僅知道了，而且比以前更熟悉中國文化了。根據(jù)語境可知，此處指了解“微信發(fā)紅包”這件事，而them指代前文可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞，與題意不符，故將them改為it。7．考查形容詞比較級。句意：而且比以前更熟悉中國文化。根據(jù)句中的than可知，句子使用比較級，more＋多音節(jié)形容詞，故將very改為more。8．考查連接副詞。句意：然而，在春節(jié)期間，人們?nèi)匀粫l(fā)帶現(xiàn)金的紅包。根據(jù)句意可知，此處是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，而非因果關(guān)系，故將Therefore改為However。9．考查名詞的數(shù)。根據(jù)句意可知，cash意為“現(xiàn)金”，是不可數(shù)名詞，故將cashes改為cash。10．考查非謂語動詞。句意：原因是他們認(rèn)為給孩子壓歲錢是一種祝福。根據(jù)句意可知，regardsth.assth.是固定搭配，意為“把……當(dāng)作……”，regard后應(yīng)加動名詞，故將give改為giving。必修五Unit1GreatscientistsⅠ.完形填空(2020·昆明市摸底調(diào)測)Youmayalwayshearaboutpeoplewhoknewexactlywhattheywantedtodowiththeirlifefromthetimetheywereinkindergarten.Ididn'tconsideredlotsofcareer1.CwhenIgraduatedfromhighschool.Likemoststudentswhoearnedgoodgradesinmathandscienceclasses,Ifoundpeople2.Dmetobeanengineer.ButallofthatchangedwhenIwenttomy3.A.IwillneverforgetthefeelingofwalkingintomyveryfirstBiology4.B.Inervouslyfoundaseatandwaitedforthetypeof5.DyouseeinTVshows,oldandstrict.WhatIgotwasexactly6.A.Dr.Espinozawasacaringand7.Cteacher,andtwotermsofherclassesmademefallinlovewithBiology.Herexcitingclassesmademe8.AthatIhadotherchoicesbesidesbeinga(n)9.D.ItmeantIwasheadedforacareerinbiologicalresearch.10.BDr.Espinozaandmanyotherprofessorslikeher,Ifoundthatscientistsaren'tjustwhatwe11.ContheNationalGeographicChannel.Theyarerealpeoplewhoanswerrealquestionsand12.Arealproblems.Thisledmetoseekout13.BtodorealscienceprojectsandseeifI14.Ait.WhileIwasatuniversity,Ilearnedhowtoaskgoodquestions,howto15.Cexperimentsandcollectdata,andhowtosharewhatIlearnedwithpeople.Asit16.D，Ilovedeveryminuteofit.Fallinginlovewith17.Bwasalongprocessforme,butitledmetoajobIlove.Likethescienceitself,myjourneytowardbeingascientistwas18.D，buthelpedalongbymanyteachersandprofessorswho19.Bmetheway.Now,Itrymybesttolearnnewthingsand20.Cnewknowledge.文章大意：本文講述了“我”上大學(xué)后，老師和教授們對“我”的專業(yè)和擇業(yè)產(chǎn)生的深遠(yuǎn)影響。1．A.development B．difficultyC．choices D．requirements〖解析〗根據(jù)8空后的“thatIhadotherchoices...inbiologicalresearch”可知，高中畢業(yè)時，“我”沒考慮過眾多的職業(yè)選擇(choices)。development“發(fā)展”；difficulty“困難”；requirement“所需的東西”。2．A.appointing B．forcingC．a(chǎn)llowing D．encouraging〖解析〗像大多數(shù)數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)課程出眾的學(xué)生一樣，人們鼓勵(encouraging)“我”以后成為一名工程師。appoint“任命；安排”；force“迫使”；allow“允許；準(zhǔn)許”。3．A.university B．officeC．room D．lab〖解析〗根據(jù)下文中的“WhileIwasatuniversity,Ilearned...whatIlearnedwithpeople.”可知，上大學(xué)(university)后，一切都發(fā)生了改變。4．A.league B．lectureC．test D．teamwork〖解析〗根據(jù)下文中的“andtwotermsofherclassesmademefallinlovewithBiology”可知此處填入的詞在范疇上應(yīng)與classes一致，故lecture“講座”符合語境。5．A.agent B．volunteerC．host D．professor〖解析〗根據(jù)語境可知，此處指坐等教授(professor)的到來。agent“代理人；經(jīng)紀(jì)人”；volunteer“志愿者”；host“主人；節(jié)目主持人”。6．A.opposite B．traditionalC．typical D．similar〖解析〗根據(jù)上文可知，坐等教授時，“我”以為即將來上課的老師就如同電視節(jié)目中看到的那樣古板、嚴(yán)肅，但后來“我”發(fā)現(xiàn)她是一位體貼且富有熱情的(enthusiastic)老師。故先前想象的與實際見到的完全相反(opposite)。traditional“傳統(tǒng)的”；typical“典型的”；similar“相似的”。7．A.average B．casualC．enthusiastic D．severe〖解析〗參見上題〖解析〗。average“平均的；正常的；一般的”；casual“漫不經(jīng)心的；隨便的”；severe“極為惡劣的；嚴(yán)厲的”。8．A.realize B．regretC．refuse D．recall〖解析〗她令人振奮的課使“我”意識到(realize)除了成為一名工程師(engineer)，“我”還可以從事生物學(xué)研究。9．A.lawyer B．educatorC．scholar D．engineer〖解析〗參見上題〖解析〗。第一段中的“engineer”是暗示。10．A.Asto B．DuetoC．Onbehalfof D．Inspiteof〖解析〗由于(Dueto)Dr.Espinoza和許多其他像她一樣的教授的影響，“我”發(fā)現(xiàn)科學(xué)家并非像我們在國家地理頻道上了解到(learnabout)的那樣。asto“關(guān)于；至于”；onbehalfof“代表”；inspiteof“盡管”。11．A.takecareof B．makefunofC．learnabout D．searchfor〖解析〗參見上題〖解析〗。12．A.solve B．bringC．raise D．ignore〖解析〗他們是回答真實問題并解決(solve)實際問題的有血有肉的人。13．A.concepts B．opportunitiesC．faith D．a(chǎn)mbition〖解析〗這引領(lǐng)著“我”去尋找做真正的科學(xué)研究項目的機(jī)會(opportunities)并看一下“我”是否喜歡(enjoyed)它。concept“概念；觀念”；faith“信任；信仰”；ambition“夙愿；抱負(fù)”。14．A.enjoyed B．doubtedC．recommended D．a(chǎn)cknowledged〖解析〗參見上題〖解析〗。下文中的“l(fā)oved”亦是〖提示〗。doubt“懷疑”；recommend“推薦；建議”；acknowledge“承認(rèn)；感謝”。15．A.replace B．predictC．conduct D．copy〖解析〗在大學(xué)里，“我”學(xué)到了如何問好的問題，如何做(conduct)實驗和收集數(shù)據(jù)，以及如何和別人分享“我”了解到的東西。conductexperiments“做實驗”，為固定用法。16．A.cameabout B．brokeupC．setoff D．turnedout〖解析〗結(jié)果是(turnedout)，“我”喜歡科學(xué)研究的每一分鐘。comeabout“發(fā)生；造成”；breakup“粉碎；破碎”；setoff“出發(fā)；動身”。17．A.literature B．scienceC．language D．a(chǎn)rt〖解析〗根據(jù)上文做科學(xué)研究項目的描述可知B項符合語境。18．A.precious B．smoothC．beneficial D．slow〖解析〗雖然成為科學(xué)家之路是耗時的(slow)，但一路上有很多老師和教授給“我”引路(showedmetheway)。19．A.promised B．showedC．left D．a(chǎn)warded〖解析〗參見上題〖解析〗。20．A.record B．a(chǎn)dmireC．create D．forget〖解析〗現(xiàn)在“我”在努力學(xué)習(xí)新東西并創(chuàng)造(create)新知識。Ⅱ.閱讀理解A(2020·鄭州市畢業(yè)班第三次質(zhì)檢)Aninfectiousdiseaseisadiseasethatiscausedbytheinvasionofahostbypathogens(病原體)whoseactivitiesharmthehost'stissuesandcanbespreadtootherindividuals.Microorganisms(微生物)capableofcausingdiseasearecalledpathogens.Atruepathogenisaninfectiousagentthatcausesdiseaseinanypossiblehost.Theterms“infection”and“disease”arequitedifferent.Inordertocausedisease,pathogensmustbeabletoenterthehost'sbody,sticktospecifichostcells,invadeandmultiplyanddodamagetothehost'stissues.Pathogensmaybespreadthrougheitherdirectorindirectcontact.Directcontactoccurswhenanindividualisinfectedbycontactwiththeinfectionsource.Italsoincludestakingintheinfectiousdropletsreleasedbysneezingorcoughing.Indirectcontactoccurswhenapathogencansurvivetheenvironmentoutsideitshostforalongperiodoftime.Solifelessobjectsthatarepollutedbydirectcontactwiththeinfectionsourcemaycausetheindirectcontactfortheeasilyinfectedgroup.Publichealthmeasurestypicallyinvolvekillingthepathogenfromitssourceorfromitsroutetospread.Thosemeasuresincludeensuringasafewatersupply,effectivelytreatingwastewater,andinitiatinganimalcontrolandvaccination(疫苗)programs,etc.Personally,thefirstlineofdefenseistokeeppathogensatbaybyfollowinggoodpersonalhygienehabits.Preventinfectionbeforeitbeginsandavoidspreadingittootherswithsomeeasymeasures,suchaswashinghandsandgettingvaccinated.Manneverstopsfightingagainstallkindsofinfectiousdiseases.Butinthepasttwodecadesatleastadozen“new”diseaseshavebeenidentified,andtraditionaldiseasesthatappearedtobe“ontheirwayout”arere-emerging.Globally,infectiousdiseasesremaintheleadingcauseofdeath.Clearly,thebattlehasnotbeenwon.Nevertheless,itisincreasinglydifficultformostofustodenytheclaimsofscience.Wearecontinuallypresentedwithgreatamountsofrelevantscientificandmedicalknowledge,whichencouragesustotakemoreresponsibilityforourownhealth.文章大意：本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了傳染性疾病的成因、病原體的傳播方式、預(yù)防傳染性疾病的措施等。1．Whatdoesparagraph2focuson？BA．Originoftruepathogens.B．Natureofinfectiousdiseases.C．Strategiesforavoidingtissuedamage.D．Differencesbetweeninfectionanddisease.〖解析〗段落大意題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容“能夠引起疾病的微生物叫作病原體。真正的病原體是那種可以在任何可能的宿主身上引起疾病的傳染劑?！畟魅尽汀膊　莾蓚€完全不同的術(shù)語。為了引發(fā)疾病，病原體必須進(jìn)入宿主的身體，附在特定的宿主細(xì)胞上，入侵、繁殖并對宿主組織造成傷害?！笨梢耘袛啵径沃饕v述了傳染性疾病的本質(zhì)。故選B。2．Whatislikelytocausediseasetospreadthroughindirectcontact？BA．Gettingbittenbyaninfecteddog.B．Playingwithtoysasickchildplayedwith.C．Takingintinydropsfromsneezing.D．Shakinghandswithaninfectedperson.〖解析〗推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Solifelessobjectsthatarepollutedbydirectcontactwiththeinfectionsourcemaycausetheindirectcontactfortheeasilyinfectedgroup.”可以推斷，符合間接接觸引發(fā)疾病的情景是玩生病小孩玩過的玩具。故B項正確。3．Whichofthefollowingcanbestexplaintheunderlinedphrase“atbay”inparagraph4？CA．Atrisk. B．Offcourse.C．Undercontrol. D．Withinreach.〖解析〗詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線短語所在句中的“thefirstlineofdefense...byfollowinggoodpersonalhygienehabits”可以判斷，遵循良好的個人衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣可以防控病原體，故C項的含義與畫線短語的含義最為接近。atrisk“有危險”；offcourse“偏離航線”；withinreach“很接近，靠近”。4．Whatdoesthelastparagraphimply？CA．Manisatalossaboutinfectiousdiseases.B．Traditionalinfectiousdiseasesaredyingout.C．Sciencecountsinfightinginfectiousdiseases.D．Thebattleagainstinfectiousdiseasesisinvain.〖解析〗推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Nevertheless，itisincreasinglydifficultformostofustodenytheclaimsofscience...takemoreresponsibilityforourownhealth.”，可以推斷，作者在最后一段表明科學(xué)在與傳染性疾病的斗爭中是很重要的。故選C。C項中的“counts”意為“重要”。B(2021·四省八校聯(lián)考)Itisfoodnewsguaranteedtoputasmileonyourface.Scientistshavefoundthateatingdarkchocolateappearstolowertheriskofdepressionbyaquarter.While7.6percentofthe13,000peoplesurveyedreporteddepressivesymptoms,just1.5percentofthechocolateeatersdid.ThestudybyUniversityCollegeLondon(UCL),theUniversityofCalgaryandAlbertaHealthServices,alsofoundthatthepeoplewhoconsumedthemostofanychocolatewerealso57percentlesslikelytoreportdepressivesymptoms.LeadauthorDr.SarahJacksonsaid，“Thisstudyprovidessomeevidencethatconsumptionofchocolate,particularlydarkchocolate,maybeassociatedwithreducingoddsofclinicallyrelevantdepressivesymptoms.”Thestudyisthefirsttoexaminetheassociationwithdepressionaccordingtothetypeofchocolateconsumed.Theteamassesseddatafrom13,626adultsfromtheUSNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey.Arangeofotherfactorsincludingheight,weight,maritalstatus,ethnicity,education,householdincome,physicalactivity,smokingandchronichealthproblemswerealsotakenintoaccounttoensurethestudyonlymeasuredchocolate'seffectondepressivesymptoms.Afteradjustingforthesefactors,itwasfoundthatindividualswhoreportedeatinganydarkchocolateintwo24-hourperiodshad70percentloweroddsofreportingclinicallyrelevantdepressivesymptomsintheprevioustwoweeksthanthosewhoreportednoteatingchocolateatall.Chocolatecontainsanumberofpsychoactiveingredientswhichproduceafeelingofeuphoria.Italsocontainsphenylethylamine(苯乙胺),whichisbelievedtobeimportantforregulatingpeople'smoods.Darkchocolatealsohasahigherconcentrationofflavonoids(類黃酮),antioxidantchemicalswhichlowerinflammationandcanpreventtheonset(發(fā)生)ofdepression.However,Britishscientistspointedoutthatthedecisiontoeatdarkchocolatecouldbelinkedtootherhealthfactors.Forexample,peoplewhochoosedarkchocolatemaybemorehealthconsciousingeneral,whichisknowntoprotectagainstdepression.Depressedpeoplearealsomorelikelytodesiremoresugaryfattyfoodsandsocouldbelesslikelytopickadarkalternativewhenchoosingchocolate.文章大意：科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)吃黑巧克力能降低患抑郁癥的風(fēng)險。此項研究是人類首次根據(jù)巧克力攝入的類型來研究巧克力攝入與抑郁癥之間的關(guān)系。但是英國科學(xué)家指出患有抑郁癥的人更可能想要甜的和高脂食物所以在選擇巧克力時不太可能會選擇黑巧克力。5．WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEofthestudy？AA.Aminorityofchocolateeaterssufferfromdepression.B．Amajorityofpeoplesurveyedaredepressive.C．Allkindsofchocolatecanhelpfightdepression.D．Halfofpeoplewithdepressionaresurveyed.〖解析〗考查理解具體信息的能力。根據(jù)第一段最后一句可知，被調(diào)查的13000人中7.6%的人患有抑郁癥，而吃巧克力的人患抑郁癥的僅有1.5%。由此可知，少數(shù)吃巧克力的人患抑郁癥，故選A項。6．ThestudyistypicalinthatC.A．itpointedouttherelationshipbetweendepressionandchocolateB．itdemonstratedtheprotectiveeffectsofdarkchocolateC．thefindingswerebasedonthetypeofchocolateconsumedD．theresearchersconductedthesurveyworldwide〖解析〗考查推斷的能力。根據(jù)第三段首句可知，這項研究是第一次根據(jù)巧克力攝入的類型來研究巧克力與抑郁癥之間的關(guān)系。由此可推斷，研究結(jié)果是建立在人們攝入的巧克力的類型之上的，這是它的典型之處。故選C項。7．Whatisthefifthparagraphmainlyabout？BA．Theadvantagesofchocolate.B．Thereasonsfortheprotectiveef