英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況chapter-three-British-History-(I)-new

ChapterThree

BritishHistoryZhouYuhua

NingboUniversityofTechonologyObjectives:InthischapterwearegoingtotouchuponthehistoryoftheUnitedKingdomfromthreephases:prehistorytoNormanConquest（諾曼征服）;themakingofaNation;andtheTudors（都鐸王朝）.WethenfocusontheimportanceoftheElizabethanAgeinBritishhistory.Pre-viewquestionsCanyoufindoutwhatisthesecretagreement?Whatexamples(historicalevents)canexplainthesituationswhenthesecretagreementwasdestroyedorkept?QuestionsforDiscussionHowdidBritainbecomeoneofthemostpowerfulcountries?HowdidtheUKparliamentcomeintobeing?WhytheConstitutionalMonarchycanbepreservedinBritain?(forhomework)BritishHistoryTimelineNeolithicandBronzeAges

?IronAge

?RomanBritain

?VikingsandAnglo-Saxons

?NormanBritain

?MiddleAges

?Tudors

?CivilWarandRevolution

?EmpireandSeaPower

?VictorianBritain

?WorldWars

?Britain:1945toPresent

ContentsEarlyBritain(Before1066)MedievalBritain(1066-1485)TransitiontotheModernAge(1485-1688)TheAgeofEmpire(1689-1901)Britainsince1901EarlyBritain(Before1066)Prehistorictimes(3000-55B.C.)Earlysettlers(3000-750B.C.)CeltsInvasion(750-55B.C.)RomanBritain(55B.C.-AD410)Anglo-SaxonBritain(AD449-1066)Heptarchy(7thC)Vikingsinvasion(8thC)EarliestSettlersIbericans伊比利亞人3,000—2,500B.C.

Beakerfolk比克人2,500-750B.C.Beakerfolk“Beaker”—potterydrinkingvesselStonehengeStonehenge

Themysteryofthebluestones

Todragthesarsenstones,weighingupto45tonnes,ortheweightofsixelephants,fromMarlboroughDowns,30kilometrestothesouthofStonehenge,wouldhavebeenquiteafeat.Thebluestones,incontrast,wereaboutfourtonnesbutarebelievedtohavecomefrommuchfarther--thePreseliMountainsnearly385kilometresaway.AsterixTheGaul(1961)Thelastfeatofeffortwouldhavebeentheerectionofthestones.Itisbelievedthatafoundationpitwasduginthechalkyground.Woodenstakeswouldhavebeenpoundedintotheverticalsideofthepittostopthestonefromdiggingintogroundasitwasbeingraised.CeltsCelts凱爾特人750-55B.C.CelticInvasion750—55B.C.Gaels(蓋爾人)CelticInvasionBritons(不列吞人)Britain

Belgae（比利奇人）

TheUpperRhineland

萊茵河上游RomanOccupation55-54B.C.

JuliusCaesarcametoBritaintwiceA.D.43ClaudiusledtheRomanlegionstoinvadeBritain.TheBritishweredefeatedandBritainbecameaRomanprovinceinnameA.D.410RomanpowerinBritaincollapsedMoredetailsonp13JuliusCaesar凱撒大帝In58BC,JuliusCaesarbecamegovernorandmilitarycommanderoftheRomanprovinceofGaul（高盧）,whichincludedmodernFrance,Belgium（比利時(shí)）,andportionsofSwitzerland（瑞士）,Holland（荷蘭）,andGermanywestoftheRhine.MapofthecrossingsofCaesarovertheEnglishChannel

TheLandingsofCaesarinBritainAreaofDealBeachwhereCaesar'sshipsprobablylanded

RomancivilizationinBritainTownsTemplesTheatresFinebuildingsAsystemoforganizedgovernmentincities:-ster:Manchester-cester:Wincester-shire:Yorkshire,DerbyshireAnglo—SaxonTimesA.D.449Anglo-SaxonSettlementGemanictribes

Anglo(盎格魯人)Saxon(撒克遜人)Jutes(朱特人)FromtheAnglo-Saxonconquerorscamethename“England”and“English”;England(Angla-landinOE)meansthelandoftheAnglo-Saxons.Anglo-SaxonHeptarchy

盎格魯-撒克遜七國(guó)Northumbriainthenorth,Merciainthemidlands,EastAngliaandEsses(EastSaxony)intheeast,Kentinthesoutheast,Sussex(SouthSaxony)inthesoutheastWessex(WestSaxony)inthesouthwestTheAnglo-SaxonTeutonicreligion

日爾曼教Tiu—thegodofwar蒂烏(日耳曼神話中的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和天空之神)

Woden—Kingofheaven沃登(日耳曼神話中的主神)Thor—thegodofstorms托爾(北歐神話中的雷神)Freya—thegoddessofpeace和平女神TuesdayWednesdayThursdayFridayChristianitywasintroducedintoEngland—CanterburyCathedral

CanterburyCathedralCanterbury,inKent,hasbeentheseatofthespiritualheadoftheChurchofEnglandfornearlyfivecenturies.Canterbury'sotherimportantmonumentsarethemodestChurchofStMartin,theoldestchurchinEngland;theruinsoftheAbbeyofStAugustine,areminderofthesaint'sevangelizingroleintheHeptarchyfrom597;andChristChurchCathedral,abreathtakingmixtureofRomanesqueandPerpendicularGothic,whereArchbishopThomasBecketwasmurderedin1170.Literaturework:EcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeople

Beowulf《貝奧武甫》—thegreatestOldEnglishPoemKingArthurDanish(Viking)InvasionFineSaxonKingThe‘fatheroftheBritishNavy’--AlfredtheGreat

Codifyinglaws

BeginningofproseMoredetailsonp14AlfredtheGreatAlfred,whoreignedfrom871to899,hadtostrugglewiththeDanestokeephiskingdominthesouthwestofEnglandknownasWessex.AfteradecisivevictoryattheBattleofEddington,AlfrednotonlytriumphedovertheVikingsmilitarilybutalsoprevailedupontheenemykingtoconverttoChristianity.IfAlfredhadlostatEddington,EnglandmighthavebecomeaDanish-speakingcountry.MedievalBritain(1066-1485)BritainundertheNormanKings1066WilliamIRichard“TheLionHeart”&TheCrusadesDeclineoffeudalismKingJohn&MagnaCartaHundredYears’WarTheWarsoftheRosesScandinavia斯堪的納維亞(半島)VikingsNormansNormanConquest1042-1066theNormanConquestEdwarddiedHaroldbecamethekingWilliamtheConqueror—cousinofEdward—invadedEnglandfromFranceandkilledHaroldWilliamI(kingofEngland)TowerofLondonThemassiveWhiteTowerisatypicalexampleofNormanmilitaryarchitecture,whoseinfluencewasfeltthroughoutthekingdom.ItwasbuiltontheThamesbyWilliamtheConquerortoprotectLondonandasserthispower.TheTowerofLondon–animposingfortresswithmanylayersofhistory,whichhasbecomeoneofthesymbolsofroyalty–wasbuiltaroundtheWhiteTower.ThepyramidofrightsandobligationsKingLordsSubordinates…PeasantsKingRichardandCrusadeCrusadesareaseriesofwarsinwhicharmiesfromalloverEuropetriedtosnatchthe‘HolyLand’(i.e.Palestine巴勒斯坦,whereJesusChristoncelived)fromthe‘Infidels’(i.e.theMuslims穆斯林).ThemostfamousoftheEnglishCrusaderswastheNormanking,RichardLion-Heart（獅心王理查）,aboutwhomandaboutwhoseenemySaladin（薩拉丁）manystorieshavebeentold.CrusadeKingJohnandtheMagnaCartaKingJohn,youngerbrotherofKingRichard,wasdefeatedinawarwithFranceandlostNormandyin1204.HedemandedmorefeudaltaxesandarmyservicethancustomallowedsoastorevengehimselfonFrance.Thelordsbecameangry,marchedtoLondonandforcedhimtosignalongdocumentonJune17th,1215.thedocumentisknownastheMagnaCartaortheGreatCharter.

MagnaCarta

MagnaCartaisoftenthoughtofasthecorner-stoneoflibertyandthechiefdefenceagainstarbitraryandunjustruleinEngland.Infactitcontainsfewsweepingstatementsofprinciple,butisaseriesofconcessionswrungfromtheunwillingKingJohnbyhisrebelliousbaronsin1215.However,MagnaCartaestablishedforthefirsttimeaverysignificantconstitutionalprinciple,namelythatthepowerofthekingcouldbelimitedbyawrittengrant.Fourcopiesofthisoriginalgrantsurvive.TwoareheldattheBritishLibrarywhiletheotherscanbeseeninthecathedralarchivesatLincolnandSalisbury.HenryⅢ(1216-1272)andtheoriginsofparliament

TheFrenchword‘parliament’means‘talking’orparley,aconferenceofanykind.Whenthebaronstookcontrolofthegovernmentin1258,theydeterminedthatthegreatcouncilshouldmeetthreetimesayear,andtheycalledit‘parliament’.ThefirstBritishparliamentwassummonedintheyearof1265.HundredYears’War(1337-1453)

百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)EdwardIIIsucceededhisfatherattheageof15.HelaunchedawaragainstFrenchin1337fortheFrenchcrownonthegroundthathismotherwasthesisterofthelatekingofFrance.Thewar,feudalinnature,lastedintermittentlyforoveronehundredyears,hencebeingknownastheHundredYears’War.Moredetailsonp16Atfirst,thewarwentinEngland’sfavor.TransitionpointJoanofArcEffectiveuseofgunsTheFrenchdrovetheEnglishfromtheircountryforgood.

ItpromotedtheconceptofEnglishnationalism;Itpromotedthedevelopmentofthetextileindustry;ItmarkedthedeclineoffeudalisminBritainThePeasantsUprisingof1381Tofightagainstrepression,armedvillagersandtownsmenofKent(肯特郡)andEssex(?？怂_斯郡),ledbyWatTylerandJaekstraw,movedonLondoninJune1381.OnJune14,thekingRichardIInettherebelsandgrantedtheirdemands.However,latermanyrebelswereputtodeathandthePeasantUprisingof1381wasbrutallysuppressed.Ithadfar-reachingsignifinanceinEnglishhistory.WarsoftheRoses(1455-1485)Moredetailsonp171455-1485WarsoftheRoses

theHouseofLancastertheHouseofYork(aredrose)(awhiterose)

begins: HenryVIRichard

ends:HenryVIIElizabethWarsofRoses玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)

ThestruggletoruleonbehalfofanunfitkingwasoneofthesurfacereasonsfortheoutbreakofthirtyyearsofwarfarethatwenowcalltheWarsoftheRoses,foughtbetweentheHousesofYork約克家族(whiterose)andLancaster蘭開(kāi)斯特家族(redrose).Inrealitythesesquabbleswereanindicationofthelawlessnessthatranrampantintheland.Moresqualidthanromantic,theWarsoftheRosesdecimatedbothhousesinaninterminablylong,bloodystruggleforthethrone.TransitiontotheModernAge

(1485-1688)ReformationandRenaissanceHenryVIII&ReligionReformationElizabeth&RenaissanceCivilWarandRestorationCharlesI&CivilWarCharlesII&RestorationJamesII&TheGloriousRevolutionHouseofTudor都鐸王朝HenryVIIArthurCatherineHenryVIIIAnneJane

MaryIElizabethIEdwardVI(BloodyMary)HenryVIIIandReligiousReformation（宗教改革）HenryVIIIwasaboveallresponsiblefirthereligiousreformofthechurch.Henry’sreformwastogetridoftheEnglishChurch’sconnectionwiththePopeandtomakeanindependentChurchofEngland.In1535,HenrytookthetitleSupremeHeadoftheChurchofEngland.SixWivesofHenryVIIIChristianity基督教

RomanCatholic

羅馬天主教

Protestant

新教FoundationoftheChurchofEngland

英國(guó)國(guó)教的建立ThewealthandpowerofthechurchinEuropegatheredthroughagesattractedthejealousyofkings.ThegreedandlazinessofthechurchwashinderingthesocialandpoliticalprogressofEngland.HenryVIIIwantedtodivorcehiswifeCatherine.In1533,HenryVIIIdeclaredhimselfSupremeheadoftheChurchinEnglandbytheActofSupremacy(至尊法案).

HenryVIII’selderdaughterMary,adevoutCatholic,hadsomanyProtestantsburnttodeaththatsheisrememberedlessbyherofficialtitleMaryIthanbyhernicknameBloodyMary.BloodyMary血腥瑪麗ElizabethⅠandtheRenaissance（文藝復(fù)興）ThereignofElizabethI,aProtestantQueen,wasgreetedwithreliefandahightideofnationalismandEnglandhasbeenProtestanteversince.ElizabethIcameintothethroneattheageof25andreinedthecountryfor45yearswhileremainingsingle.Elizabeth’sreignwasatimeofconfidentEnglishnationalismandofgreatachievementsinliteratureandotherarts,inexplorationandinbattle.TheEnglishRenaissance(1350-1650):ThegreatestEnglishhumanist—SirThomasMoreUtopia《烏托邦》,meaning‘nowhere’,inwhichthereisnoprivatewealth,nounemployment,noaggression,andtheworkisonlysixhoursaday.Poet—EdmundSpencerTheFaerieQueene《仙后》Drama—ChristopherMalowe（馬洛）,BenJohnson（瓊森）andWilliamShakespeare（莎士比亞）.Inall,theTudorperiodwasadecisiveoneinEnglishhistoryinthesensethatitfurthersappedfeudalstrengthandnurturedthemodernEnglishnationstate,whichwasboundtogetherbyacommonlanguage,apowerfulcentralgovernment,andastrongchurch.Ontheotherhand,theTudorperiodposedmanyimportantquestions—therelativepowerofthemonarchandParliamentandtowhatextentoneshouldcontroltheother–whichwouldhavetobeansweredinthenextcenturyandduringtheEnglishCivilWar.HouseofStuart

斯圖亞特王朝JamesICharlesICharlesIIJamesII

MaryIIWilliamIII

KingCharlesI&“DivineRight”CharlesIwaskingofEnglandfrom1625to1649.HisbehaviorprovokedtheEnglishRevolution.DefeatedandconvictedoftreasonbyParliament,CharleswasbeheadedinJanuary1649.TheCivilWarOnAugust22,1642inafieldnearNottinghamKingCharlesbadeallhissupporterstojoinhim,thustheFirstCivilWarbegan(1642-1646).King—supportedby‘Cavaliers’騎士派Parliament—supportedby‘Roundheads’圓顱派CromwellSoldierandstatesman,herooftheEnglishCivilWars(1642-48)andheadofgovernmentduringtheCommonwealthandProtectorate(1649-58).

TheRestoration

王朝復(fù)辟WhenOliverCromwelldiedin1658andwassucceededbyhissonRichard,theregimebegantocollapse.Theparliamentwaselectedin1660andresolvedthecrisisbyaskingthelateKing’ssonasKingCharlesIItoreturnfromhislongexileinFrance.ItwascalledTheRestoration.TheGloriousRevolution

光榮革命In1688，WilliamofOrange(奧蘭治王室)landedatTorbayandmarcheduponLondon.Thistakeoverwassmooth,withneitherbloodshed,noranyexecutionoftheKing,whichbecameknownasTheGloriousRevolution.BeginningofConstitutionalMonarchyWilliamandMaryjointlyacceptedtheBillofRights(1689)whichexcludedanyRomancatholicfromthesuccessionandconfirmedtheprincipleofparliamentarysupremacy.Thustheageofconstitutionalmonarchybegan.TheAgeofEmpire(1689-1901)QueenAnne&TheActofUnionGeorgianBritainIndustrialRevolutionTheSevenYearsWarVictorianBritainTheActofUnion(1707)TheActofUnionabolishedEnglandandScotlandasseparatekingdomsandcreatedtheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainwithasingleParliament.EnclosureDuringthelate18thcenturyandearly19thcentury,theopen-fieldsystemendedwhentheEnclosureActsenabledwealthierlandownerstoseizeanylandtowhichtenantscouldprovelegaltitle.Asystemofcroprotationwasintroduced.Artificialfertilizerandnewagriculturalmachineryalsomadearablefarmingmoreefficientandmoreprofitable.TheIndustrialRevolutionTextileindustry紡織業(yè)SpinningJenny珍妮紡紗機(jī)EdmundCartwright'spower

loom

自動(dòng)織布機(jī)Thesteamengine

蒸汽機(jī)JamesWatt’ssteamengineGeorgeStephenson'ssteamlocomotiveFactoriesmultipliedcoal-minesProductivitywasgreatlyIncreased.Changesincitiesandtowns

Anewsocialclass—(industrial)workersSomebecameveryrich.Someremainedtobepoor(withlowwages,longworkinghours,andunhealthyworkingcondition).

Citiesandtownsgrewbigandprosperous,butovercrowdedatthesametime.TheconsequencesoftheIndustrialRevolutionOliverTwist

霧都孤兒CharlesDickens(1812-1870)gaveavividpictureoftheworkhouseofhistimeinhisnovelOliverTwist.

TheSevenYears’War(1756-1763)IntheSevenYears’War,BritainwonCanadafromtheFrenchanddestroyedFrenchpowerinIndia,andbecametheworld’sleadingcolonialpower.VictorianBritainFrom1837-1901,QueenVictoriahadthelongestreigninBritishhistory,presidingover,first,akingdomandthenanempire.Thecultural,political,economic,industrialandscientificchangesthatoccurredduringherreignweresoremarkablethattheworldof1901borelittleresemblancetothatof1837.TheChartistMovement

憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)（1836-1848）TherewaswidespreaddissatisfactionwiththeReformAct(《改革法案》)of1832andtheNewPoorLaw(《新貧困法》).In1836,agroupofskilledworkersandsmallshopkeepersfor