新高考數(shù)學(xué)二輪復(fù)習(xí)解答題培優(yōu)練習(xí)專題01 利用導(dǎo)函數(shù)研究函數(shù)的切線問題(典型題型歸類訓(xùn)練) 解析版_第1頁(yè)
新高考數(shù)學(xué)二輪復(fù)習(xí)解答題培優(yōu)練習(xí)專題01 利用導(dǎo)函數(shù)研究函數(shù)的切線問題(典型題型歸類訓(xùn)練) 解析版_第2頁(yè)
新高考數(shù)學(xué)二輪復(fù)習(xí)解答題培優(yōu)練習(xí)專題01 利用導(dǎo)函數(shù)研究函數(shù)的切線問題(典型題型歸類訓(xùn)練) 解析版_第3頁(yè)
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專題01利用導(dǎo)函數(shù)研究函數(shù)的切線問題(典型題型歸類訓(xùn)練)目錄TOC\o"1-2"\h\u一、必備秘籍 1二、典型題型 2題型一:在型求切線方程 2題型二:過型求切線方程 4題型三:已知切線斜率求參數(shù) 6題型四:確定過一點(diǎn)可以做切線條數(shù) 8題型五:已知切線條數(shù)求參數(shù) 9題型六:距離問題轉(zhuǎn)化為相切問題 13題型七:公切線問題 14三、專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練 18一、必備秘籍1、切線的斜率:函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0處的導(dǎo)數(shù)的幾何意義,就是曲線SKIPIF1<0在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0處的切線的斜率SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0.2、曲線的切線問題(基礎(chǔ)題)(1)在型求切線方程已知:函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的解析式.計(jì)算:函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0或者SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程.步驟:第一步:計(jì)算切點(diǎn)的縱坐標(biāo)SKIPIF1<0(方法:把SKIPIF1<0代入原函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0中),切點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0.第二步:計(jì)算切線斜率SKIPIF1<0.第三步:計(jì)算切線方程.切線過切點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,切線斜率SKIPIF1<0。根據(jù)直線的點(diǎn)斜式方程得到切線方程:SKIPIF1<0.(2)過型求切線方程已知:函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的解析式.計(jì)算:過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0(無(wú)論該點(diǎn)是否在SKIPIF1<0上)的切線方程.步驟:第一步:設(shè)切點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0第二步:計(jì)算切線斜率SKIPIF1<0;計(jì)算切線斜率SKIPIF1<0;第三步:令:SKIPIF1<0,解出SKIPIF1<0,代入SKIPIF1<0求斜率第四步:計(jì)算切線方程.根據(jù)直線的點(diǎn)斜式方程得到切線方程:SKIPIF1<0.3、已知SKIPIF1<0,過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,可作曲線的SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0)條切線問題第一步:設(shè)切點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0第二步:計(jì)算切線斜率SKIPIF1<0;第三步:計(jì)算切線方程.根據(jù)直線的點(diǎn)斜式方程得到切線方程:SKIPIF1<0.第四步:將SKIPIF1<0代入切線方程,得:SKIPIF1<0,整理成關(guān)于SKIPIF1<0得分方程;第五步:題意已知能作幾條切線,關(guān)于SKIPIF1<0的方程就有幾個(gè)實(shí)數(shù)解;4、已知SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0存在SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0)條公切線問題第一步設(shè)SKIPIF1<0的切點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0設(shè)SKIPIF1<0的切點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0求公切線的斜率SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0寫出并整理切線SKIPIF1<0整理得:SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0整理得:SKIPIF1<0聯(lián)立已知條件SKIPIF1<0消去SKIPIF1<0得到關(guān)于SKIPIF1<0的方程,再分類變量,根據(jù)題意公切線條數(shù)求交點(diǎn)個(gè)數(shù);消去SKIPIF1<0得到關(guān)于SKIPIF1<0的方程再分類變量,根據(jù)題意公切線條數(shù)求交點(diǎn)個(gè)數(shù);二、典型題型題型一:在型求切線方程1.(2023下·遼寧阜新·高二校考期末)已知曲線SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0處的切線與直線SKIPIF1<0垂直,則實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0.【答案】-2【詳解】因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以曲線SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0處的切線斜率為SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)榍€SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0處的切線與直線SKIPIF1<0垂直,所以SKIPIF1<0不符合題意,所以直線SKIPIF1<0的斜率為SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0.2.(2023上·山東德州·高三統(tǒng)考期中)函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程為.(結(jié)果寫成一般式)【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以在SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,整理得SKIPIF1<0,故答案為:SKIPIF1<0.3.(2023上·上海閔行·高三校考期中)曲線SKIPIF1<0在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程為.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】∵SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,則點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0即為SKIPIF1<0.∵SKIPIF1<0,∴切線斜率為SKIPIF1<0,∴切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0.4.(2023·安徽·池州市第一中學(xué)校聯(lián)考模擬預(yù)測(cè))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0(其中SKIPIF1<0)在SKIPIF1<0處的切線為SKIPIF1<0,則直線SKIPIF1<0過定點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)為.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】根據(jù)題意:函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0處有切線,SKIPIF1<0切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,又SKIPIF1<0,故切線斜率為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0直線SKIPIF1<0的方程為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0該直線過定點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)為SKIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<05.(2023·陜西寶雞·校聯(lián)考模擬預(yù)測(cè))已知曲線SKIPIF1<0在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0處的切線與曲線SKIPIF1<0相切,則SKIPIF1<0.【答案】SKIPIF1<0/SKIPIF1<0【詳解】因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0的導(dǎo)數(shù)為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,所以曲線SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,又切線SKIPIF1<0與曲線SKIPIF1<0相切,設(shè)切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以切線斜率為SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0.故答案為;SKIPIF1<0.題型二:過型求切線方程1.(2022·四川廣安·廣安二中校考二模)函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0的切線方程為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0【答案】C【詳解】由題設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,若切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,所以切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,又切線過SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,可得SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),切線為SKIPIF1<0;當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),切線為SKIPIF1<0,整理得SKIPIF1<0.故選:C2.(2022下·河南洛陽(yáng)·高二校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,則曲線SKIPIF1<0過坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn)的切線方程為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】C【詳解】設(shè)切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則切線斜率為SKIPIF1<0,所以,所求切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,將原點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)代入所求切線方程可得SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,因此,所求切線方程為SKIPIF1<0.故選:C.3.(2023·全國(guó)·模擬預(yù)測(cè))過原點(diǎn)與曲線SKIPIF1<0相切的一條切線的方程為.【答案】SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0(寫出其中一條即可)【詳解】解:設(shè)曲線SKIPIF1<0表示拋物線的一部分,設(shè)其切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,代入SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0.由SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0.當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,符合題意,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,均符合題意,所以切線方程SKIPIF1<0.設(shè)SKIPIF1<0的切線的切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0.由SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,得切線方程為SKIPIF1<0.將SKIPIF1<0的坐標(biāo)代入切線方程,得SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以切線方程為SKIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0(寫出其中一條即可)4.(2023下·甘肅天水·高二秦安縣第一中學(xué)??计谥校┣€SKIPIF1<0在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0處切線的斜率為SKIPIF1<0,過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0的切線方程.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】設(shè)SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,解得:SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0;當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0是切點(diǎn)時(shí),切線方程為:SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0;當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0不是切點(diǎn)時(shí),設(shè)切點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)為SKIPIF1<0,則在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程為:SKIPIF1<0,代入點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0得:SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,解得:SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,與SKIPIF1<0重合,不合題意;綜上所述:切線方程為SKIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0.5.(2023下·四川綿陽(yáng)·高二期末)過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0作曲線SKIPIF1<0的切線,則切線方程為.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】因?yàn)辄c(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0不在曲線上,設(shè)切點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,①又SKIPIF1<0,則切線斜率為SKIPIF1<0,②由①②解得SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,切線的斜率為SKIPIF1<0,切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0.題型三:已知切線斜率求參數(shù)1.(2023下·遼寧阜新·高二??计谀┤糁本€SKIPIF1<0與曲線SKIPIF1<0相切,則實(shí)數(shù)a的值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】A【詳解】SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,設(shè)直線l與曲線SKIPIF1<0的切點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,則直線l的斜率SKIPIF1<0,由于直線SKIPIF1<0斜率為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,即切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0.故選:A.2.(2023上·貴州六盤水·高三校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí))已知直線SKIPIF1<0與曲線SKIPIF1<0相切,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.1 B.2 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【詳解】設(shè)切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,故斜率為SKIPIF1<0,則切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,整理得SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0.故選:B3.(2023上·遼寧·高三??茧A段練習(xí))函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0、SKIPIF1<0)在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0處的切線斜率為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最小值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】C【詳解】SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镽,SKIPIF1<0,又SKIPIF1<0在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0處的切線斜率為SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)且僅當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0時(shí),“SKIPIF1<0”成立,∴SKIPIF1<0的最小值為SKIPIF1<0.故選:C.4.(2023上·青海西寧·高三統(tǒng)考開學(xué)考試)已知直線SKIPIF1<0與曲線SKIPIF1<0相切,則SKIPIF1<0的最小值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】A【詳解】設(shè)切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0.令SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上單調(diào)遞減,在SKIPIF1<0上單調(diào)遞增,所以SKIPIF1<0.故選:A5.(2023上·天津·高三統(tǒng)考期中)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,若曲線SKIPIF1<0的一條切線的方程為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0.【答案】3【詳解】設(shè)切點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)為SKIPIF1<0,易知SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,由切線方程為SKIPIF1<0可得SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,即切點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)為SKIPIF1<0,將SKIPIF1<0代入切線方程可得SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0.故答案為:3題型四:確定過一點(diǎn)可以做切線條數(shù)1.(2023上·湖北·高三鄂南高中校聯(lián)考期中)函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0上的奇函數(shù),過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0作曲線SKIPIF1<0的切線,可作切線條數(shù)為(

)A.1 B.2 C.3 D.不確定【答案】A【詳解】SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,設(shè)切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,整理得到SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,故切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,故選:A2.(2021下·北京·高二校考期中)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,則曲線SKIPIF1<0過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0的切線有(

)A.0條 B.1條 C.2條 D.3條【答案】C【詳解】設(shè)切點(diǎn)為ASKIPIF1<0,直線AP的斜率為k,則SKIPIF1<0,又SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,∴

SKIPIF1<0又方程SKIPIF1<0的判別式為SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,∴

方程SKIPIF1<0有兩個(gè)不同的解,∴

曲線SKIPIF1<0過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0的切線有兩條,故選:C.3.(2021下·湖南·高二校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí))經(jīng)過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0作曲線SKIPIF1<0的切線有(

)A.1條 B.2條 C.3條 D.4條【答案】C【詳解】因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,設(shè)切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,所以曲線SKIPIF1<0在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程為SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0.將SKIPIF1<0代入,得SKIPIF1<0即:SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,此時(shí),切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0;或SKIPIF1<0因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以方程SKIPIF1<0有兩個(gè)不同的根,且根不為0,所以方程SKIPIF1<0共有3個(gè)不同的根,即經(jīng)過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0作曲線SKIPIF1<0的切線有3條.故選:C.4.(2019上·四川內(nèi)江·高三統(tǒng)考階段練習(xí))已知曲線SKIPIF1<0,則過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0可向SKIPIF1<0引切線,其切線條數(shù)為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】C【詳解】設(shè)在曲線SKIPIF1<0上的切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,所以,曲線SKIPIF1<0在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,將點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0的坐標(biāo)代入切線方程得SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.因此,過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0可向SKIPIF1<0引切線,有三條.故選:C.題型五:已知切線條數(shù)求參數(shù)1.(2023·湖南·校聯(lián)考二模)若經(jīng)過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0可以且僅可以作曲線SKIPIF1<0的一條切線,則下列選項(xiàng)正確的是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【詳解】設(shè)切點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0.因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,又因?yàn)榍芯€經(jīng)過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0.令SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0有且僅有1個(gè)交點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0恒成立,所以SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞增,顯然SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,于是符合題意;當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0遞減,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0遞增,所以SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0.綜上,SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0.故選:D2.(2023下·陜西漢中·高二校聯(lián)考期中)過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0作曲線SKIPIF1<0切線有且只有兩條,則b的取值范圍為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】A【詳解】設(shè)切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,所以過SKIPIF1<0的切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0有且僅有兩根,設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,此時(shí)SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞增;當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,此時(shí)SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞減,又當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0的圖象如下:故SKIPIF1<0有且僅有兩根,則b的取值范圍為SKIPIF1<0.故選:A.3.(2023·全國(guó)·校聯(lián)考二模)若曲線SKIPIF1<0有三條過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0的切線,則實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【詳解】設(shè)該切線的切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,則切線的斜率為SKIPIF1<0,所以切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,又切線過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,整理得SKIPIF1<0.要使過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0的切線有3條,需方程SKIPIF1<0有3個(gè)不同的解,即函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0圖象與直線SKIPIF1<0在R上有3個(gè)交點(diǎn),設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0,所以函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上單調(diào)遞增,在SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0上單調(diào)遞減,且極小值、極大值分別為SKIPIF1<0,如圖,由圖可知,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0圖象與直線SKIPIF1<0在R上有3個(gè)交點(diǎn),即過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0的切線有3條.所以實(shí)數(shù)a的取值范圍為SKIPIF1<0.故選:B.4.(2022上·山西運(yùn)城·高三??茧A段練習(xí))若過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0可以作曲線SKIPIF1<0的兩條切線,則(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【詳解】設(shè)曲線SKIPIF1<0在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0處的切線為SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0可知直線SKIPIF1<0的斜率為SKIPIF1<0,故直線SKIPIF1<0的方程為SKIPIF1<0,將SKIPIF1<0代入直線SKIPIF1<0可得關(guān)于SKIPIF1<0的方程SKIPIF1<0具有兩個(gè)不相等的正數(shù)解,構(gòu)造函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞減;當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞增,且當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0;SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,即當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0;故為了使方程SKIPIF1<0有兩個(gè)不相等的正數(shù)解,則須使SKIPIF1<0.故選:B.5.(2022上·重慶·高三校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,若過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0能作三條直線與SKIPIF1<0的圖像相切,則實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【詳解】由已知:SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0,設(shè)切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0根據(jù)導(dǎo)數(shù)的幾何意義,知切線斜率為SKIPIF1<0,切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,將SKIPIF1<0點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)代入切線方程可得SKIPIF1<0化簡(jiǎn)可得SKIPIF1<0即函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0與函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0有三個(gè)不同的交點(diǎn).故SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞減;當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞增;當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞減.則當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0有極小值SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0有極大值SKIPIF1<0.所以SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍為SKIPIF1<0.故選:D.題型六:距離問題轉(zhuǎn)化為相切問題1.(2022上·四川成都·高三校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí))曲線SKIPIF1<0上的點(diǎn)到直線SKIPIF1<0的距離的最小值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.2 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.4【答案】C【詳解】設(shè)與已知直線平行且與曲線相切的直線為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,所以切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,代入切線方程,可得SKIPIF1<0,即切線為SKIPIF1<0,由兩平行線間的距離SKIPIF1<0,所以最小值為SKIPIF1<0,故選:C.2.(2023上·湖南長(zhǎng)沙·高三長(zhǎng)郡中學(xué)??茧A段練習(xí))若實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最小值是(

)A.8 B.9 C.10 D.11【答案】A【詳解】由SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0得SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞減,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞增;由SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0的圖像如下圖:

則SKIPIF1<0表示SKIPIF1<0上一點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0上一點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0的距離的平方,顯然,當(dāng)過M點(diǎn)的SKIPIF1<0的切線與SKIPIF1<0平行時(shí),SKIPIF1<0最小,設(shè)SKIPIF1<0上與SKIPIF1<0平行的切線的切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,所以切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,切點(diǎn)到SKIPIF1<0的距離的平方為SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0的最小值為8;故選:A.3.(2023下·廣西河池·高二校聯(lián)考期中)若點(diǎn)P是曲線SKIPIF1<0上任意一點(diǎn),則點(diǎn)P到直線SKIPIF1<0的最小距離為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.1 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】A【詳解】SKIPIF1<0點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0是曲線SKIPIF1<0上的任意一點(diǎn),設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<01或SKIPIF1<0(舍去),SKIPIF1<0,此時(shí)SKIPIF1<0,∴曲線上與直線SKIPIF1<0平行的切線的切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0到直線SKIPIF1<0的最小距離SKIPIF1<0.故選:A.題型七:公切線問題1.(2023上·湖北荊州·高三荊州中學(xué)??茧A段練習(xí))若曲線SKIPIF1<0與曲線SKIPIF1<0有公切線,則實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】A【詳解】設(shè)公切線與函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0切于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,所以公切線的斜率為SKIPIF1<0,所以公切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,化簡(jiǎn)得SKIPIF1<0,設(shè)公切線與函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0切于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,則公切線的斜率為SKIPIF1<0,所以公切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,化簡(jiǎn)得SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,消去SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上遞減,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以由題意得SKIPIF1<0,即實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是SKIPIF1<0,故選:A2.(2023·全國(guó)·模擬預(yù)測(cè))試寫出曲線SKIPIF1<0與曲線SKIPIF1<0的一條公切線方程.【答案】SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0(寫出一個(gè)即可)【詳解】設(shè)公切線SKIPIF1<0與曲線SKIPIF1<0切于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,與曲線SKIPIF1<0切于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0.由SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0.由SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0.令SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,化為SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0.當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,此時(shí)切線SKIPIF1<0的方程為SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0.當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,此時(shí)切線SKIPIF1<0的方程為SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0.綜上可知,切線SKIPIF1<0的方程為SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0,寫出任意一個(gè)即可.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0,寫出任意一個(gè)即可.3.(湖北省武漢市部分學(xué)校2023-2024學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期11月調(diào)研考試數(shù)學(xué)試題)寫出曲線SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0的一條公切線方程:.【答案】SKIPIF1<0(或SKIPIF1<0)(答案不唯一)【詳解】設(shè)公切線與曲線SKIPIF1<0相切的切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,與曲線SKIPIF1<0相切的切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0,求導(dǎo)得SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0,求導(dǎo)得SKIPIF1<0,于是SKIPIF1<0,即有SKIPIF1<0,公切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,顯然該切線過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,因此SKIPIF1<0,整理得SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,公切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,公切線方程為SKIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<04.(2023·全國(guó)·高三專題練習(xí))若兩曲線SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0存在公切線,則正實(shí)數(shù)a的取值范圍是.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】由題可知,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,設(shè)與曲線SKIPIF1<0相切的切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,與SKIPIF1<0相切的切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,則有公共切線斜率為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,又SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,可得SKIPIF1<0,即有SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,可得SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,可得SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上單調(diào)遞增,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上單調(diào)遞減,SKIPIF1<0,可得SKIPIF1<0處SKIPIF1<0取得極大值,且為最大值SKIPIF1<0,則正實(shí)數(shù)a的取值范圍SKIPIF1<0,故答案為:SKIPIF1<05.(2023上·重慶·高三重慶巴蜀中學(xué)??茧A段練習(xí))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0(1)當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),求SKIPIF1<0的極值;(2)若曲線SKIPIF1<0與曲線SKIPIF1<0存在2條公切線,求a的取值范圍.【答案】(1)極大值為SKIPIF1<0,無(wú)極小值;(2)SKIPIF1<0.【詳解】(1)當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,顯然SKIPIF1<0,求導(dǎo)得SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞增;當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞減,所以SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0取得極大值SKIPIF1<0,無(wú)極小值.(2)設(shè)曲線SKIPIF1<0上切點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,則切線斜率為SKIPIF1<0,方程為SKIPIF1<0,依題意,切線SKIPIF1<0與曲線SKIPIF1<0相切,于是方程SKIPIF1<0有兩個(gè)相等的正實(shí)根,而SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,即有SKIPIF1<0,由公切線有兩條,得關(guān)于SKIPIF1<0的方程:SKIPIF1<0有兩個(gè)不同的實(shí)數(shù)解,令SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0的圖象有兩個(gè)交點(diǎn),由SKIPIF1<0,求導(dǎo)得SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞減;當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞增,因此SKIPIF1<0,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象如圖,觀察圖象知,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0時(shí),直線SKIPIF1<0與函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象有兩個(gè)交點(diǎn),所以a的取值范圍是SKIPIF1<0.三、專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練1.(2024上·廣東廣州·高三統(tǒng)考階段練習(xí))已知曲線SKIPIF1<0在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0處的切線的傾斜角為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.-2 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【詳解】由題意知SKIPIF1<0在曲線SKIPIF1<0上,所以SKIPIF1<0.又SKIPIF1<0,所以曲線SKIPIF1<0在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0處的切線的斜率為SKIPIF1<0.又因?yàn)榍€SKIPIF1<0在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0處切線的傾斜角為SKIPIF1<0,所以切線的斜率為1.故而SKIPIF1<0.由SKIPIF1<0解得SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0.故選:B2.(2024上·內(nèi)蒙古赤峰·高三統(tǒng)考開學(xué)考試)函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【詳解】∵SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,∴所求的切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0.故選:D3.(2023下·高二課時(shí)練習(xí))若曲線SKIPIF1<0在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,則(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0不存在【答案】A【詳解】由切線方程可以看出其斜率是2,又曲線在該點(diǎn)處的切線的斜率就是函數(shù)在該點(diǎn)處的導(dǎo)數(shù),即SKIPIF1<0故選:A4.(2023上·江蘇·高三江蘇省白蒲高級(jí)中學(xué)校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí))若直線SKIPIF1<0是曲線SKIPIF1<0的一條切線,則SKIPIF1<0的最小值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0ln2 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【詳解】設(shè)直線SKIPIF1<0與曲線SKIPIF1<0相切的切點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0求導(dǎo)得SKIPIF1<0,于是SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,求導(dǎo)得SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0遞減,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0遞增,因此當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0的最小值為SKIPIF1<0.故選:B5.(2023·全國(guó)·模擬預(yù)測(cè))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0可作曲線SKIPIF1<0的切線條數(shù)為(

)A.1 B.2 C.3 D.4【答案】B【詳解】解法一

由SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0.設(shè)切點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)為SKIPIF1<0,則切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,把SKIPIF1<0代入可得SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以該方程有2個(gè)不同的實(shí)數(shù)解,故切線有2條.解法二

由SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0.當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上單調(diào)遞減,在SKIPIF1<0上單調(diào)遞增,故SKIPIF1<0的極小值為SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在曲線SKIPIF1<0的下方,數(shù)形結(jié)合可知,過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0可作曲線SKIPIF1<0的2條切線.故選:B6.(2023·海南·校聯(lián)考模擬預(yù)測(cè))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0作曲線SKIPIF1<0的兩條切線,切點(diǎn)分別為SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0,則實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0(

)A.0 B.1 C.2 D.3【答案】B【詳解】由題意知SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0與曲線SKIPIF1<0相切,所以SKIPIF1<0,整理得SKIPIF1<0,同理SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0

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