2025屆高考英語一輪總復(fù)習(xí)名詞和冠詞教師用書教案北師大版

PAGE12-名詞和冠詞(一)名詞Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2024thatshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses(cause)．解析：此處的cause是可數(shù)名詞，表示“緣由”。依據(jù)其前的all可知，應(yīng)當(dāng)運(yùn)用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故填causes。2．(2024·浙江卷)MakingChinesedishes(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.解析：此處dish是可數(shù)名詞，其前無限定詞，故用其復(fù)數(shù)形式泛指中國菜。3．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(醫(yī)學(xué)界)asamethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedsideeffects(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalcommunitywastryingtofight.解析：依據(jù)空格前面的some以及空格后面列舉的兩個例子“overweightandheartdisease”可知，應(yīng)用effect的復(fù)數(shù)形式。4．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ)In1863thefirstundergroundpassengerrailwayintheworldopenedinLondon.Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterriblecrowds(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.解析：依據(jù)空格前面的形容詞terrible可知此處填名詞，crowd表示“人群”，是可數(shù)名詞，前面沒有限定詞，所以用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。5．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfewdays(day)withhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottle-fed,theotheriswithmum—sheneversuspects.解析：everyfewdays表示“每隔幾天”，此處應(yīng)當(dāng)運(yùn)用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式days。Ⅱ.單句改錯1．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Allthefootballplayerontheplaygroundcheeredloudly,sayingthatIhadatalentforfootball.player→players解析：player為可數(shù)名詞，且此處被all所修飾，故把player改為players。2．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ)SinceIwasakid,I'veconsidereddifferentjobIwouldliketodo.job→jobs解析：job為可數(shù)名詞，且依據(jù)different可知，此處應(yīng)用job的復(fù)數(shù)形式。3．(2024·全國卷Ⅲ)Iwishtohaveachainofcafesinmanydifferentcity.city→cities解析：city為可數(shù)名詞，依據(jù)修飾詞manydifferent可知，此處應(yīng)當(dāng)用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，故將city改為cities。4．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ)Then,whenIwasinthefivegrade,IwantedtobeateacherbecauseIlikedmyEnglishteacherverymuch.five→fifth解析：依據(jù)句意“在我上五年級的時候，我想當(dāng)一名老師，因?yàn)槲姨貏e喜愛我的英語老師。”可知要用序數(shù)詞，故改為fifth。5．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ)WhenIwaslittle，F(xiàn)riday'snightwasourfamilygamenight.Friday's→Friday解析：名詞Friday作定語修飾night，意為“周五晚上”。6．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)LastwinterwhenIwentthereagain,theyhadabigseparatehousetoraisedozensofchicken.chicken→chickens解析：短語dozensof之后應(yīng)當(dāng)運(yùn)用可數(shù)名詞chicken“雞”的復(fù)數(shù)形式。7．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ)Aftersupper,wewouldplaycardgamesofallsortinthesittingroom.sort→sorts解析：由前面的all修飾可數(shù)名詞sort可知，應(yīng)用sort的復(fù)數(shù)形式；allsorts意為“各種各樣的”。8．(2024·全國卷Ⅲ)Atthatmoment,Irememberedthatmyfatheroncesaid,“Theclassroomisaplaceforlearningandthatincludeslearningfromtextbooks,andmistakeaswell.”mistake→mistakes解析：and連接兩個平行成分，前面的textbooks為復(fù)數(shù)，故可數(shù)名詞mistake“錯誤”應(yīng)改為mistakes。9．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Theinstructorkeptrepeatingtheword,“Speedup！”“Slowdown！”“Turnleft！”word→words解析：依據(jù)后面引號內(nèi)的內(nèi)容可知教練始終重復(fù)說的話有多句，故此處應(yīng)用word的復(fù)數(shù)形式。10．(2024·全國卷Ⅲ)Theteenageyearfrom13to19werethemostdifficulttimeforme.year→years解析：此處指13～19歲的年齡，且其后be動詞為were，故用year的復(fù)數(shù)形式。eq\a\vs4\al(考點(diǎn)1可數(shù)名詞的數(shù))1．規(guī)則名詞的六種變更形式(1)一般狀況下，在詞尾干脆加-s:book—books,mouth—mouths,house—houses,girl—girls。(2)以-s，-x，-ch，-sh結(jié)尾的名詞，在詞尾加-es：glass—glasses,box—boxes,match—matches,brush—brushes。(3)以輔音字母＋-y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i再加-es：city—cities,country—countries,party—parties,factory—factories。(4)以o結(jié)尾的名詞常在詞尾加-s：radios,zoos,pianos,kilos,photos，加-es的只有以下詞：heroes,Negroes,tomatoes,potatoes,zeroes/zeros。(5)以f，fe結(jié)尾的名詞①少數(shù)干脆加-s：roof—roofs,belief—beliefs。②一般以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞要變f或fe為v＋es：self,life,thief,wife,knife,leaf,shelf，wolf,half。[巧學(xué)助記]為了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿著刀子和一片樹葉站在架子上，把狼劈成兩半。③下列以-f結(jié)尾的名詞既可以變f為v后再加-es，也可以干脆在f后加-s：handkerchief—handkerchiefs/handkerchieves,scarf—scarfs/scarves。(6)“man/woman＋n.”變復(fù)數(shù)時，作定語的man/woman和中心詞都要變復(fù)數(shù)：womenengineers。2．不規(guī)則名詞的三種復(fù)數(shù)變更(1)單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞deer(鹿)，sheep(綿羊)，means(方式)，Chinese(中國人)等。(2)變更元音或輔音的名詞foot→feet,child→children,man→men,mouse→mice,tooth→teeth,woman→women(3)合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式若有中心詞，則把中心詞變成復(fù)數(shù)；若無中心詞，則把最終一個詞變成復(fù)數(shù)。passer-by→passers-by,sister-in-law→sisters-in-law，grown-up→grown-ups[名師指津]fish表示不同種類的魚時，其復(fù)數(shù)形式為fishes，而表示同一種魚時，其單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同。eq\a\vs4\al(考點(diǎn)2抽象名詞詳細(xì)化)具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、情感的抽象名詞在表示詳細(xì)的概念時，可以與不定冠詞連用，?？嫉降挠校簡卧~抽象名詞詳細(xì)化名詞意義success勝利勝利的人或事pleasure樂趣令人興奮的事attraction吸引有吸引力的人或事物beauty美；漂亮漂亮的人或事物comfort勸慰；安慰令人感到勸慰的人或事物danger危急危急的人或因素delight興奮令人興奮的事failure失敗失敗的人或事物surprise驚異令人驚異的事情shock震驚令人震驚的事情pride傲慢令人傲慢的事情eq\a\vs4\al(考點(diǎn)3名詞全部格)1．有生命的名詞的三種全部格狀況構(gòu)成示例不以s結(jié)尾的名詞加-'sMary'se-mailChildren'sbooks以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加-'thegirls'dormitorytheteachers'reading-room以s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞加-'s或-'ourboss'officeEngels'sworks2.無生命的名詞的三種全部格①通常用of全部格表示ThecapitalofPeruisLima,whichisinthenorthonthecoast.秘魯?shù)氖锥际抢R，位于北部沿海地區(qū)。②表示時間、距離、國家、城市、機(jī)構(gòu)、節(jié)日等的名詞通常用-'s全部格表示。Beijing'sparks北京的公園thefactory'soutput工廠的產(chǎn)量3．雙重全部格雙重全部格的構(gòu)成形式為：名詞＋of＋名詞的全部格/名詞＋of＋名詞性物主代詞Heisafriendofmyfather's.他是我父親的一個摯友。(二)冠詞Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Ofthenineteenrecognizedpolarbearsubpopulations,threearedeclining,sixarestable,oneisincreasing,andninelackenoughdata.解析：考查冠詞。此處表示特指，故用定冠詞the。2．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ)Shesaid,“Wedon'thaveanyideawhoputgrandmaforward.Whenwegotacallsayingshewasshort-listed,wethoughtitwasajoke...”解析：考查冠詞。joke為可數(shù)名詞，在本句中為泛指，且joke的讀音以輔音音素開頭，故本空應(yīng)用不定冠詞a。3．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ)Cornproductionhasjumpednearly125percentoverthepast25years，whilericehasincreasedonly7percent.解析：thepast25years意為“過去的25年”，此處特指過去的25年。4．(2024·全國卷Ⅲ)I'mface-to-facewiththegorilla，whobeginsscreamingatthetopofherlungs.解析：atthetopofone'slungs盡量大聲地，聲嘶力竭地。5．(2024·全國卷Ⅲ)Instead，sheisearning￡6,500adayasamodelinNewYork.解析：此處意為“作為紐約的一名模特”，在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞model前應(yīng)當(dāng)運(yùn)用不定冠詞a，表示“一，一名”。6．(2024·浙江卷)ForPahlsson，itsreturnwasawonder.解析：wonder為可數(shù)名詞，表示“奇跡，奇事”，此處為泛指，故要用不定冠詞a。7．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfewdayswithhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottle-fed，theotheriswithmum—sheneversuspects.解析：此處表示雙胞胎大熊貓中的另一只，兩者之間的“另一個”應(yīng)當(dāng)運(yùn)用theother。8．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ)Giveyourbodyandbrainarestbysteppingoutsideforawhile，exercising，ordoingsomethingyouenjoy.解析：forawhile為固定搭配，意為“一會兒”。Ⅱ.單句改錯1．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Suddenlyfootballfeeljustinfrontofmebutalmosthitme.在football前加a解析：此處表示“一個足球”，表示泛指，且football的讀音以輔音音素開頭，故在football前加不定冠詞a。2．(2024·全國卷Ⅲ)Eachofmycafeswillhaveadifferentthemeandanuniquestyle.an→a解析：unique的發(fā)音以輔音音素開頭，故把a(bǔ)n改為a。3．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Duringmylastwinterholiday，Iwenttocountrysidewithmyfathertovisitmygrandparents.countryside前加定冠詞the解析：thecountryside是固定用法，意為“鄉(xiāng)下，農(nóng)村”。4．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ)Theylivefarfromtheschool，andittakesthemaboutahourandahalftogotoworkeveryday.第一個a→an/one解析：hour的讀音以元音音素開頭，且是可數(shù)名詞，所以表示一個小時用an/onehour。5．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Istillrememberhowhardfirstdaywas.first前加the/my解析：表示第幾天，序數(shù)詞前要加定冠詞the或者用限定詞進(jìn)行修飾。6．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ)Butinthatcase，wewilllearnlittleaboutworld.world前加the解析：此處特指我們所生活的這個世界。7．(2024·全國卷Ⅲ)Atthefirst，IthoughtIkneweverythingandcouldmakedecisionsbymyself.去掉the解析：atfirst“起初”，為固定短語。eq\a\vs4\al(考點(diǎn)1不定冠詞的用法)1．不定冠詞的三種基本用法(1)表示類指，或指某類中的任何一個。Avirusisaverysmalllivingthingthatcausesdisease.病毒是一種引發(fā)疾病的微生物。(2)表示泛指。當(dāng)說話人第一次提及某人或某物時通常用不定冠詞，因此由不定冠詞構(gòu)成的名詞詞組往往帶有不確定的含義，相當(dāng)于acertain。ThestoryhappenedinasmalltowninVictoria.故事發(fā)生在維多利亞的一個小鎮(zhèn)上。(3)表示數(shù)量。不定冠詞表示“一”這個數(shù)量，但數(shù)的概念沒有one劇烈。IwatchTVforsixteenorseventeenhoursaday.我一天要看十六七個小時的電視。2．不定冠詞的活用(1)用在某些抽象名詞或物質(zhì)名詞前，使之詳細(xì)化。Hesuddenlyappearedonarainynight,whichwasagreatsurprisetous.他在一個雨夜突然出現(xiàn)，這使我們特別驚訝。(2)不定冠詞用于序數(shù)詞前，強(qiáng)調(diào)“再一，又一”。Aftertenminutes,athirdmanstoodupandlefttheroom.大約10分鐘后，又一個人站起來離開了房間。(3)當(dāng)表示一日三餐的名詞和專出名詞前有形容詞修飾的時候，用不定冠詞。I'msurethisoutingwilllastlong,sobringapackedlunch.我敢確定這次郊游會持續(xù)很長時間，所以請帶上自備的午餐。(4)表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物的名詞前有修飾語的時候，用不定冠詞。apeacefulworld一個和平的世界abrightmoon一輪明月3．不定冠詞的習(xí)慣搭配asaresult因此asarule通常asawhole總體上asamatteroffact事實(shí)上ataloss不知所措inahurry匆忙inaword總之inasense在某種意義上inaway在某種程度上inashortwhile不久keepaneyeon照看，留意payavisitto探望putanendto結(jié)束onceinawhile間或onceuponatime從前allofasudden突然eq\a\vs4\al(考點(diǎn)2定冠詞的用法)1．定冠詞的四種基本用法(1)表示特指的人或物，或者雙方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物或者指上文已經(jīng)提到過的人或事物。Doyouknowthemanstandingatthegateofthedoor?你相識那個站在門口的人嗎？IwenttoauniversityinNewZealand.Theuniversitywassetupintheearlytwentiethcentury.我在新西蘭的一所高校學(xué)習(xí)。這所高校是二十世紀(jì)初建立的。(2)用在世界上獨(dú)一無二的名詞前。Theearthgoesaroundthesun.地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。(3)用于序數(shù)詞、形容詞的最高級前。IsthisthefirsttimeyouhavevisitedQingdao?這是你第一次巡游青島嗎？Chinaisoneoftherichestcountriesinnaturalresourcesintheworld.在自然資源方面，中國是世界上最富有的國家之一。(4)用在樂器名詞前，表示演奏，但“play＋表示中國樂器的名詞”中，名詞前不用冠詞。Shewasbornin1974andhasplayedthepianosincetheageofsix.她誕生于1974年，從六歲起就起先彈鋼琴了。2．定冠詞的活用(1)用在表示姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前，表示一家人或夫妻倆；或用于形容詞/分詞前，表示一類人或物。thewounded傷員therich富人TheGreensareonholidaynow.格林一家(夫婦)現(xiàn)在正在度假。(2)用在逢十的年頭前，表示“在某世紀(jì)幾十年頭”。inthe1990's在20世紀(jì)90年頭(3)用在表示單位的名詞前。Ihiredthecarbythehour.我按小時租車。(4)用在表示身體部位的名詞前，表示“打、抓住某人身體的某個部位”。Thepolicecaughtthethiefbythearm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。(5)與形容詞或副詞的比較級連用，一般用于以下兩種狀況：①用于“the＋比較級，the＋比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示“越……越……”之意。Themorewedoforthepeople,thehappierwe'llbe.我們?yōu)槿嗣褡龅迷蕉嗑驮饺A蜜。②用在“the＋比較級＋ofthetwo”結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示“兩個中較……的一個”。Sheisthetallerofthetwogirls.她是兩個女孩子中個子較高的那一個。3．定冠詞的習(xí)慣搭配makethemost/bestof充分利用intheend最終bytheway順便說一下inthedistance在遠(yuǎn)處intheway擋道onthewhole總的來說atthesametime同時ontheotherhand另一方面totellthetruth說實(shí)話forthetimebeing短暫onthespot在現(xiàn)場notintheleast一點(diǎn)也不theotherday前幾天taketheplaceof代替eq\a\vs4\al(考點(diǎn)3零冠詞的用法)1．零冠詞的三種基本用法(1)專出名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、人名、地名等名詞前，一般不加冠詞。HeislivinginCanadanow.他現(xiàn)在住在加拿大。(2)季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠詞。Weusuallyhavebreakfastat7o'clock.我們通常7點(diǎn)吃早飯。(3)在學(xué)科名稱、球類運(yùn)動、棋類嬉戲等名詞前不用冠詞。I'minterestedinEnglish.我對英語很感愛好。Heisfondofplayingchess.他喜愛下棋。2．零冠詞的活用(1)系動詞turn(變成)后的單數(shù)名詞作表語不用冠詞。Hisbrotherhasturnedwriter.他弟弟已成為一名作家。(2)“零冠詞＋單數(shù)名詞＋as/though＋主語＋謂語”意為“盡管……但是……”。Heroasheis,hehassomeshortcomings.盡管他是個英雄，但是他也有一些缺點(diǎn)。(3)用在“名詞＋介詞短語”的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中。Theteachercamein,bookinhand.老師手里拿著一本書走進(jìn)來。3．零冠詞的習(xí)慣搭配atpresent目前takepartin參與inpeace安靜bychance/accident碰巧onpurpose有意onsecondthoughts再一想aheadoftime提前inadvance提前bylaw依據(jù)法律bymistake由于差錯underrepair處于修理中l(wèi)oseheart灰心dayandnight整日整夜frommorningtillnight從早到晚outofcontrol失控outofwork失業(yè)indanger處于危急之中atrisk有危急Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．IntheBarcelonasoccerclub,Messiwasoneofthebestplayers(player)throughhisteenyears.2．Tosomeextent,examinationresults(result)aresometimesunexpectedbyyourstudylevel.3．Youcaneitherwriteathesis(論文)ortaketwomoreelectivecourses(course)．4．Likeaphone，youwillbeabletoreceivecalls(call)onyourwrist.5．HepraisesZuckerberg'seffortandthinksmoreAmericanCEOsshouldlearnforeignlanguages(language)．6．ButtheyoungestbillionaireisAlbertvonThurnundTaxisofGermany,who,in2001,inheritedabilliondollarswhenheturned18.7．Theyfoundthat：“OutdoorworkersinnorthernFinlandwhoareexposedtocoldtemperaturehavea_significantamountofbrownfatwhencomparedtosame-agedindoorworkers.”8．AtaboutthesametimeinvarioustownsandcitiesacrossAmericapeoplebegantocelebratethe“Father'sDay”．9．However,Itoldthegentlemanthatthedoorhadanautomaticopener,andhedidnotneedtostaytoholditopen.10．AnAmericanairlinerwashijacked(劫持)onaflightfromLosAngelestoNewYork.Ⅱ.單句改錯1．ThecityIliveinismostknownforitsmodernpublicfacility.facility→facilities2．Themomentwearrivedatthefootofthemountain,wesetoutforthetopinhighspirit.spirit→spirits3．TherewasatimewhenIwassoproudthatIoverlookedmyclassmate,refusingtoworktogetherwiththem.classmate→classmates4．“And，”themansaid,“mytoothareinthepieceofchocolateonthefloor.”tooth→teeth5．LastSaturday,asusual,shewenttoseveralclass.class→classes6．Fromthenon,IlearnedtohelpothersandturntomyfriendsforthehelpwheneverIhaddifficultyfinishingataskonmyown.去掉the7．Forinstance,it'sconvenient,fastandcomfortablemeansoftransportation.convenient前加a8．OurEnglishteacherwillhaveoperationtoday.have后加an9．Theotherdayweheldclassmeetingtodiscusshowfamilyconditionsinfluencehighschoolstudents.held后加a10．Actually,Ididn'thavetowalkfarbeforeIfoundthesmallhousestandinginafield.the→aⅢ.用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式或冠詞完成下列短文OnceamancametoAllah(安拉)andsaid，“OhAllah，Ihavemanybad__1__(habit)．WhichoneshouldIgiveupfirst？”Allahsaid,“Giveuptelling__2__(lie)firstandalwaystellthetruth.”Themanpromisedtodosoandwenthome.Atnightthemanwasabouttogoouttosteal.Beforesettingout，hethoughtfor__3__momentabout__4__promisehemadetoAllah.“IftomorrowAllahasksmewhereIhavebeen，whatshouldIsay？ShouldIsaythatIwentouttosteal？No，Icannotsaythat.IfItellthetruth，everyonewillstarthatingmeandcallme__5__thief.Iwouldbepunishedforstealing.ButnorcanIlieanymore.”Sothemandecidednottostealthatnight，andgaveupthisbadhabit.Nextday，whenhewasabouttodrinkwine，healsorememberedwhathehadpromisedtoAllah，sohegaveuptheideaofdrinkingwine.Inthisway，wheneverthemanthoughtofdoingsomethingbad，herememberedhispromisetotellthetruthatall__6__(time)．Onebyone，hegaveupallhisbadhabits.1．habits2.lies3.a4.the5.a6.timesⅣ.語法填空TheStateHermitageMuseuminSt.Petersburg,is__1__second-largestartmuseumintheworldaftertheLouvre,France,bothofwhicharevisitedbymillionsofpeople__2__(annual).Hermitageholdsnotonlyartistictreasuresbutalsoacollectionoflivinghistory__3__well.TheHermitagewasbuiltaspartoftheroyalRussianfamily'sWinterPalace.EmpressElizabethhadcatsbroughtin__4__(rid)theseveralpalacebuildingsofmice.Thecatsdidtheirjobwelland__The74Hermitagecatsliveatthemuseum__6__theynowleadanextremely__7__(comfort)life.Apresssecretaryisinchargeofthecats,withthreefull-timecaretakers__8__(attend)totheireveryneed.Thereareevenkitchensforpreparingmealsforthecatsbecauseeverycathasitsown__9__(prefer).Thismayallseemoverthetop,butRussianandforeign__10__(visit)alikeloveseeingtheHermitagecatswhileadmiringsomeoftheworld'sgreatestartistictreasures.本文是一篇說明文，介紹了圣彼得堡冬宮博物館的貓。1．the解析：考查冠詞。句意：圣彼得堡冬宮