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用心輔導(dǎo)中心初升高暑假復(fù)習(xí)資料目錄第一部分前言第二部分重要的語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)句子成分名詞代詞冠詞形容詞、副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)主謂一致第三部分高中必修一單詞表第四部分高一部分配套資料(另附)前言同學(xué)們:隨著中考的結(jié)束,你們又開始進(jìn)入到了一個(gè)新的臺(tái)階——高中!首先恭喜你們!當(dāng)然了,不管中考給予了我們什么樣的一個(gè)成績,那已成為過去,我們都應(yīng)該坦然的面對(duì)!最重要的是要好好把握現(xiàn)在!畢竟“花開,不是榮耀,而是一個(gè)美麗的結(jié)束;花落,不是恥辱,而是一個(gè)低調(diào)的開始”!讓我們一起共同努力,為你的高中“保駕護(hù)航”吧!同學(xué)們也知道,現(xiàn)在高中實(shí)行新課改,高中英語教材難度大,內(nèi)容多,學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)度快。知識(shí)內(nèi)容上“量”的劇增和課外練習(xí)、消化的課時(shí)相對(duì)減少使得很多新生感到不適應(yīng)。從英語語法角度上看,高中英語語法要求掌握得更加細(xì)致,更加系統(tǒng)、深入,同時(shí)不斷擴(kuò)展。但是很多同學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)方法和學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣還停留在初中階段,形成無論如何用功,總出現(xiàn)事倍功半的現(xiàn)象!那么下面我就針對(duì)高中英語科的學(xué)習(xí)給予你們一些建議吧!希望能給你們作些參考和選擇!●建議1積累詞匯,擴(kuò)大詞匯量同學(xué)們平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)要多積累詞匯,比如閱讀一些英文版名著或?qū)W生英語報(bào)刊,平時(shí)在日常的生活中多注意周圍的事物,遇到有英語標(biāo)志的詞語或句子不妨記住。●建議2注重語法知識(shí)整合,理清脈絡(luò),系統(tǒng)掌握
對(duì)于英語語法知識(shí)不要“死記硬背”,要掌握一定的語法規(guī)則和竅門,打好語法基礎(chǔ),注意那些特殊的語法現(xiàn)象,它們往往是考試的熱點(diǎn)和學(xué)習(xí)的難點(diǎn)。●建議3善于總結(jié)學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn),培養(yǎng)自覺的學(xué)習(xí)能力,養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣
學(xué)會(huì)總結(jié)成功的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn),養(yǎng)成獨(dú)立自覺學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)的習(xí)慣,掌握知識(shí)不能只靠老師課堂上的講解,應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)通過對(duì)文章和句子結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容的理解去分析和發(fā)現(xiàn)自己不熟悉的語法點(diǎn),從而使自己的知識(shí)系統(tǒng)化。同時(shí),我想說,“良好的開端是成功的一半”,暑期是開始高中英語學(xué)習(xí)的黃金時(shí)期,同學(xué)們應(yīng)該結(jié)合高中階段英語學(xué)科知識(shí)的特點(diǎn),找尋一套行之有效的學(xué)習(xí)方法,以便適應(yīng)高中新的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境和新的挑戰(zhàn),打好堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。最后,祝同學(xué)們假期學(xué)習(xí)愉快、步步高升!用心輔導(dǎo)中心英語組老師2011年暑假句子成分要點(diǎn):英語的基本成分有六種:主語(subject)、謂語(predicate)、賓語(object)、表語(predicative)、定語(attribute)和狀語(adverbial)其構(gòu)成的五種基本句型為:基本句型一:S+V(不及物動(dòng)詞)(主+謂)此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn),即句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞,后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。Eg:1.Thesun│wasshining.2.Themoon│rose.3.Theuniverse│remains.4.Thepen│writessmoothly基本句型二:S+V(系動(dòng)詞)+P(主+謂+表)此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn):句子謂語動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思,必須加上一個(gè)表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語,才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞分兩類:be,look,keep,seem等屬一類,表示情況;get,grow,become,turn等屬另一類,表示變化。be本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義。Eg:1.This│is│abook.2.Thedinner│smells│good.3.Hisface│turned│red.基本句型三:S+V(及物動(dòng)詞)+O(主+謂+賓)此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是:謂語動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義,都是主語產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作,但不能表達(dá)完整的意思,必須跟有一個(gè)賓語,即動(dòng)作的承受者,才能使意思完整。這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞.Eg:1.She│smiled│herthanks.2.He│enjoys│reading.基本句型四:S+V(及物動(dòng)詞)+o(多指人)+O(多指物)(主+謂+間賓+直賓)此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn):謂語動(dòng)詞必須跟有兩個(gè)賓語才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這兩個(gè)賓語一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的直接承受者,另一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的間接承受者。通常這一間接承受者用一個(gè)介詞來連接,當(dāng)動(dòng)作的間接承受者在動(dòng)作的直接承受者之前時(shí),這一介詞往往被省略Eg:1.She│ordered│herself│anewdress.2.He│brought│you│adictionary.基本句型五:S+V(及物)+O+C(主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ))此句型的句子的共同特點(diǎn)是:動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞,但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思,必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語,才能使意思完整。Eg:1.They│appointed│him│manager.2.They│painted│thedoor│green.練習(xí)題一、用所給的單詞組成句子
1.to,the,box,I,want,take,to,room,heavy,the.
2.look,things,the,after,boys,their,must.
3.here,all,are,you.
4.today,who,duty,is,on?
5.Miss,them,3yearsago,Wang,taught,Japanese.
6.is,rice,bag,in,there,much,the.
7.him,them,to,a,gift,promised,give,1.
8.begins,eight,the,English,at,class,o'clock.
二、完成下列句子
1.Haveyoueverbeento______(最遠(yuǎn)的小島)
2.Wemust______ourclassroom______.(保持清潔).
3.They________________________and____________twohours(每二小時(shí),必須坐下休息)
4.Afterworkhealways________________________(感到有點(diǎn)兒累).
5.Thedoctor____________Tom____________(非常仔細(xì)地做了檢查).
6.Thereis____________(有點(diǎn)毛?。﹚ithLinda'scat'seyes.
7.Icansee____________(沒有異常之物)inthetree.
8.Mr.Fangis________________________(去……訪問)hisaunt.
9.Mike__________________hismother______(得幫媽媽)thewashingeverySunday.
三、指出下列句子的主語部分
1.Whoisthegentlemanintheroom?
2.Whoissingingontheplatform?
3.Whathesaidisnottrue.說說你今天的收獲吧:二、名詞要點(diǎn):I.名詞的種類:專有名詞普通名詞國名地名人名,團(tuán)體機(jī)構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II.名詞的數(shù):1.規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式:名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es?,F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下:規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,或?qū)S忻~以y結(jié)尾的,加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù):英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的,現(xiàn)歸納如下:規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,speciesli,yuan,jin,3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people,police,cattle,staff5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)(整體)也可以作復(fù)數(shù)(成員)audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)),forces(軍隊(duì)),times(時(shí)代),spirits(情緒),drinks(飲料),sands(沙灘),papers(文件報(bào)紙),manners(禮貌),looks(外表),brains(頭腦智力),greens(青菜),ruins(廢墟)7表示“某國人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends無主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)womensingers,menservants注意:以s結(jié)尾,仍為單數(shù)的名詞,如:
a.maths,politics,physics等學(xué)科名詞,為不可數(shù)名詞,是單數(shù)。
b.news是不可數(shù)名詞。
c.theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。d.以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名,劇名,報(bào)紙,雜志名,也可視為單數(shù)。
"TheArabianNights"isaveryinterestingstory-book.3.不可數(shù)名詞量的表示
可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量。如:
aglassofwater一杯水a(chǎn)pieceofcake4.修飾可數(shù)名詞的詞有:many,few,afew,anumberof,數(shù)詞修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞有:much,little,alittle,agreatdealof即可修飾可數(shù)名詞也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞有:some(any),no,alotof,plentyof二、名詞的格1.有生命的人、物及其他名詞的所有格在詞尾加“’s”,如theboy’sbag男孩的書包
2.凡不能加"'s"的名詞,都可以用"名詞+of+名詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系,如:thetitleofthesong歌的名字thewindowofthehouse。3.時(shí)間、距離、地域等名詞的所有格形式為-’stoday’snewspaper,tenminutes’walkthecity’sproblem
4.在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí),名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞,如:thebarber's理發(fā)店atmyaunt’s(house)gotothedoctor’s.5.若名詞詞尾已有-s,只加’,如:Teachers’Daythetwins’parents,thestudents’books
6.如果兩個(gè)名詞并列,并且分別有's,則表示"分別有";只有一個(gè)'s,則表示'共有'。
如:John'sandMary'srooms(兩間)JohnandMary'sroom(一間)
7.雙重所有格形式:anovelofMarkTwin’safriendofmyfather’s/mine練習(xí)題:1.Hewaseagertomakesomeextramoney,sinceduringtheseyearshecouldhardlyliveonhis_______.A.littlewageB.fewwageC.wageD.wages2.Mostofthehousesinthevillagewereburntto______duringthewar.A.anashB.theashC.ashD.ashes3.Thestudentsatcollegesoruniversitiesaremaking______forthecomingNewYear.A.manypreparationsB.muchpreparationC.preparationsD.preparation4.Paintingin_____isoneoftheirspare-timeactivities.A.oilB.anoilC.oilsD.theoil5.Intheviewoftheforeignexperts,therewasn’t____oilhere.A.muchB.lotsofC.agreatdealofD.many6.Thelargehousesarebeingpainted,but______.A.ofgreatexpenseB.atagreatexpenseC.inalotofexpensesD.byhighexpense7.Theroomwassmallandcontainedfartoo______.A.muchnewfurnitureC.muchnewfurnituresB.manynewfurnitureD.manynewfurnitures8.Jimwaslatefortwoclassesthismorning.Hesaidthatheforgotbothofthe______.A.roomsnumberB.roomnumberC.room’snumbersD.roomnumbers9.Computerscando____workinashorttime,butamancannotdo____byhimself.Agreatmany…manyC.much…agreatdealB.greatdealof…muchD.many…agreatmany10.Shedidn’tknow_____hehadbeengiven.A.howmanyinformationC.howmanyinformationsB.thenumberofinformationD.howmuchinformation11.Heinvitedallofhis______tojoinhisweddingparty.A.comrade-in-armsC.comrades-in-armB.comrades-in-armsD.comrade-in-arm12.Allthe______inthehospitalgotariselastmonth.A.womendoctorsC.womandoctorsB.womendoctorD.womandoctor13.Aftertenyears,alltheseyoungstersbecame_____.A.growns-upsC.growns-upB.grown-upD.grown-ups14.Thepoliceinvestigatedthose_____abouttheaccident.A.
stander-byC.standers-byB.
stander-bysD.standers-bys15.TheNazikeptthose______intheirconcentrationcamp.A.prisoner-of-warsC.prisoners-of-warB.prisoners-of-warsD.prisoner-of-war說說你今天的收獲吧:三、代詞I.代詞可以分為以下七大類:1人稱代詞主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they賓格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them人稱代詞有主格和賓格之分。通常主格作主語,賓格作賓語。2物主代詞形容詞性my,your,his,her,its,our,their名詞性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs1.表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫物主代詞。物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞2.形容詞性物主代詞的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞,可在句中作定語。例如:
Ourteacheriscomingtoseeus.I'vealreadyfinishedmyhomework.Haveyoufinishedyours?(作賓語)3.名詞性物主代詞的作用相當(dāng)于名詞,在句中可用作主語、賓語和表語。
Ourschoolishere,andtheirsisthere.(作主語)3反身代詞myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves不是指明代替任何特定名詞的代詞叫做不定代詞,在句中可作主語、表語、賓語和定語4指示代詞this,that,these,those,such,some5疑問代詞who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever疑問代詞用于特殊疑問句中,一般都放在句首,并在句子中作為某一句子成分。例如:Whoisgoingtocomeheretomorrow?(作主語)Whatisthat?(作表語)Whomareyouwaitingfor?(作賓語)6關(guān)系代詞that,which,who,whom,whose,as關(guān)系代詞在后面的定語從句中會(huì)講到:Ihatepeoplewhotalkmuchbutdolittle.I’mlookingatthephotographwhichyousentmewithyourletter.Withthemoneythathehadsaved,hewentonwithhisstudies.7不定代詞one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/either練習(xí)題:一、單項(xiàng)選擇1.Tom,Pleasepass________theglasses.Iwanttoreadthenewspapers.A.youB.meC.himD.her2.TheEnglishnovelisquiteeasyforyou.Thereare______newwordsinit.A.alittleB.littleC.afewD.few3.---Youwant________sandwich?---Yes,IusuallyeatalotwhenI’mhungry.A.otherB.anotherC.othersD.theother4.ThedoctorsandnursesaredoingtheirbesttofightSARS.Theythinkmoreofothersthan_______.A.theyB.themC.themselvesD.theirs5.---Whichdoyouprefer,abottleoforangeorabottleofmilk?---______________,thanks.I’dlikeacupoftea.A.EitherB.NeitherC.BothD.None6.---Oh!Icameinahurryandforgottobringfood.---Nevermind.Youcanhave________.A.usB.oursC.youD.yours7.---CanIcomethiseveningortomorrowmorning?---_______isOK.I’mfreetodayandtomorrow.A.EitherB.NeitherC.BothD.None8.---Howareyougoingtoimprove_______thisterm?---Workharderthanlastterm.A.ourselvesB.myselfC.himselfD.yourself9.---Couldyoutellme_______sheislookingfor?---Hercousin,Susan.A.thatB.whoseC.whoD.which10.---Is_______here?---No.LiLeiandHanMeihaveaskedforleave.A.everybodyB.somebodyC.anybodyD.nobody二、用適當(dāng)?shù)拇~填空1.Theoldmanhastwosons.Oneisaworker,_______isateacher.2.Studentsareusuallyinterestedinsports.Somelikerunning;somelikeswimming;_______likeballgames.3.Let’sgoandhaveadrink.We’vegot_______timebeforethetrainleaves.4.Wewereallverytired,but_______ofuswouldliketohavearest.5.______ofthetwinsareinourclass.6.Boys,don’ttouchthemachines,oryoumayhurt_______.7.Itissaidthereisgoingtobe________importantintheCCTVnews.8.Wecouldn’tbuyanythingbecause_______oftheshopsopenedatthattime.9.Theydidn’tlearn_______newinthislesson.10.---Whyis______easyforsuchayounggirltolearnthreeforeignlanguagessowell?---BecauseBritain,GermanyandFranceareallverynear______country.說說你今天的收獲吧:四、冠詞要點(diǎn):1、冠詞分類:英語中冠詞有不定冠詞和定冠詞兩種,常放在名詞的前面,用來限定名詞的意義,起泛指或特指的作用。定冠詞the,不定冠詞a/an。2、不定冠詞a/an的用法:不定冠詞a/an用在單數(shù)名詞的前面,a用在輔音開頭的詞前面;an用在元音開頭的詞的前面。不定冠詞的基本用法:表示某一個(gè)人或東西,但不具體說明何人或何物。如:Thereisadoglying。(2)表示某類人或事物,以區(qū)別于其他種類。如:Aelephantismuchstrongerthanaman.(大象比人強(qiáng)壯多了。)(不能譯為:一頭大象比一個(gè)人強(qiáng)壯。)表示某類人或事物中的任何一個(gè)。如:HeisateacherofEnglish.(他是英語教師。)(4)表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量。如:Thereisatableandfourchairsinthatdining-room.3、定冠詞the的用法:定冠詞the用在可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)的名詞前面。定冠詞的基本用法:表示特指的人或事物。如:ThemanwithaflowerinhishandisJack..(手上拿著一朵花的男人是杰克)指談話雙方都熟悉的人或事物。如:Lookattheblackboard,Lily.(莉莉,請(qǐng)看黑板。)復(fù)述前面提到過的人或事物。如:Thereisamanunderthetree.ThemaniscalledRobert.(樹下有個(gè)人,那個(gè)人叫羅伯特。)表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物。如:Theearthturnsaroundthesun.(地球繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。)用在表示方位的名詞前面。如:TherewillbestrongwindtothesouthoftheYangtzeRiver.(長江以南地區(qū)將會(huì)刮大風(fēng)。)在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)的前面。如:Whoisthefirstonetogo?(誰第一個(gè)去?)/Ofallthestars,thesunisthenearesttotheearth.(在所有的恒星之中太陽離地球最近)常用在樂器名稱的前面。如:Hebegantoplaytheviolinattheageof5.用在江河、海洋、山脈等名稱的前面。如:IhaveneverbeentotheHimalayaMountains.(我從來沒有去過喜馬拉雅山)用在含有普通名詞的專有名詞的前面。如:HeisfromtheUnitedStatesofAmerica.(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如:TheGreensaregoingtoMountEmeinextmonth.(11)same之前一般用the。如:LucyandLilylookthesame.(露西和莉莉看上去長得一樣)(12)幾個(gè)用定冠詞的習(xí)語:atthesametime(與此同時(shí))ontheway(在路上)等等。4、一些不用冠詞的情況:(1)專有名詞和(第一次使用)一些不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)前面通常不用。如:Chinaisaverylargecountry.(中國是個(gè)大國)/Manneedsairandwater.(人類需要空氣和水)(2)名詞前已有指示、物主或不定代詞作定語時(shí)不用。如:Mypenismuchmoreexpensivethanyours.(我的鋼筆比你的昂貴多了)周名,月名或季節(jié)名前一般不用。如:HewasbornonMonday,February18,1995.(4)(第一次使用)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示人或事物的類別時(shí)不用。如:Menareclevererthanmonkeys.(人比猴子聰明)三餐飯前不用。如:Wehavebreakfastathomeandlunchatschool.節(jié)、假日前一般不用。如:Children’sDay球類名詞前不用。如:ThechildrenplayfootballonSaturdayafternoons.城市的重要/主要建筑物名稱前不用。如:TheyarenowatPeople’sCinema.一些習(xí)慣用語中不用。at/to/from/outof/after/forschool;onfoot;練習(xí)題:1.______recentreportstatedthatthenumberofSpanishspeakersintheU.S.wouldbehigherthanthenumberofEnglishspeakerby_____year2090.A,theB.A,/C.The,/D.The,a2.Ifyougoby______train,youcanhavequiteacomfortablejourney,butmakesureyouget_____fastone.A./,/B./,aC.the,aD./,/3.Itisoftensaidthat____teachershave_______veryeasylife.A/,/B./,aC.the,/D.the,a4.Ican’trememberwhenexactlytheRobinsonsleft_____city,Ionlyrememberitwas______Monday.。the,theB.a,theC.a,aD.the,a5.Ifyougrowupin______largefamily,youaremorelikelytodevelop_____abilitytogetonwellwith______others.A./,antheB.a,the,/C.the,an,theD.a,the,the6.Mrs,Taylorhas___8-year-olddaughterwhohas_____giftforpainting–shehaswontwonationalprizes.a,aB.an,theC.an,aD.th7.AfetrdinnerhegaveMr.Richardson________rideto________CapitalAirport.A.the,aB.atheC./,aD./,the8.OnMay5,2005,at___WorldTableTennisChampionship,KongLinghuiandWangHaowonthegoldmedalinmen’swith____scoreof4:1.A.a,aB./theC.a,/D.the,a9.Iknew______JohnLennon,butnot____famousone.A./,aB.a,theC./,theD.the,a10.Thebooktells____lifestoryofJohnSmith,wholeft_______schoolandworkedforanewspaperattheageof16.A.the,theB.a,theC.the./D.a,/11.Whenyoucomehereforyourholidaynexttime,don’tgoto_____hotel;Icanfindyou______bedinmyflat.the,aB.the,/C.a,theD.a,/12.Ifyoubuymorethanten,theywillknock20penceoff________.A.apriceB.priceC.thepriceD.prices13.____on-goingdivisionbetweenEnglish–speakingCanadiansandFrench-speakingCanadiansis_______majorconcernofthecountry.The,/B.The,aC.An,theD.An,/14.Whenheleft_____college,hegotajobas______reporterinanewspaperoffice.A./,aB /,theC.atheD.the,the15Themostimportantthingaboutcottoninhistoryis___partthatitplayedin____IndustrialRevolution.A./,/B.the,/C.the,theD.a,the說說你今天的收獲吧:五、形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)要點(diǎn):一.形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化方法如下(1)符合規(guī)則的:情況加法例詞一般情況直接加-er;-estall-taller-tallest以e結(jié)尾的詞加–r;-stnice-nicer-nicest以“輔音+y”結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加-er;-estdry-drier-driestheavy-heavier-heaviest以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的詞輔音字母雙寫,再加-er;-estthin-thinner-thinnest多音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)單詞在詞前加more;mostmoredeliciousmostdelicious(2)幾個(gè)不規(guī)則的形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)如下表:原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)good,wellbetterbestbad,illworseworstmany,muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest二.形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的用法級(jí)別比較程度表達(dá)方式和意義例句備注原
級(jí)同等程度肯定形式As+原級(jí)+as(像……一樣)Artisasinterestingasmusic.Playaswellasyoucan.
否定形式not+so(as)+原級(jí)+as(不如……那樣)Englishisnotsodifficultasscience.ShedoesnotstudysowellasIdo.
比較級(jí)不同程度(用于兩者比較)比較級(jí)+than(比……)JimisolderthanLuky.Ilikeporkbetterthanbeef.比較級(jí)前面可以加much,far,even,still,alot,alittle,abit等程度加深比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)(越來越……)The+比較級(jí),the+比較級(jí)(越……,越……)Heisgrowingtallerandtaller.Hestudiesbetterandbetter.Themorebooksshereads,thebettersheunderstand.
最高級(jí)最高程度(用于三者或三者以上)The+最高級(jí)+of(in)(最……)Springisthebestseasonoftheyear.LinTaojumped(the)farthestofall.副詞最高級(jí)前面的the往往省略注意:有些形容詞,如dead,empty,round,sure,woolen等受本身含義的限制,沒有比較級(jí)。三.形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)的其他用法(1)和冠詞連用the+形容詞原級(jí)+v(復(fù)),指一類人或物the+形容詞比較級(jí),指兩者中“較…的”的那一個(gè),eg.theyoungerofthetwoa/an+形容詞比較級(jí)eg.Thepenisexpensive.Iwantacheaperone.(a)+most+形容詞最高級(jí)“非常…”eg.amostbeautifulcity(2)相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)原級(jí)比較:肯定句as….as….,否定句notso/as….as…..比較句:比較級(jí)+than….或more(less)….than…..Thefurnitureinthisshopislessbeautifulthanthatinthatshop.(注意代詞that的用法)比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)或moreandmore+比較級(jí)“越來越…”richerandricher,moreandmoreinterestingThemore…..,themore…..“越…,越…”Themoreyoulookatthepicture,thebetteryouwilllikeit.5)比較級(jí)+thananyother+n.(單)(適用于范圍一致時(shí))(all)other+n.(復(fù))any+n.(單)(適用于范圍不一致時(shí))Heistallerthananyotherstudent/allotherstudentsinhisclass.anystudentinmyclass.6)倍數(shù)表達(dá)法。Aisthree(four,etc.)timesthesize(height,lengthetc.)ofB.Aisthree(four,etc.)timesasbig(high,long,etc.)asB.Aisthree(four,etc.)timesbigger(higher,longer,etc.)thanB.用times表倍數(shù)通常用于三倍以上,兩倍可以用twice或double.Thenewbuildingisfourtimesthesize(theheight)oftheoldone.這座新樓比那座舊樓大三倍(高三倍)。AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.亞洲比歐洲大三倍。Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours.你們的學(xué)校比我們的學(xué)校大三倍。7)more…than…結(jié)構(gòu),其意往往是…ratherthan…,可譯為“是……而不是……”或顛倒詞序譯作“與其說是……,不如說是……”。Thatlittlegirlismoretiredthanhungry.那個(gè)小姑娘是累了而不是餓了。Sheismoreamotherthanawife或Sheismoreofamotherthanawife.她是賢妻,更是良母。8)AistoBwhatCistoDA和B的關(guān)系就像C和D的關(guān)系A(chǔ)iristomanwhatwateristofish.空氣對(duì)于人類就像水和魚的關(guān)系。9)nomorethan=only“只不過”,言其少notmorethan=atmost“不多于”,“至少”,指事實(shí)。nomore…than…和…一樣不…如單音節(jié)使用比較級(jí)形式notmore…than…不比…更…nolessthan=asmuchas“多達(dá)”nofewerthan=asmanyas例:Ihavenomorethanfiveyuaninmypocket.我口袋里的錢只不過5元。Ihavenotmorethanfiveyuaninmypocket.我口袋里的錢不多于5元。HeisnoricherthanI.他和我一樣窮。Heisnolessdeterminedthanyou.他的決心不亞于你。(nolessdeterminedthan等于“其決心不亞于你”,言其大)Heisnotlessdeterminedthanyou.他的決心不比你小。(notlessdeterminedthan等于“其決心不小于”,無言其大或小的含義)10)最高級(jí)+of/in/among….Heisthetallestofthethree/amongthem/inisclass.四.相關(guān)詞語辨析1.very和muchA)very修飾形容詞、副詞的原級(jí);much修飾比較級(jí);修飾動(dòng)詞用much或verymuch,eg.IverylikeEnglish.(×),因改為:IlikeEnglishverymuch.B)表示狀態(tài)的過去分詞前用very。averyfrightenedboy,averytiredchild.一般的情況下,以-ed結(jié)尾的分詞多用much、verymuch/greatly等修飾。如:Weweregreatly/muchshockedbythenewsaboutTom..C)已轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞的現(xiàn)在分詞前用very。如:veryinteresting/worrying/excitingD)too前用much/far,不用very。Youaremuch/far/alottoonice.另外,在toomany/much,toofew/little前用far。We’vegotfartoomanyeggsandfartoofeweggcups.E)還有修飾詞既不用very,也不用much.eg.bewellworthdoing,bewellabovethetree2.so和suchA)so…that…與such…that…的區(qū)別。so+形容詞/副詞+
that…so+形容詞+a(n)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+that…so+many/much/little/few+名詞+that…such+a(n)+形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+that…such+形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞+that…such+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+that…注意:但當(dāng)little表示“小”時(shí)用such。如:Thesearesuchlittleboysthattheycan’tdressthemselves.下列so的用法是錯(cuò)誤的:soadifficultproblem,sodifficultproblems,sohotweather。B)some/any/every/no/each/all/another/several/few/many/one/two+such+n.eg.nosuchword3.betoomuch+n.bemuchtoo+adj.betoomuchforsb.對(duì)…太過分了4.can’tbetoo+adj.=can’tbe+adj.+enough“無論…都不為過”Youcanneverbecarefulenough.=Youcanneverbetoocareful.你越小心越好。練習(xí)題:1Don'tworry,sir.I'msureIcanrun_________tocatchupwiththem.A.slowlyenough
B.enoughslowly
C.fastenough
D.enoughfast2.Thetextisveryeasyforyou.Thereare________newwordsinit.
A.afew
B.alittle
C.few
D.little3.It'ssuchan________filmthatallthestudentsare______init.
A.interesting;interested
B.interested;interesting
C.interesting;interesting
D.interested;interested;4.Mingminggotupvery_______,sohecametoschoolhalfanhour______.
A.late;lately
B.lately;late
C.lately;lately
D.late;late5.Iam________worriedaboutyparents'healthyconditions.
A.sometimes
B.sometime
C.sometimes
D.sometimes6.Wedon'thave________everyday.
A.alotofschoolworks
B.manyschoolwork
C.anyschoolworks
D.muchschoolwork7.-Look!Howfastthetwohorsesarerunning!
--Oh,yes!Theyarenearly_______.
A.upanddown
B.slowerandslower
C.moreorless
D.neckandneck8.______childrenthereareinfamily,_______theirlifewillbe.
A.Theless;thebetter
B.Thefewer;thebetter
C.Fewer;richer
D.More;poorer9.MostofthepeopleinGuangdongaregetting________.
A.moreandmorerich
B.morerichandmorerich
C.richerandricher
D.richerandrichest10.Whichlessonis_______,thisoneorthatone?
A.difficult
B.muchdifficult
C.moredifficult
D.themostdifficult11."A______accidenthappenedat7:30a.m."saidthepoliceman_______.
A.serious,serious
B.seriously,seriously
C.seriously,serious
D.serious,seriously12.________isitfromourschooltoLupuBridge?
A.Howlong
B.Howoften
C.Howfar
D.Howmuch13.Inourcity,itis______inJuly,butitiseven_______inAugust.
A.hotter;hottest
B.hot;hot
C.hotter;hot
D.hot;hotter14.Thispencilis______thatone.
A.solongas
B.aslongeras
C.longerthan
D.notaslongestas15.Thestationistwokilometers_______thehospital.
A.awayto
B.faraway
C.farfrom
D.awayfrom16.Beijinghas______manybusesthatthereisoftenatrafficjaminrushhours.
A.so
B.very
C.too
D.much17.Thisboxis______heavy________Ican'tcarryit.
A.too,to
B.so,that
C.very,that
D.too,that18.Indiahasthesecond_______populationintheworld.
A.larger
B.most
C.smallest
D.largest19.Maryreceived________manypostcardsatChristmas.
A.so
B.such
C.too
D.even20.Thecakesmells______.Pleasethrowitaway.
A.good
B.badly
C.bad
D.well21.---Whatwastheweatherlikeyesterday?
---Itwasterrible.Itrainedso________thatpeoplecould_______goout.
A.hardly…h(huán)ard
B.hardly…h(huán)ardly
C.hard…h(huán)ardly
D.hard…h(huán)ard22.Themeetingwillbeheldinhalfanhour,buttheyhaven'tgoteverythingready_____.
A.ever
B.already
C.yet
D.still23.---WhatabouttheEnglishnovel?
---It'snotverydifficult.Thereareonly________newwordsinit.
A.few
B.afew
C.many
D.alittle24.Howbeautifulshesings!I'veneverheard________.
A.thebettervoice
B.agoodvoice
C.thebestvoice
D.abettervoice25.
MrSmithalwayshas
________totellus.A.somegoodpiecesofnews
B.some
piecesofgoodnewsC.somegoodpieceofnews
D.somepieceofgoodnew六、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)要點(diǎn):動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)共16種,但我們最常用的為8種。即:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)。動(dòng)詞語態(tài)則只有兩種:主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)一、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)及其用法1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法
1)表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作;表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、特征和真理。句中常用often,usually,everyday等時(shí)間狀語。例如:Hegoestoschooleveryday.
2)在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。例如:WhenIgraduate,I’llgotocountryside.
3)有時(shí)這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃、規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(句中都帶有時(shí)間狀語),但限于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞,如:begin,come,leave,go,arrive,start,stop,return,open,close等。例如:
a.Themeetingbeginsatseven.
4)表示狀態(tài)和感覺的動(dòng)詞(be,like,hate,think,remember,find,sound等)常用一般現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:IlikeEnglishverymuch.
5)書報(bào)的標(biāo)題、小說等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
2.一般過去時(shí)的用法
1)表示過去某時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或過反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
a.HesawMr.Wangyesterday.
2)表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,也可用“usedto“和“would+動(dòng)詞原形”。Iusedtosmoke.
DuringthevacationIwouldminthesea.
注:”usedto“
表示過去常發(fā)生而現(xiàn)在不再發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)?!皐ould+動(dòng)詞原形”沒有“現(xiàn)在不再……”含義。另外“tobeusedto
+名詞(動(dòng)名詞)”表示“習(xí)慣于…..”
a.Iamusedtotheclimatehere.
b.Heisusedtomminginwinter.
3.一般將來時(shí)的用法
1).一般將來時(shí)表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其表達(dá)形式除了“will或shall+動(dòng)詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進(jìn)行的事。
Itisgoingtorain.
2)“beto+動(dòng)詞原形”表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見。
Theboyistogotoschooltomorrow.3)“beaboutto
+動(dòng)詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,意為bereadytodosth.后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語。Weareabouttoleave.
4)go,come,start,move,sail,leave,arrive,stay等可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。I’mleavingforBeijing.
5)某些動(dòng)詞(如come,go,leave,arrive,start,get,stay等)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可表示將來。
4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法1)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,由“tobe+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。另外,“系動(dòng)詞+介詞或副詞”也表示進(jìn)行時(shí)的意義。Whatareyoudoing?Thebridgeisunderconstruction.
2)表示感覺、愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動(dòng)詞(如have,be,here,se,like等)一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.
5.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法
1)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去某一時(shí)刻、某一階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,由“was(were)+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。
In1980hewasstudyinginauniversity.
6.將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法1)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,但這個(gè)動(dòng)作會(huì)延續(xù)到將來。如:Ithinkthatshewillbeworkingonthisexperimentuntilnextmorning.2).表示將來某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,一般帶狀語。如:WhatwillyoubedoingatthistimenextMonday?7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“have+過去分詞其使用有兩種情況:
1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作在說話之前已完成,但對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響。句中沒有具體時(shí)間狀語。
HehasgonetoFuzhou.
HehasbeentoFuzhou.
2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作開始于過去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去常用for和since表示一段時(shí)間的狀語或sofar,now,today,thisweek(month,year)等表示包括現(xiàn)在內(nèi)的狀語。HehasstudiedEnglishfor5years.注意:表示短暫時(shí)間動(dòng)作的詞(如come,go,die,marry,buy等)的完成時(shí)不能與for,since等表示一般時(shí)間的詞連用。
3)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還可用時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中,表示將來某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。
Ifithasstoppedsnowinginthemorning,we’llgotothepark.
8.過去完成時(shí)的用法
1)過去完成時(shí)由“had+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。過去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。句中常用by,before,until,when等詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語。
Bytheendoflastyearwehadbuiltfivenewhouses.
2)過去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞還可表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去某個(gè)時(shí)間或持續(xù)下去。Beforeheslept,hehadworkedfor12hours.
二、動(dòng)詞語態(tài)及其用法1.當(dāng)句子的主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí),謂語的形式叫主動(dòng)語態(tài)。句子的主語是動(dòng)作承受者時(shí),謂語的形式叫被動(dòng)作語態(tài)。被動(dòng)語態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be+過去分詞構(gòu)成,時(shí)態(tài)通過be表現(xiàn)出來。
1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):Youarerequiredtodothis.
2)一般過去時(shí):Thestorywastoldbyher.
3)一般將來時(shí):Theproblemwillbediscussedtomorrow.
4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):Theroadisbeingwidened.
5)過去進(jìn)行時(shí):Thenewtoolwasbeingmade.6)將來進(jìn)行時(shí):無被動(dòng)語態(tài)
6)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):Thenovelhasbeenread.
7)過去完成時(shí):Hesaidthattheworkhadbeenfinished.
2.一些特殊的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
1)帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):Theproblemmustbesolvedsoon.
2)帶不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):Theroomisgoingtobepainted.
3)主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的詞。常見的有:
a.主動(dòng)形式,這時(shí)動(dòng)名詞同句中的主語有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。
如:Thechildrenneedlookingafter.
Thewindowswants/requiresrepairing.
Thispointdeservesmentioning.
b.有些及物動(dòng)詞后須加副詞
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