高三英語Unit8HumankindandNature冀教版知識精講

高三英語Unit8HumankindandNature冀教版

【本講教育信息】

教學(xué)內(nèi)容：

Unit8HumankindandNature

1.soul[C]

1)靈魂，內(nèi)心；氣魄；2)情感；3)典范；4)某種人

Therewasafeelingofrestlessnessdeepinhersoul.

她內(nèi)心深處感到焦躁不安。

Itwasaverypolishedperformance,butitlackedsoul.

這場演出技藝很精湛，但缺少真摯的情感。

Heisthesoulofdiscretion.

他是謹(jǐn)慎的典范。

Sheisadearoldsoul.

她是一個可愛的老婦人。

2.poisonn.毒藥，敗壞道德之事，毒害v.毒害，摧毀，中毒

1)Someonetriedtopoisonourdog.

有人想毒殺我們的狗。

2)Gasesfromcarsarepoisoningtheairofourcities.

汽車放出的廢氣在污染我們城市的空氣。

3)Hetriedtokillhimselfbytakingpoison.

他曾試圖服毒自殺。

poisonousa.有毒的，狠毒的

1)Shegavehimapoisonouslook.

她惡狠狠地瞪了他一眼。

2)Somemushroomsarepoisonous.

有些蘑菇有毒。

3.imaginationn.想象，想象力

Examples:

Theseplansrevealacompletefailureofimagination.

這些計劃顯得毫無想象力。

imaginev.想像，幻想，猜測(指沒有充分證據(jù)或單憑某種模糊印象和感覺而設(shè)想、推

斷)

imagedoing想象做某事/imaginesb./sth.tobe/as…認(rèn)為...怎么樣/imagine+從句

Examples:

1)Iimaginedshewasquitesurprisedwhensheheardthetruth.

我想她聽說真相后一定很驚訝。

2)YoucanimaginehowsurprisedIwas.

你可以想象我是多么驚訝。

3)Iimaginehimasabigtallman.

我以為他是個高大的人。

4)Don'timagineyourselftobealwayscorrect.

不要以為自己總是對的。

imaginarya.想象的，虛構(gòu)的

Allthecharactersinthisbookareimaginary.

這本書中的人物都是虛構(gòu)的。

imaginablea.可想像的，可能的

Wehadthegreatestdifficultyimaginablegettinghereintime.

我們?yōu)榱思皶r趕到此地，經(jīng)歷了可能想見的最大的困難。

4.takeup拿起；接著，繼續(xù)；開始從事，占據(jù)

1)Shetakeupabook.

她拿起一本書。

2)ShetookupthenarrativewhereJohnhadleftoff.

她接著講約翰未講完的故事。

3)Thistabletakesuptoomuchroom.

這張桌子太占地方了。

4)Shetakesupherduties/responsibilitiesnextweek.

她下周開始履行職責(zé)。

5)I'lltakeupthismatter.

我來辦理這樁事。

5.occupationn.職業(yè)；占領(lǐng)；消遣

1)HereturnedfromParisandfoundhisofficewasundersomeoneelse'soccupation.

他從巴黎回來，發(fā)現(xiàn)他的辦公室被別人占了。

2)Ridingisherfavoriteoccupation.

騎馬是她最喜歡的消遣。

3)Whafsyouroccupation?I'madancer.

你的職業(yè)是什么？我是跳舞的。

注意：occupation是指用以成為某個正常的生活來源的一項(xiàng)活動；

profession是指需要大量訓(xùn)練和專門學(xué)習(xí)的行業(yè)。側(cè)重于其專業(yè)性

trade一般來說是指需要技巧而非高深學(xué)問的職業(yè)，可譯為“職業(yè)”、“手藝”

business表示一個人經(jīng)常的，且賴以生活的職業(yè)，但是側(cè)重于商業(yè)方面，尤指銀行業(yè)、

商業(yè)、企業(yè)等行業(yè)中的工作。

employment指受雇于他人，領(lǐng)取工資以謀生計，并且是比較固定的工作。

occupyv.占領(lǐng)，占，住進(jìn)

Examples:

1)Readingoccupiesmostofmyfreetime.

閱讀占去了我大部分的閑暇時間。

2)Theenemyoccupiedthetown.

敵人占據(jù)了這個城鎮(zhèn)。

3)Isthatseatoccupied?

那個座位有人嗎？

6.stretchn.伸展，張開，彈性a.可伸縮的v.伸展，張開，延伸

1)Igotoutofthebedandhadagoodstretch.

我起床后舒服地伸了個懶腰。

2)Fortracksuitsyouneedmaterialwithplentyofstretch.

做田徑服需要用彈性強(qiáng)的料子。

3)Thedesertstretchedawayintothedistance.

沙漠一直延伸到遠(yuǎn)方。

7.unknowna.未知的

Hewasanunknownpainteroneyearago.

一年前，他還是一個不為人知的畫家。

knowna.已知的，有名的

Yourtheorydoesn'tsquarewiththeknownfacts.

你的說法跟已知的事實(shí)不符。

beknownas被稱為(以...著稱，通稱)

beknownfor因...而眾所周知

beknownto為某人所熟知

8.growthn.增長；發(fā)展；種植

1)Childhoodisaperiodofrapidgrowth.

幼年是生長迅速的時期。

2)Haveanappleofourowngrowth.

嘗嘗我們自己種的蘋果吧。

3)Lackofdemandwillslow(down)oureconomicgrowth.

市場需求低就會拖慢我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長速度。

growvi.生長，成長，漸漸變得，增長，增高

vt.種植，栽培，培育

growinto長成，發(fā)展而成為；逐漸適應(yīng)

growup長大；興起；逐漸形成

growoutof產(chǎn)生自...；由....而發(fā)展或形成：

1)Thisdistrictgrewcottononalargescale.

這個地區(qū)過去大量種棉花。

2)Shehasahottemper,butyouwillsoongrowtolikeher.

她脾氣躁，但不久你就會喜歡她了。

3)Sheisgrowingintoabeautifulyoungwoman.

她漸漸出落成美麗的姑娘。

4)Heisgrowingold.

他漸漸老了。

9.securityn.安全n.保證金，抵押品，債券，證券

1)Allthepeoplewhoknowthissecretrepresentasecurityrisk.

凡是知道這個秘密的人都對安全造成危險。

2)WhatIneednowisthesecurityofahappyhome.

我現(xiàn)在需要的是一個幸福家庭所給予的安全感。

3)Heuseshishouseassecuritytoborrowthemoney.

他用房子作借錢的抵押。

securea.無慮的，安心的，安全的v.固定，獲得，使...安全

besecureagainst[from]沒有遭受...的危險

besecureof對...有把握，確信

feelsecureabout[asto]對...(覺得)放心

secure(sth.)against[from]使(某物)免遭

haveone^mindsecure放下心

Keeptheprisonersecure.把囚犯牢牢地關(guān)起來。

1)Hesecuredthereleaseofthehostages.

他已經(jīng)設(shè)法使人質(zhì)獲釋。

2)Makethewindowssecurebeforeleavingthehouse.

出門之前把窗戶關(guān)嚴(yán)。

3)Thelittleboyfeltsecurenearhisparents.

那小男孩在父母身邊感到安心。

10.dedicationn.奉獻(xiàn)

1)Hisdedicationshouldbelearnedbyallofus.

他的奉獻(xiàn)精神值得我們學(xué)習(xí)。

2)Servedthepublicwithdedicationandintegrity.

以無私奉獻(xiàn)的精神廉正地為民眾服務(wù)。

dedicatev.獻(xiàn)出,獻(xiàn)給

Examples:

1)Shededicatedherlifetoscience.

她畢生致力于科學(xué)。

2)Shededicatedherfirstbooktoherhusband.

她把自己的第一本書獻(xiàn)給了丈夫。

11.attributen.屬性，特征v.歸于(+to),屬于

Examples:

1)Theyattributetheirsuccesstotheirteacher9sencouragement.(attribute...to...=owe...to

把……歸功于……)

他們把成功歸因于老師的鼓勵。

2)Heattributedhisgoodhealthtoexercise.

他認(rèn)為自己之所以身體好是因?yàn)檫\(yùn)動。

3)Doyouthinkitpropertoattributeweaknesstowomen?(認(rèn)為.是某人所有(+to))

你覺得把軟弱當(dāng)作女性的屬性適當(dāng)嗎？

4)ThatplaywaswronglyattributedtoBacon.(認(rèn)為.是某人所做[H](+to))

那個劇本被錯誤地認(rèn)為是培根的作品。

5)Theswordisanattributeofafighter.

劍是斗士的象征。

6)Kindnessisoneofherattributes.

仁慈是她的特性之一。

12.deprivev.剝奪deprivesb.ofsth

Examples:

1)Whatwillastudentdoifheweredeprivedofhisbooks?

一個學(xué)生如果沒有了書籍，將怎么辦？

2)Thetreesoutsidethewindowsdeprivethehouseoflight.

窗外的樹木把房子遮擋得暗然無光。

3)Ifyoudonotdrivecarefully,Ishallbeobligedtodepriveyouofyourlicence.

如果您不謹(jǐn)慎駕駛，我將不得不沒收您的執(zhí)照。

13.crackn.裂縫，變聲v.打開，破裂，變聲

Examples:

1)Don,tpourhotwaterintotheglassoritwillcrack.

別把熱水倒進(jìn)玻璃杯里，不然它會裂開的。

2)Thereisacrackinthiswindow.

這扇窗戶上有個裂紋。

3)Icrackedtwoeggsintothefryingpan.

我往平底鍋里打了兩個雞蛋。

4)Hisvoicecrackedwithemotion.

由于激動，他的聲音變得嘶啞。

crackeda.破碎的，破裂的，聲音明｝啞的

Acrackedbellcanneversoundwell.

【諺】破鐘敲不響。

14.mightaswell還是..的好

mightaswelldo還是做...的好;倒不如做....

mightaswelldoasdo與其...倒不如

Examples:

1)Inthatcase,Imightaswellbringthembackwithme.

那樣的話，我還不如拿回去。

2)Youmightaswellnotknowathingatallasknowitonlyalittle.

只知道一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，不如完全不曉得。

3)Imightaswelldieasmarryhim.

我與其嫁給他，倒不如去死算了。

4)Youmightaswellthrowyourmoneyintotheseaaslendittohim.

你借他錢不如把錢扔到海里去。

5)Youmightaswelltellherthetruth.

你倒不如把真相告訴她。

15.makeadifference/makeabig/agreatdealof/alotofdifference有影響，起(重要)作用

1)ThefactthatIcannoworganizemyowntimemakesabigdifference.

現(xiàn)在我能自己安排時間了，這對我有很大的作用。

2)Theseaairhasmadeadifferencetoherhealth.

海上的空氣改善了她的健康狀況。

【模擬試題】

一、語法和詞匯(共15小題，每小題1分，滿分15分)

從A、B、C、D四個選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。

1.Inrecentyears_globalwarmingisbecoming_concernforpeopleallovertheworld.

A.the;theB.不填；不填C.不填;aD.the；不填

2.Theofficialticketingwebsiteofthe2008OlympicGamesopenedonMarch8,which

theticketpricesforeachevent.

A.willlistB.islistedC.islistingD.lists

3.Shehadatenseexpressiononherface,_shewasexpectingtrouble.

A.eventhoughB.asthoughC.sothatD.nowthat

4.Thisnewmachineistechnicallyfar_totheprevioustype.

A.superiorB.juniorC.seniorD.equal

5.——Whencanwegotovisityou?

—Anytimeyoufeellike_.

A.oneB.itC.soD.that

6.一Ihavejustpassedmyexam.Ifeelsorelievednow.

一!

A.CheerupB.HowawfulC.WhatapityD.Welldone

7.PremierWen'sthree-dayvisittoJapan,__asthe”ice?melt"trip,hasapositiveeffecton

Sino-Japaneserelationship.

A.beingintendedB.intendedC.havingintendedD.intending

8.Evidencehasbeenpiledup_drinkingwateraftergettingupinthemorningcontributesto

one'shealth.

A.whatB.whichC.ifD.that

9.Lookatthatoldwoman!Sheislookingaround_forhelp.Shemustbelost.

A.sociallyB.accidentallyC.desperatelyD.absolutely

10.Thelatestmodelofthislap-top,_appearanceremainsunchanged,worksmuchfasterthan

theoldone.

A.thoughB.whichC.ofwhichD.whose

11.——Wereyouintimeforthelecture?

-IfI_toldearlier,Iwouldhave.

A.hadbeenB.wasC.weretobeD.shouldbe

12.1_sayyou'relookingmuchbetterthankstothenewtreatment.

A.mustB.canC.shallD.may

13.Wearealwayswarnednottoact_whatwillhappenafterwards.

A.intheeventofB.asaresultofC.regardlessofD.inspiteof

14.Shehadnoideahowit_thatherhusbandmetwithtroubleagain.

A.cameaboutB.cameacrossC.cameoutD.cameup

15.TDmysurprise,themayoroftheAmericancityisChineseby_.

A.natureB.resourceC.originD.source

二、完形填空（共20小題；每小題1分，滿分20分）

閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從各題所給的四個選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳

選項(xiàng)。

Afamousscientistwasaskedwhyhewasabletobesomuchmorecreativethantheaverage

person.Whatsethimsofar16fromothers?

He17thatitallcamefroma（n）18thatoccurredwhenhewasthree.Hewastryingto

19abottleofmilkfromrefrigeratorwhenhelostholdofthebottle,spillingits20allover

thekitchenfloor.

Insteadof21athim,hismothersaid「Robert,whatawonderful22youhavemade!I

have23seensuchahugepuddleofmilk.Sincethe24isdone,wouldyouliketoget

downandplayinthemilkforawhile25cleaningitup?”

Indeed,hedid."Robert,26youmakeamesslikethis,27youhavetocleanitup

andrestoreeverythingtoits28order.^^Andthentogethertheycleanedupthespilledmilk.His

motherthensaid「Robert,thatisa29experimentinhowto30carryabigmilkbottle.

Let'sgooutintheyardandfillthebottlewithwaterandseeifyoucan31awaytocarrya

bottleofwaterwithoutdroppingit.”

Thescientistremarkedhelearnedfromthatmomentthatmistakeswerejust32for

learningsomethingnew,whichis33scientificexperimentsareallabout.Evenifthe

experiment“doesn't'work”,weusuallylearnsomething34fromit.

Wouldn'titbegreatifall35wouldrespondlike“Robert'smother?

16.A.awayB.apartC.aboveD.ahead

17.A.respondedB.acknowledgedC.assumedD.compromised

18.A.experimentB.coincidenceC.experienceD.conflict

19.A.deliverB.returnC.moveD.remove

20.A.mixtureB.waterC.liquidsD.contents

21.A.yellingB.comingC.noddingD.laughing

22.A.mistakeB.messC.trickD.treasure

23.A.alwaysB.oftenC.rarelyD.ever

24.A.damageB.businessC.favorD.harm

25.A.beforeB.afterC.withD.without

26.A.whateverB.howeverC.whereverD.whenever

27.A.especiallyB.eventuallyC.respectivelyD.immediately

28.A.oppositeB.particularC.properD.natural

29.A.failedB.forbiddenC.demandedD.deserved

30.A.absolutelyB.comfortablyC.confidentiallyD.effectively

31.A.developB.graspC.inventD.discover

32.A.optionsB.opportunitiesC.qualitiesD.procedures

33.A.thatB.whereC.whatD.which

34.A.availableB.valuableC.practicalD.accessible

35.A.managersB.directorsC.parentsD.relatives

三、閱讀理解（共20小題，每題2分，滿分40分）

閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答

題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。

A

HarvardUniversitynamedhistorianDrewGilpinFaustasitsfirstfemalepresidenton

Sunday,endingalengthyandsecretivesearchtofindasuccessortoLawrenceSummers.

Theseven-memberHarvardCorporationelectedFaust,anotedscholaronHistoiyofthe

AmericanSouthanddeanofHarvard9sRadcliffeInstituteforAdvancedStudy,astheuniversity's

28thpresident.

“Thisisagreatday,andahistoricday,forHarvardJamesR.Houghton,chairmanofthe

presidentialsearchcommittee,saidinastatement."DrewFaustisaninspiringandaccomplished

leader,asuperbscholar,adedicatedteacher,andawonderfulhumanbeing

HerselectionisnoteworthygiventheheateddebatesoverSummers'commentsthatgenetic

differencesbetweenthesexesmighthelpexplainthelackofwomenintopsciencejobs.

FausthasbeendeanofRadcliffesince2001,twoyearsaftertheformerwomen'scollege

wascombinedintotheuniversityasaresearchcenterwithamissiontostudygenderissues.

Someprofessorshavequietlygrousedthatthe371-year-olduniversityisappointingafifth

presidentwhoisnotascientist.NoscientisthashadthetopjobsinceJamesBryantConantretired

in1953;itslastfourhavecomefromthefieldsofclassics,lawliteratureandeconomics.

FaustitthefirstHarvardpresidentwhodidnotreceiveadegreefromtheuniversitysince

CharlesChauncy,agraduateofCambridgeUniversity,whodiedinofficein1762.Sheattended

theUniversityofPennsylvania.

"TeachingstaffturnedtoherconstantlyJsaidSheldonHackney,aformerpresidentofthe

UniversityofPennsylvaniaandhistorianwhoworkedcloselywithFaust."She'sveryclear.She

hasasenseofhumor,butshe'sverystrong-minded.Youcometotrustinherbecauseshe'sso

solid.”

36.Whichmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.Harvardnamedits1stfemalepresident

B.HistoryofHarvardUniversitychanged

C.Debatesonfemaleequalityended

D.DrewGilpinFaust,afamouswomanhistorian

37.WhichisNOTtrueaboutDrewGilpinFaust?

A.Sheisthe28thpresidentofHarvardUniversity.

B.SheisafamousscholarfromtheAmericanSouth.

C.Sheisn'tagraduatefromHarvardUniversity.

D.ShewasheadofRadcliffeInstituteforAdvancedStudy.

38.LawrenceSummersheldtheviewthat_.

A.womencannotachieveasmuchasmeninmanagement

B.womencannotholdimportantpositionsinsociety

C.womencanmatchmeninsciencejobs

D.fewwomenmaketopscientistsowingtogenes

39.Theunderlinedword“groused“inthe6thparagraphmeans_.

A.approvedB.commentedC.complainedD.indicated

40.Thispassageprobablyappearsina—.

A.biographyB.personalletterC.researchpaperD.newspaperreport

B

Oor**W'aAtnca*，alIMHCVIM

IE

CtetBMttanU.AnwteBgR

CMM

RoomforRevolution:GeorgeWashingtonandHisPhiladelphiaFriends

March16,2007-August30,2007

CharlesWillsonPealesGeorgeWashingtonatPrincetonisonviewattheMuseumwhich

waslentfromaprivatecollection.Thisvisuallystrikingandfinelymadelife-sizeportrait（肖像）

recordsWashington's6-foot-2-inchfigureinaposehighlightingstrength,composure,and

elegance.ItisputupinaroomneighboringtothePowelHouseparlor,aperiodroomfromoneof

Philadelphia'sgreatesteighteenth-centuryprivatehomes,whereWashingtonwasfrequently

entertainedbyhisfriends,SamuelandElizabethPowel.Bothspacescontainimportantexamples

offurniturebyPhiladelphia'sfinestcraftsmen,suchasThomasAfflectandJohnAitken.Among

theseisasidechairspeciallyorderedbytheWashingtonswhenlivinginPhiladelphia.

PaintedinPhiladelphiain1779,Peale'spaintingwasimmediatelysenttoEuropetopromote

Washington\reputationasaleaderandthecauseoftheAmericanRevolution,theninprogress.

Later,duringEurope'sNapoleonicWars,aSpanishdukewithstrongsympathieswithAmerican

Revolutionownedthepicture.Atthattimeheaddedthecomplicatedcarvedcaptiontoit,which

describesWashingtonas"aliberatorofhiscountrywhoabandonedabsolutepower.^^

Curators

AmericanArtDepartmentStaff,websitecommentarybyCarolSoltis

Location

Galleries286and287,secondfloor

41.Thispassageismainlyabout_.

A.thecauseofthetheAmericanRevolution

B.theinformationofaportraitonview

C.thedescriptionofthelifeofGeorgeWashington

D.thefriendshipbetweenWashingtonandhisfriends

42.Whatisthenameoftheportrait?

A.RoomforRevolution

B.CharlesWilsonPeale

C.GeorgeWashingtonatPrinceton

D.GeorgeWashingtonandHisPhiladelphiaFriends

43.WhathappenedinthePowelHouseparlor?

A.Washingtonentertainedhisfriends.

B.Washingtonmadeachaironhisown.

C.CharlesWilsonPealefinishedtheportrait.

D.SamuelandElizabethPowelmetWashingtonalot.

44.Accordingtothepassage,Washington.

A.livedbetween1741and1827B.orderedtheportraitpaintedin1779

C.wassympathizedbyaSpanishdukeD.wasagreatmannotgreedyforpower

45.Thepassagetellsusthat.

A.whentheportraitwasfinished,Americawasatwar

B.theportraitwasoriginallyhanginginSamuel'sroom

C.theportraitwassenttoEuropetogainsupportfromNapoleon

D.thecaptionoftheportraitwascarvedbyPhiladelphia'sfinestcraftsmen

C

Likemanymenatsomepoint,Idreamaboutopeningabar.IplantocallitWorkOut.Itwill

catertomarriedwomeninneedofalittlefun.OnFridaynights,theywillbeabletocomehere

andenjoythemselves.

See,Ihaveagiftforbusiness.Iam,asmywifeZsaZsalikestonote,“Amanwithamillion

ideas,noneofthemverygood.^^SpeakingofZsaZsa,sheisfedupwiththisplainlittlelifeFve

madeforus-toomanykids,toomanychores,mind-numbingdebt.Theotherday,shesaidshe

thoughtweneededanewfamilycar."Sure.Howaboutan87Lincoln?^^Isaid,andsawmydear

ZsaZsaageabout20years,andbecomehermotherrightbeforemyeyes.

Yes,moneyisourmadness.Lastyear,wethoughtwehadfoundalittlecushionwhenI

publishedabookaboutthelifehereinsuburbanAmerica.Itsold12copies-sixofthemtomy

mother.Fourothercopieswenttovariousauntsanduncles,whousedthemformartinicoasters,

thensoldthematyardsales.Thetworemainingcopieswenttoperfectstrangers.(IthinkIown

youdinner,whoeveryouare.Callme,OK?We'Harrangesomething.)

Whenthebookdidn'ttakeoff,IwroteaTVshow.ThenIpennedashortnovelbasedonthe

earlierTVideathatdidn'tsell.Currently,Iamatworkonasetofencyclopedias.Inamonth,I

plantosellthemdoor-to-door.

Suchisthelifeofawriter,sendingoffthemostpersonalthoughtspossibletohisharddrive.I

amawriter,butalsothebreadwinnerinmyfamily.Tmatthekeyboardat6almosteverymorning,

hopingtotapoutoneidea-justone-thatwilltakeusupthehill,tothemountain,tothetop.

46.Accordingtothepassage,theauthor'slifeisindeed.

A.hardB.easyC.poorD.wealthy

47.Bysaying"Sure.Howaboutan'87Lincoln?”,theauthormeans.

A.hereallywantedtobuythatcar

B.hewasshowingofftheirfortune

C.hethoughthiswifewouldlikeit

D.hewasjokingabouttheireconomicsituation

48.Whatwastheresultofthebooktheauthormentionedinthe3rdparagraph?

A.Hesolditdoor-to-door.B.Itdidn'tsellwellatall.

C.Hemadealotofmoneyfromit.D.Itwasreallyacushionforhisfamily.

49.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueabouttheauthorandhiswife?

A.Hehasarealgiftforbusiness.B.Heisn'tseriousenoughaboutlife.

C.Heisahard-workingwriter.D.Hiswifeissatisfiedwiththeirplainlife.

50.Theauthorwritesthepassageinatone.

A.regretfulB.humorousC.persuasiveD.grateful

Everyoneagreesthatit'snecessarytoreducecarbonemissions(排放物)aroundtheworld.

Thereislessagreementoverexactlyhownationsshouldgoaboutachievingamorecarbon-free

planet.Thus,theenvironmentalequivalent:

cap-and-tradecarbonemissions,orplaceacarbontaxonallusers?

Withcap-and-tradeprograms,governmentslimitthelevelofcarbonproducedbyan

industry.Companiesthatholdtheiremissionsbelowthecapcanselltheirremainingallowanceon

acarbonmarket,whilecompaniesthatgobeyondtheirlimitmustpurchasecreditsonthatmarket.

Carbontaxesaremorestraightforward:asettaxrateisplacedontheconsumptionofcarbonwith

theideathatraisingthepricewillencourageindustriesandindividualstoconsumeless.Atthe

moment,cap-and-tradehastheupperhand,butdoesn'tdefeatthetaxjustyet.

Supportersofthetaxarguethatacap-and一tradesystemwouldbetoodifficultto

administer一andtooeasilygamedbyindustrieslookingtosidestepemissionscaps.Cap-and-

tradeadvocatescontradictthatlikeallotherflattaxes,acarboncollectionwouldrelativelyburden

lower-incomefamilies,whospendagreaterpercentageoftheirincomeonenergythanrich

households.

Sowhichsystemwillhavealargereffectoncarbonconsumption?A10%carbontaxmight

reducethedemandforcarbonabout5%orless,accordingtoananalysisbytheCarbonTax

Center,anenvironmentaladvocacygroup.Thatmaynotbeenough.Businessesandgovernments

haven'tfiguredouthowthetwocompetingsystemscanworktogether,butintheend,theworld

mayneedboth.

51.Thepassagefocuseson.

A.programsofcollectingtaxes

B.systemsofreducingcarbonemissions

C.reasonsforreducingcarbonemissions

D.contradictionsbetweenthetwosystems

52.Accordingtothecap-and-tradeprogram,companies.

A.areforbiddentoproducecarbonemissions

B.areallocatedthesameamountofcarbonconsumption

C.canselltheirremainingallowancewithintheirlimits

D.canselltheextraamountofcarbonatahigherprice

53.Carbontaxesworkby.

A.burdeningwell-offfamilies

B.encouragingindustriestoconsumecarbon

C.raisingthepriceforcarbonconsumption

D.limitingthecarbonconsumptionofindustriesonly

54.Theunderlinedword“cap"inthesecondparagraphmostlikelyrefersto.

A.limitB.creditC.levelD.rate

55.Wecanlearnfromthepassage__.

A.carbontaxesaredifficulttocarryout

B.cap-and-tradeplaysagreaterroleatpresent

C.cap-and-tradewillbepreferableinthefuture

D.carbontaxeswillbepreferableinthefuture

四、書面表達(dá)（共兩節(jié)，滿分45分）

第一節(jié)閱讀表達(dá)（共5小題；每小題3分，滿分15分）

閱讀下面的短文，并根據(jù)短文后的要求答題。（請注意問題后的詞數(shù)要求）

Slowdown,multitaskers

Thinkyoucanwalk,drive,takephonecalls,e-mailandlistentomusicatthesametime?

Well,NewYork'snewlawsaysyoucan't.Andyou'llbefined$100ifyoudoitonaNewYork

Citystreet.

Thelawwentintoforcelastmonth,followingtheconclusionofarecentreseaichthata

shockingnumberofaccidentsarerelevanttopeopleusingelectronicgadgets(小玩意兒)when

crossingthestreet.

Who'stoblame?Scientistssaythatourmultitaskingabilitiesarelimited."Weareunderthe

impressionthatourbraincandomorethanitoftencan,“saysReneMarois,aneuroscientistin

Tennessee."Butacorelimitationistheinabilitytoconcentrateontwothingsatonce.^^

Theyoungareoftenconsideredthegreatmultitaskers,butaresearchsuggeststhisperception

isopentoquestion.Agroupof18-to21-year-oldsandagroupof35-to39-year-olds

weregiven90secondstotranslateimagesintonumbers,usingasimplecode.Theyoungergroup

did10percentbetterthantheoldergroup.Butwhenbothgroupswereinterruptedbya

phonecalloraninstantmessage,theoldergroupmatchedtheyoungergroupinspeedand

accuracy.

Itisdifficulttomeasuretheproductivitylostbymultitaskers.Butitisprobablyalot.

JonathanSpira,chiefanalystatBasex,abusiness-researchfirm,estimatesthecostof

interruptionstotheAmericaneconomyatnearly$650billionayear.Theestimateisbasedon

surveyswithofficeworkers.Thesurveysconcludedthat28percentoftheworker'stimewasspent

oninteiTuptionsandrecoverytimebeforetheyreturnedtotheirmaintasks.

56.Whal'sthepurposeofwritingthispassage?(Pleaseanswerw