英語 閱讀方法（English reading methods）

英語閱讀方法(Englishreadingmethods)

OneormoreusesTop-downreadingmethod

Thetop-down(Top-down)readingisstartingfromthewhole

discourse,focusingontextsymbolsthroughaccessto

information,accordingtothetitleofthefirsttothecontent

andmeaningofthearticlemakeinferences,understandwhatthe

authormeant.

Thekeytousingtop-downreadingmethodistotrainstudents，

abilitytopredictandinferthecontentandmeaningofthe

article,soastoimprovetheabilityofreadingcomprehension.

Bylookingattheoverallstructureofthearticleorthetitle

ofthearticletopredictthecontentanddeepmeaningofthe

article,wecanspeculatefromthefollowingaspects:

1.whatarethecontentsofthearticle?

2.whataspectswilltheauthorelaborate?

3.howwillthecontentdevelop?

Inreading,weshouldpayattentiontodifferentEnglishstyle,

becausethestylehasagreatinfluenceontheorganizationand

layoutofinformation.Trainingandmasteringthestructural

featuresofvariousEnglishstylesarebeneficialtothe

inductionofarticlesandlogicalreasoning.Forexample,

narrativeisbasedonnarrative,whichmusthavethreeelements:

plot,characterandbackground.Thedevelopmentofplotmostly

takesthetransferoftimeandplaceasclue.Therefore,when

readingnarrative,wemustseizetheclueoftime,takethe

characterasthecenter,clearthestoryoftheoccurrence,

development,ending.Anotherexampleofargumentativeand

expositorytextshaveacommonpointthatismostlyparagraph

topicsentences(moreappearedinthefirstparagraphor

sectionattheend),tograspthetopicsentence,exploreeach

theme,makethecentralpoint,sothatmoredetailedpredict

thecontentofthewholearticle,understandthesurfaceand

deepmeaning.

Two,correctlyhandletherelationshipbetweenintensive

readingandextensivereading.

Intensivereadingandextensivereadingistoreadthetwomain

methods,combiningwithboth,onecannotreplace.

1.payattentiontothechoiceofreadingmaterials.

Choosingappropriateextensivereadingmaterialsisan

importantwaytoimproveEnglishreading.Thechoiceofwords

isabout200,followedbytheexerciseofreadingmaterialsis

appropriate.Readingmaterialsshouldbediversified:

narrative,popularscience,discussionorillustration,

advertisingandsoon.Payattentiontothepracticabilityof

thearticle.Theaccuracyoftheselectedmaterialsis60%-

70%,andthenumberofnewwordsisnotmorethan4%.

2..Intensivereadingandextensivereadingarecomplementary.

Comparedwithextensivereading,intensivereadingisapoint.

Itisnecessarytoanalyzesomearticleswhicharedifficult

towritebetter,tosumupandsummarizetheauthor，swriting

intention,trainofthoughtandcentralargument,andfinally

achievethepurposeofobtainingdetailedinformationanddeep

levelcontent.Ifintensivereadingisapoint,extensive

readingisthemostimportantthing.Onlythroughalargenumber

ofreadingcanweaccumulatealargenumberofwords,structures

andsentencepatterns,inordertoaccumulatealargenumber

ofwords,structuresandsentencepatterns,inordertoexpand

theknowledge,cultivatelanguagesense,improvetheability

torespondtotext.Inreading,accordingtothecontextto

improvetheirabilitytoguess,donotseeanewwordtothe

dictionary,toascertaintheinstructionofpronounsand

pronounrefersobject.Limityourselftoreading.A200word

difficultyreadingarticle,strivetofinishreading

comprehensionwithin6minutes.Inreading,itisnecessaryto

accumulatemoreknowledgeofsociety,history,geography,

cultureandcustomsinBritain,Americaandothercountries,

whichwillhelptoimprovereadingability.Goodreadinghabits

shouldbecultivated.Whenreading,weshouldlookupfromthe

groupofmeaning,don'treadwordbyword,anddon'tusepen

orfingertoreadaloud.Thiswillhindertheunderstandingof

themeaningofthearticle,andaffectthespeedofreading.

Readingisacomprehensiveprocess,andtheimprovementof

readingabilityisastepbystepprocess.Onlybyperseverance

andperseverancecanthestudentsimprovetheirreadingmethods

anddeveloptheirinterestinreadingsoastoachievetwice

theresultwithhalftheeffort.

Thefactorsthataffectreadingcomprehensioncanbedivided

intoknowledgebarriersandnonknowledgebarriers.Knowledge

barriersinclude:1.vocabularybarriers,2..Grammatical

barriers3.,backgroundknowledgebarriers.Nonintellectual

barriersincluded:1.mentaldisorders2.readinghabits.3..

Readingspeed4.readingskills

(1)payattentiontotheaccumulationofEnglishvocabularyand

idiomaticusage

TheAmericanlinguistDriller(1978)pointedoutthataccording

tothefeaturesofvocabulary:ifwerecognizethe25most

commonEnglishwords,theaveragepagepaperwordswecan

recognize33%;ifknow135words,is50%;ifknow2500,itis

78%;ifknow5000,80%foronce;remember10000,upto92%.It

canbeseenthatthereadingabilityandvocabularysizeare

inseparable,moststudentshavelessvocabulary,whichisthe

mainfactoraffectingtheimprovementofreadingability.So

howcanweimprovethevocabularyofstudents?

1.wordformationmemory

Itisestimatedthatthereare1millionto1million200

thousandEnglishwords,butmostofthemaremadeupofword

formation.Wordformationincludesderivation,synthesis,and

transformation.Inteaching,letstudentsmasterthecommon

prefix(un/dis/im/il/super.)andsuffix(ly/less/ful/

ment)...Themeaningandusageofthewordcanguessits

derivativewordsaccordingtotheknownwords,soastoenlarge

thevocabulary.Iftheprefixsuperhasmorethan,beyond

meaning,youcanguessthemeaningofsupermarket(supermarket)

supernatural(supernatural),Superman(Superman),superstar

(Superstar)andotherwords..

2.associativememory

Awordisassociatedwithwordsrelatedtoit,suchasseeing

liveVIlife,associatingwithotherpartsofspeechandusage,

suchaslive,livingandsoon.

3.extensivereadingandmemory

Thefamoussaying"Toreadwell,youneedastrongvocabulary..

Tobuildastrongvocabulary,youneedtoreadwell."tellsus

therelationshipbetweenreadingandvocabulary.Ifyouwant

toreadfluently,youhavetohaveplentyofvocabulary.Alot

ofreadingcanenrichyourvocabulary.

(two)firmlygraspgrammarknowledge

Inrecentyears,thesyntacticstructureofNMETreading

comprehensionpassagestendstobecomplex,andtheroleof

grammaticalknowledgeinreadinghasbeenhighlighted.Suchas

encounteredinreadingotherpeopleunderstandthelongand

difficultsentences,youcanusethegrammar,properanalysis

oftherelationshipbetweenthepartsofthesentence,soan

accurateunderstandingofsentencemeaning.Take

Decision-thinkingisnotunlikepoker-itoftenmattersnotonly

whatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthinkyoutheythinkand

whatyouthinkthinkyouthink.(NMET2000)asanexample.The

29wordsinthesentencecontainavarietyofrelations,such

assubjectclause,objectclause,coordinatesentenceand

additionaldescriptionofdashconnection.Amongthem,there

arecompoundsentencesincompoundsentencesandcompound

sentencesincompoundsentences.Onlybysortingoutthe

elementsofasentencecanwegraspitsmeaning.

(three)accumulatesomeculturalbackgroundknowledgeandlife

knowledge

TheimprovementofEnglishreadingabilitynotonlyrequires

acertainamountoflanguageknowledge,butalsohassome

culturalbackgroundknowledgeandlifeknowledge.Forexample,

intheNMET2003readingAarticle,thearticleintroducesthe

materialrelatedtogeography,twofarthest/mostdistant

inhabitedislands,aGuinnessBookofRecordsTristanDa

identifiedbyCunha;theotheristheEasterIsland(Easter

Island)appearsinthearticlemorespecificallyanoun,for

lackofexperienceofthestudentswillreadtheformationof

interference,andforthosewhounderstandtheEasterDay

backgroundknowledgeofthestudents,willberelativelybetter.

AlsointheCchapter,thebook,ifyouarefamiliarwiththese,

willreducealotofreadingdifficulties.

(four)developgoodreadinghabitsandmastereffectivereading

skills

Todevelopgoodreadinghabits,weneedtoreadmoreoften,

recitewonderfulparagraphsandarticles,inordertocultivate

languagesense.Inaddition,somestudentsreadaloud,reador

readbackwhentheyread,thesebadhabitswillaffectthespeed

ofreadingandunderstandingofthearticle.Sotoovercome

thesebadhabits,donotreadback,donotread,donotread

andsoon.Onlyinthiswaycanthereadingspeedbeaccelerated,

Theaccuracyofunderstandingcanbeimproved.

Inadditiontogoodreadinghabits,butalsotomasterthe

correctreadingskills.Teachersshouldguidestudentstoform

correctthinkingmethods.Generalreadingshouldpayattention

tothefollowingpoints:

1,skimming(Skimming)istoquicklybrowsethefulltext,grasp

thearticleandthethemeofthesentence,toclarifythe

author'sattitudeandintention.

2,skip(Skipping)isaquicksearchrelatedinformation,read

toyimushihang,notrelatedtothecontentofit.

3,guessingnewwords(Guessingthenewwords),intheprocess

ofreading,inevitablyencounternewwords.Ifyoumeetanew

word,consultthedictionary,orskipit,itwillaffectthe

understandingofthearticle.Soguessthemeaningofnewwords.

Indifferentcontexts,themeaningofwordsisdifferent.So

guessaccordingtocontextcluesandwordformationandother

knowledge.

“Romewasn'tbuiltinaday"toimprovethereadingabilityis

notashortdurationoftimewillbeabletodoso.Aslongas

thecorrectreadingmethod,interest,extensivereading,

accumulationofvocabulary,anddevelopgoodreadinghabits,

readingcomprehensionwillgraduallyimprove.

Englishreadingcomprehensionskills

ThenewhighschoolEnglishsyllabusclearlystipulates:"focus

onimprovingreadingability.，，，r.ThroughouttheNMETinrecent

years,itisnotdifficulttoseethatreadingcomprehension

isthefocusofcollegeentranceexamination,frombeginning

toendoccupiesadominantposition,andthereisatrendof

increasingyearbyyear.Itisnoexaggerationtosaythatdoing

agoodjobofreadingcomprehensionisthekeytogettinghigh

scoresincollegeentranceexamination!

Themainrequirementsofreadingcomprehensiontestare:

1.readthegistandthegistofthematerial,andthefacts

anddetailstoillustratethemainideaandthemainidea.

2.understandspecificfactsaswellasabstractconcepts.

3.,notonlyunderstandthemeaningoftheliteral,butalso

understandthedeepmeaning,includingtheauthor'sattitude,

intention,etc..

4.,notonlyunderstandthemeaningofasentence,aparagraph,

butalsounderstandthelogicalrelationshipofthewhole,and

accordinglyreasoningandjudgment.

5.canbeunderstoodaccordingtotheinformationprovided,

alsocanbecombinedwiththecommonsenseofmiddleschool

studentstounderstand.Accordingtothesefiverequirements,

wecanclassifythereadingcomprehensionmultiple-choice

questionsintothefollowingquestions:detailunderstanding,

wordcomprehension,theme,theme,guessingwordmeaning,

reasoningandjudgment.Theauthorcombinestheusual

experienceinteaching,talkabouthowtodoEnglishreading

comprehensionskillsandstrategies.

First,lookattheproblem,readthearticlewithquestions.

Readthequestionsfirstandrereadtheessays.Whenreading

questions,weshouldfirstgraspthetypesofproblems,

distinguishbetweenobjectiveinformationandsubjective

judgment.Theproblemcanbefoundtheanswerinformation

directlyfromthearticle;andsubjectivejudgmenttopic

examinationistheemotionaltone,theauthordidnotaddthe

statementandcentralthemeoftheunderstanding,thiskindof

problemmustbethroughtheauthor'sattitudeandintentionof

thethesisandthedeepreasoning.Secondly,tounderstandthe

questionstemandinformationcontainedinthevariousoptions,

thentargetedtothescanning,toquicklylocaterelevant

information,thenintegratetherelatedinformation,screening,

analysis,comparison,reasonabletoexcludeinterference,

choosethecorrectanswer.Thismethodstrengthensthe

pertinenceofreading,improvestheaccuracyofdoingquestions

andsavesvaluabletime.Itisespeciallysuitablefor

understandingthethemeofgraphicsandtables.

Two,readingthetext,understandthemainideatheme.

Thepurposeofreadingistoobtaininformation.Aperson's

readingabilitydetermineswhetherhecanquicklyand

efficientlyabsorbusefulinformation.Readingability

generallyreferstotwoaspects:readingspeedand

comprehensionability.Readingspeedisthemostbasicability

toread.Withoutacertainreadingspeed,youcannotsmoothly

inputinformation,nottomentiontheuseofenglish.Inrecent

years,thereadingrateofthecollegeentranceexaminationis

about40wordsperminute.Candidatesmustbeinaverylimited

timeusingskimming,scanningandskimmingtechniquessuchas

fastreading,searchkeywordsandtopicsentences,capture,

sequence,plot,characters,view,

Andclarifythecontextofthetext,grasptheessenceofthe

text.

Graspthetopicsentence,whichisthemainwaytoquicklygrasp

themainideaofthearticle.Thetopicsentenceusuallyappears

atthebeginningandendofthearticle.Thearticleswritten

byinductionaresentencesthatexpressdetails.Beforethe

generalization,thesentencesareintheback.Atthispoint,

thetopicsentenceisthelastsentenceofthearticle.Usually

writtenindeductiveessay,mostfollowfromgeneralto

individualwritingprogram,whichwillstartfromtheoverview,

supplementedby.Atthispoint,thetopicsentenceisthefirst

sentenceofthearticle.Ofcourse,somearticlesdonothave

thematicsentences,whichrequirereaderstogeneralize

themselves.Topicsentencesoftengiveclues,enlightenment,

generalizationandinductiontothefulltext.Themaintheme,

thesummaryquestion,thecentralquestionoftenfindthe

answerdirectlyfromthetopicsentence.

Tryit.Canyoufindthetopicsentenceofthefollowing

passage?

Thepandaisapopularanimal.Storiesaboutthepandainthe

WashingtonZooarealwaysfrontpagenewsandimportant

featuresontelevisionnewscasts.Stuffedpandasareamongthe

mostpopulartoysforchildren,andpandapostcardsarealways

indemandinzoogiftshops.

Itisnotdifficulttoseethatthefirstsentenceofthearticle

isthetopicsentence,andthebacksentencesareallaround

thesentence.

Three,readthedetailscarefully,straightenoutideasand

context.

Thisisnotastackofirrelevantsentencesoutoforder.The

authorisWen,andhasthepulsetofollow.Asanarrativeto

thecharacterasthecenter,intimeorspaceastheclue,

developedintheoccurrence,developmentandoutcomeofthe

story;thisbodycontainstheargumentsandconclusionsof

threeelements,throughtheexplanation,exampleelaborates

theviewpoint.Youcanaccordingtothefeaturesofthearticle,

readthedetails,verbs,timeandlocation,eventsand

causalityforclues,findoutthekeywords,theuseof''drawing

list”,outliningthecognitivemapacompleteclearthemeand

details.

Four,logicalreasoning,deepunderstandingoftheproblem.

Intheactualreading,sometimestheauthordoesnotsaythe

intention,thereadershouldaccordingtothe1iteralmeaning,

throughthetextuallogicrelations,researchdetailsofthe

hint,theauthor(sattitude,understandthemeaningofthe

article.Thisiswhatwecalldeepunderstanding.Deep

understandingmainlyincludesinductivesummaryquestions

(centralidea,addingtitle,etc.)andreasoningandjudgment

questions,whicharedifficultpointsinreadingcomprehension.

Deepunderstandingisakindofcreativethinkingactivity.It

mustbefaithfultothefacts;andprovidecluesforthebasis,

basedontheknowninferenceisunknown,notimagined,random

speculation;itrequiresthereadertoanalyzethesurface

informationoftextmining,andlogicalreasoning,notfactual,

Overgeneralization.Onlyunderstandtheliteralmeaningofthe

article,isthepremiseandbasisofreasoning.

Thecommonlyusedwordsinreasoningquestionsare:infer,

imply,suggest,indicateandsoon.

Forexample,collegeentranceexaminationquestions:

Annealing

Annealingisawayofmakingmetalsofterbyheatingitandthen

lettingitcoolveryslowly.Ifmetalisheatedandthencooled

veryquickly,forexamplebydippingitinwater(DIP),itwill

beveryhardbutalsoverybrittle-thatis,itwillbreakeasily.

Metalthathasbeenannealedissoftbutdoesnotbreakaseasily.

Itispossibletomakemetalashardorassoftasitiswished,

byannealingit.Themetalisheated,andallowedtocoolslowly

foracertainlengthoftime.Thelongertheheatedmetaltakes

tocoolslowly,thesofteritbecomes.Annealingcanalsobe

usedonothermaterial,suchasglass.

One

為什么人們把鐵水放在水里?

使它變硬。使它柔軟。

使涼爽。使它變脆。

2o在退火，所需金屬硬度取決于_。

水的用量B金屬的溫度。

金屬的柔軟度D操作的時間

三.正如文中所建議的，玻璃怎么能變得不那么易碎呢？

它可以加熱，然后很快冷卻。

它可以被冷卻，然后慢慢加熱。

可以加熱，然后慢慢冷卻。

它可以被冷卻，然后很快加熱。

1、答案為，此題屬推斷歸納題。文中第二句說如果把金屬加熱，然

后迅速放到水里冷卻，也就會變得非常硬，但也變得脆。硬是工藝的

主觀目的。脆是伴隨的客觀結(jié)果，故選一而不選DB項明顯錯誤；C

項是手段不是目的，因此，都可排除。

2、答案為D,此題屬概括歸納題。定時是時間的選擇。本答案的依

據(jù)是5和6兩句，“金屬被加熱，…時間。”、“長…軟就”酷的時

間是可以控制的，時間越長越軟，即硬度就越低。由此我們可得出結(jié)

論：在退火過程中，金屬的硬度是受到冷卻的時間長短影響的。

3、答案為C此題屬推理判斷題。文中提到“金屬”。最后一句說退

火工藝同樣可用于象玻璃一類的其他材料。文中我們已知“退火”就

是先“熱”后"慢慢冷卻”。由此推斷c是正確的。

五、猜詞悟義，掃除閱讀攔路虎。

猜詞是應用英語的重要能力，也是高考中常用的題型。它不但需要準

確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認識較多的課

外詞匯。我們要學會“順藤摸瓜”，通過構詞，語法，定義，同位,

對比，因果，常識，上下文等線索確定詞義。

A.定義法

如：退火是一種金屬軟加熱它，然后讓它慢慢冷卻。

句子給予退火以明確的定義，即“退火”。

它會很硬，但也很脆，也就是說，它很容易破碎。

從后面的解釋中我們可以了解到脆是“脆”的意思。

牧民，誰照看羊，一年收入約650yuan。

定語從句中照看羊就表明了牧民的詞義為“牧人”。

B同位法

如：

他們走了很長的路，最后到達了一座城堡，一座古老的大建筑物。

同位語部分在舊時代給出了城堡的確切詞義大型建筑，即“城堡”。

我們上夜班，從午夜到凌晨8點。

兩個破折號之間的短語很清楚地表明夜班是“夜班”的意思。

C.對比法

她通常上課都很準時，但今天她上了第一節(jié)課。

但一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此但前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天”

第一節(jié)上了一半才來”，因此反向推理，可得出她平時一向“準時”

的結(jié)論。

D.

Wordformation(prefix,suffix,compound,derivation,etc.)

Perhaps,wecanseesomepossibilitiesfornextfiftyyears,

nextButthehundred?

Possibilitypossibleisthecognatenoun,whichcanjudgethe

possibilitymeaning"possibility”.

E.causalitymethod

Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimes

theweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythe

sportagain.

Fromthelatterresult"nevermoveagain”,wecaninfer

permanent

Reference:Baidu

Answer:Redbullets-levelFour2006-6-309:11

NewOrientalreading

Foursteps:

Ascan,providedunderlinethekeywords:readonlystem.

Two,readthroughthefulltext,seizethecenter:

Readthroughthefulltexttograsptwokeypoints:1,thefirst

paragraphofthearticle;2,therestoftheparagraphsofthe

headandtail.

Seizethecenter(leaving1minutesofconsideration)1,

themaincontentdescribedinthisarticle;2.Arethereany

coreconceptsmentionedinthisarticle?3,theauthor,s

generalattitude

Three,carefullyexaminesthetopic,returntotheoriginal

Positioningprinciple:1)keywordpositioningprinciple:

usuallystartingfromtheproblem,lookingforkeywordsinthe

problem,preferredcapitalletters,names,placenames,time,

etc..

2)theprincipleofdefiningthenaturalparagraph:theorder

ofthequestionsisroughlyconsistentwiththeorderofthe

lines.

Four,overlappingoptions,gettheanswer

Wordsforreadingcomprehension:newsyllabus,5500words

Difficultpoint:

1,thenumberofwordsissmall,sentencestructureiscomplex:

newwordsuperrigidityrate3%

2,theauthor，spointofviewhascertainconcealment

3,theoptionsareratherconfusing.

Mistakesindoingexercises:

1,readtooquickly,dothequestionsbyimpressionand

intuition

2,spendalotoftimereadingarticles,topicsquicklymissed

3,donotknowwhentomark;markingthetitleis1)iconic,

indicativeinformation:time,place,nameandothernouns;2)

chapterstructureofthewords:suchas,but,futhermore3)

emotionalwordsexpressingtheauthor'sattitude

Reviewmethodofreading:(56precisionbreakingmethod)

56papersinthepastyear,theaccuracyofeacharticle

1words

2,theanalysisofdifficultsentences,remembersomekey

difficultsentences-fromeachofwhich5to10hugesumsof

money,eachtranslationrepeatitdown

4,analysisofthetopic,organizetheirownideas

Thereasonsinvolvedineachquestion,eachoption,analysis,

nonoptions,andoptions

Extensivereading:

Befamiliarwithbackgroundknowledge,understandEnglishand

Americanwritingmethods,andtrytofindwordsaslittleas

possible

ReadanEnglishnewspapereveryweek(suchastwenty-first

Century),readsomethingrelatedtothepostgraduateentrance

examandwhatyoulike

ReadingaEnglishmagazine:TIMENEWSWEEKECONOMISTS

Internetwww.yahoo,com,www.times,com,www.cnn.com,etc.

Reviewfocus:70%20%10%Zhentireadingexercises

Theapplicationofpunctuationmarksinreading:

1,fullstop:sentencesegmentation,asgoodasaunit,eight

segmentsintoblocks,andthenbreak

2,comma:betweenthetwocommaisasupplementaryexplanation,

canskipfirst,notread

3,colon:thecolonisthecomplementoftheprecedingcontent,

andthereisaprocessfromspecifictoabstractbeforeand

afterthecolon

4,semicolon:frontandbackcoordinatestructure1)semantic

juxtaposition,2)juxtapositionofstructures

5,dashes,betweentwodashesarecomplementaryinstructions,

whichcannotberead

6,quote:1)quotesomeone'spointofview2)ironyirony-and

thenreadbackwhenyouseetheproblem

7,parentheses:1)additionalinstructions,2)explainnew

words.

Microreadingmethod;

1,graspthetrunk-seizetheverbisthekey

2,lookatpunctuationmarks

3,thereductionofnegation(doublenegationaccordingto

affirmativereading)

4,passiveactive

5,theNewPunctuation:payparticularattentionto1inkssuch

asandaswellas

6,

Controlmethod:catchsomekeywords:1)1ikewiseetal.2)the

transitionalrelationword3)progressiverelativeword4means

importantword

7,payattentiontoripewordbusiness

Macroreadingmethod:

1,thereisonlyonelogicalthemeforanyarticle

2canskipinformation:1)examplecontent2)referenced

content3)specificdigital4)supplementthecolonpart

3,payattentiontograspthetwotypesofwriting:1)

argumentative:seizethecentralargumentandtheauthor's

attitude:2)descriptionoftheobjectandgrasptheexposition

totheattitude

4,payattentiontoseethearticleiscomposedofseveral

naturalparagraph,payattentiontoparagr