職稱英語與前年不同內(nèi)容

CookingOilFumesCauseTumor

Theleadingcauseoflungcanceramongwomeninthecitywascookingoilfumeswhilemenaremorelikelytodevelop

thediseasefromsmoking,saidmedicalexpertsafterafive-yearresearchstudy.

Doctorsannouncedtheresultsyesterdaywithanalysisonsomenewtendenciesinlungcancer.Theysaidpatients

areyounger,especiallywomen.

AccordingtotheShanghaiTumorresearchInstitute,morelocalresidentsdieoflungcancerinthecitythan

anythingelse.Followingbreastcancer,ithasthesecond-highestincidencerate.

“Anunhealthylifestyleisaveryimportantreasonforlungcancer,“saidDrHeYuminfromShanghaiMinshen

TraditionalChineseMedicineTumorDiagnosisandTreatmentCenter.

Hefollowed2,276lungcancerpatientsforfiveyears.Amongthem,1,483weremale.

Smokingcauses70percentofcasesamongmenwhileonly18percentoffemalepatientsdevelopedcancerfromsmoking

orinhalingsecond-handsmoke,accordingtothereport.

However,morethan60percentofwomenwiththediseasehadlongterm,closecontactwithstrongoilfumesfrom

cookingandcomplainedabout1irritatedeyesandthroat.

About32percentofwomenfriedfoodsinboilingoilinunventilatedkitchensandabout25percentofwomen*s

bedroomswereadjacentto2thekitchen.

However,localwomenweresurprisedtolearncookingoilfumescouldleadtocancer.Someclaimedtheymaychange

foodpreparationmethods.

“UnlessmyfamilyandIdon，teatathomeeveryday,Imuststayinthekitchentocook,“saidXuLi,a45-year-old

localwoman."Iknowthefumesarebadfortheskin,butitisthefirsttime1heardthatitcanresultinlung

cancer.Ihavealreadystartedfryingless.〃

Doctorssaidwomen'slungcancerhadfewlinkstopersonalhealthandphysicalcondition,butwascloselyrelated

tofamilycancerhistory,unhealthydietaryhabitsandweakimmunesystems.

Otherexpertsagreedwithhe3.

“Smokingisbyfarthebiggestcause4oflungcancerformen,“saidDrTanBinyong,honorarypresidentofthe

RespiratoryDiseaseInstituteatFudanUniversity，sMedicalCollege."It'struethatsecond-handsmokeand

cookingfumesarethemaincausesamongwomen.〃

He'sresearchalsowarnedpeoplenottostandnearofstallssellingsfriedfoodsduetothepoorqualityof

oilsused.

Thechanceofcatchinglungcanceristhreetimeshigherifexposedtothefumeforalongtime,6expertssaid.

詞匯：

fume煙，氣，汽

tumor(=tumour)n.腫瘤

cancer癌瘤

breast乳房,胸

incidence發(fā)生（率）

diagnosis診斷

inhale秒.吸人

irritate使疼痛,刺激

fry彩.油炸,油煎

unventilate使不通風

adjacent.臨近的

dietary飲食的

immune吐免疫的

honorary名譽上的；榮譽的

respiratory呼吸的

stall貨攤

注釋：

1.complain原意是“抱怨，訴苦〃，但醫(yī)學(xué)上常用complainabout或complainof表示"主訴”。

2.adjacentto：與...相毗鄰，臨近....（地方）

3.Otherexpertsagreedwithhe.其他專家同意何醫(yī)生的意見。agreewithsb：同意某人的意見。agreewithsth：同

意什么東西。agreetodosth：同意做什么事情。

4.byfarthebiggestcause：最最大的原因。byfar是用來做形容詞最高級thebiggest的狀語，對形容詞最高級起強

調(diào)作用。本來形容詞最高級就已經(jīng)是最高了，可是說話的人還要對它再強調(diào)出來，所以就相當漢語的“最最……”的意思。

5...warnedpeoplenottostandnearofstallsselling...：警告人們不要站在賣...的貨攤附近。也可以說成.warned

z，

peopleoffstallsselling...o

6....ifexposedtothefumeforalongtime：...如果長時間接觸這種煙的話。exposesb.tosth.原意是“使.....

（人）暴露于.....（物）”，但醫(yī)學(xué)文獻中常常用來表達“接觸到……（物）〃的意思。此處if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句相當于“if

oneisexposedtothefumeforalongtime”。

練習(xí)：

1.Whatanewtendencyinlungcancerisconcludedbytheresearchers?

AMenaremorelikelytodeveloplungcancerthanwomen.

BWomenaremorelikelytodeveloplungcancerthanmen.

CPatientswithlungcancerbecomeolder,especiallymales.

DPatientswithlungcancerbecomeyounger,especiallyfemales.

2.WhichofthefollowingdiseasesisthemostcommonamongthelocalresidentsinShanghai?

AHeartdisease.

BBreastcancer.

CInfectiousdiseases.

DLungcancer.

3.Whatsymptomsmaybe'complainedofbymostwomenwithlungcancerafterlongterm,closecontactwithcooking

oilfumes?

AIrritatedeyesandthroat.

BSeverepaininbothlungs.

CContinuouscoughandheadache.

DDifficultyinbreathin9.

4.Whatwasthelocalwomen*sreactionwhentheylearnedthatcookingoilfumescouldleadtocancer?

AHappy.BSurprised.

CAngry.DCareless

5.Whichofthefollowinghasrelativelylittleconnectionwithwomen'slungcancer?

AFamilycancerhistory.

BUnhealthydietaryhabits.

CWeakimmunesystems.

DPersonalhealthandphysicalcondition.

答案與題解:

1.D文章第二段明確提到，肺癌的新趨勢就是“病人更年輕，尤其是婦女”。

2.B文章第三段說到，“肺癌排在乳腺癌之后，發(fā)病率第二高〃，可見乳腺癌才是最常見的疾病。

3.A文章第七段說到，“60%以上患肺癌的婦女都長期接觸廚房油煙并主訴眼睛和喉嚨疼痛難受〃。

4.B文章倒數(shù)第七段明確說到，“當婦女們知道廚房油煙可以致癌時都很驚訝〃。

5.D回答此題時，首先要注意倒數(shù)第五段中的兩處文字，即hadfewlinksto...和wascloselyrelatedto...,其中

linkto意為connectionwith,而relateto則意為connectwith,都是"聯(lián)系"的意思,只是few和closely的差別卻很

大。few和little一樣，都是具有否定意義的詞，意為“很少，幾乎沒有〃，只是后面的名詞分別為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞

而已；它們與afew和alittle不同，afew和alittle具有肯定意義，意為“有幾個〃和“有一點〃，后面的名詞同樣分

別為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。如果這一點明白了，也就很容易回答這道題了。

TheStateofMarriageToday

Istheresomethingseriouslywrongwithmarriagetoday?Duringthepast50years,therateofdivorceinthe

UnitedStateshasexploded：almost50%ofmarriagesendindivorcenow,andtheevidencesuggestsitisgoing

togetworse.Ifthistrendcontinues,itwillleadtothebreakupofthefamily,accordingtoaspokesperson

fortheNationalFamilyAssociation.Somefuturistspredictthatin100years.theaverageAmericanwillmarry

atleastfourtimes,andextramaritalaffairswillbeevenmorecommonthantheyarenow.

Butwhatarethereasonsforthis,andisthepicturereallysogloomy?Theanswertothefirstquestionisreally

quitesimple：marriageisnolongerthenecessityitoncewas.Theinstitutionofmarriagehasbeenbasedfor

yearspartlyoneconomicneed.Womenusedtobeeconomicallydependentontheirhusbandsastheyusuallydidn'

thavejobsoutsidethehome.Butwiththerisingnumberofwomeninwell-payingjobs,thisisnolongerthe

case,sotheydon,tfeelthattheyneedtostayinafailingmarriage.

Inanswertothesecondquestion,theoutlookmaynotbeaspessimisticasitseems.Whiletherateofdivorce

hasrisen,therateofcouplesmarryinghasneveractuallyfallenverymuch,somarriageisstillquitepopular.In

additiontothis,manycouplesnowcohabitanddon'tbothertomarry.Thesecouplesareeffectivelymarried,

buttheydonotappearineitherthemarriageordivorcestatistics.Infact,morethan50%Offirstmarriages

survive.Thestatisticsaredeceptivebecausethereisahighernumberofdivorcesinsecondandthirdmarriages

thaninfirstmarriages.

Soismarriagereallyanoutdatedinstitution?Thefactthatmostpeoplestillgetmarriedindicatesthatit

isn't.Anditisalsotruethatmarriedcoupleshaveahealthierlifethansinglepeople：theysufferlessfrom

stressanditsconsequences,suchasheartproblems,andmarriedmengenerallyconsiderthemselvesmorecontented

thantheirsinglecounterparts.Perhapsthekeyistofindoutwhatmakesasuccessfulmarriageandapplyit

toallofourrelationships!

詞匯：

Divorcen.離婚

Evidencen.證據(jù)，跡象

Futuristn.未來主義者

Explodev.激增,迅速擴大

Predictv.預(yù)言，預(yù)料，預(yù)報

Extramaritaladj.婚外的

Gloomyadj.陰暗的;令人沮喪的

Institutionn.制度，習(xí)俗

Outlookn.展望，前景

Pessimisticadj.悲觀的

Cohabitv.同居

Effectivelyad.實際上

Statisticsn.統(tǒng)計，統(tǒng)計資料

Deceptiveadj.迷惑的，騙人的

Outdatedadj.舊式的，過時的

Indicatev.表明,暗示

Consequencen.結(jié)果，后果

Contentedadj.滿足的，滿意的

Counterpartn.對應(yīng)的人(或物)

注釋：

NationalFamilyAssociation：美國國家家庭聯(lián)合會

練習(xí)：

1.WhichistrueabouttheproblemofmarriageintheUnitedStatestoday?

A)Divorceleadstothebreakupofthefamily.

B)Halfofthemarriedcouplesgetdivorced：

C)Americanpeoplemarrymorethanfourtimes.

D)Moreandmorepeoplearegettingdivorced.

2.Whatdoes“thisisnolongerthecase”inparagraphtwomean?

A)Itisnotnecessarytogetmarriedanymore.

B)Womendonotneedahusbandanylonger.

C)Womenarenoteconomicallydependantanymore.

D)Manywivesdowe11-payingjobsoutsidehomenow.

3.Whymaytheoutlookofmarriagenotbeasgloomyasitappears?

A)Manypeoplestillliketogetmarried.

B)Therateofdivorcehasactuallydecreased.

C)Over50%ofthemarriagescontinuetoexist.

D)Thestatisticsofdivorceisnotquitetrue。

4.Howdopeopleusuallyfeelintheirmarriagelife?

A)Theyaremuchhealthier.

B)Theyfeelnolongersingle.

C)Theyaremoresatisfied.

D)Theysufferalotless.

5.WhichofthefollowingaboutmarriageisNOTmentionedinthepassage?

A)Therewillbemorerelationshipsoutsidemarriage.

B)Manypeopletrytogetmarriedagainafterdivorce.

C)Marriagehaslongbeenpartlyaneconomicalneed.

D)Itisafactthatmostpeoplechoosetogetmarried.

答案與題解：

LD從第?段里可以了解到選項A與C都是預(yù)計將來會發(fā)生的，而不是如今的情況。B選項與第一段第二句"almost50%

ofthemarriagesendindivorce,,不符。第一段第二句里的“therateofdivorceintheUnitedStateshasexploded”、

"theevidencesuggestsitisgoingtogetworse”話語正好說明了D選項的情況。

2.C第二段第四句、第五句說得很清楚，婦女們?nèi)缃裨谕夤ぷ髟诮?jīng)濟上不再依賴她們的丈夫，因此覺得無需維持行將失敗的

婚姻。

3.A從第三段里可以了解到離婚率并沒有下降而是上升了，因此B選項不對。而C選項與第三段里“Infact,morethan50%

offirstmarriagessurvive”所說不符，該選項沒有提到是第一次婚姻。同樣，D選項在文中也沒有說到，文中第三段的

最后一句只是說統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)具有欺騙性，而沒有說數(shù)據(jù)失實。

4.C文中第四段第三句的后半句說得很清楚，結(jié)了婚的人比單身的人更滿足。A,D選項提到的是實際情況而不是婚后人們

的感覺，因此不對。文中并沒有提到選項B所說的情況。

5.BA選項在第一段最后?句里提到了，C選項和D選項分別在第二段、第四段里提到了，而B選項卻沒有哪?段具體提到。

ExcessiveDemandsonYoungPeople

Beingabletomultitaskishailedbymostpeopleasawelcomeskill,butnotaccordingtoarecentstudy

whichclaimsthatyoungpeoplebetweentheagesofeightandeighteenoftheso-calledGenerationMlarespending

aconsiderableamountoftheirtimeinfruitlesseffortsastheymultitask.Itarguesthat,infact,theseyoung

peoplearefritteringawayasmuchashalfoftheirtimeagainastheywouldiftheyperformedtheverysame

tasksoneaftertheother.

Someyoungpeoplearejugglinganeverlargernumberofelectronicdevicesastheystudy.Atthesametime

thattheyareworking,youngadultsarealsosurfingontheInternet,orsendingoutemailstotheirfriends,

and/oransweringthetelephoneandlisteningtomusicontheiriPods2orOnanothercomputer.Assomenewdevice

comesalongittooisaddedtothelistratherthanreplacingoneoftheexistingdevices.

Otherresearchhasindicatedthatthismultitaskingisevenaffectingthewayfamiliesthemselvesfunction

asyoungpeoplearetoowrappedup3intheirownisolatedworldstointeractwiththeotherpeoplearoundthem.

Theycannolongergreetfamilymemberswhentheyenterthehousenorcantheyeatatthefamilytable.

Allthiselectronicwizardryissupposedlyalsoseriouslyaffectingyoungpeople，sperformanceatuniversity

andintheworkplace.Whenaskedabouttheirperceptionoftheimpactofmoderngadgetsontheirperformance

oftasks,theoverwhelmingmajorityofyoungpeoplegaveafavourableresponse.

Theresponsefromtheacademicandbusinessworldswasnotquiteaspositive.Theformerfeelthatmultitasking

withelectronicgadgetsbychildrenaffectslaterdevelopmentofstudyskills,resultinginadeclineinthe

qualityofwriting,forexample,becauseofthelackofconcentrationontaskcompletion.Theyfeelthatmany

undergraduatesnowurgentlyneedremedialhelpwithstudyskills.Similarly,employersfeelthatyoungpeople

enteringtheworkforceneedtobetaughtalloveragain,astheyhavebecomedeskilled.

Whileallthismaybetrue,itmustbeborneinmind4thatmoreandmoreisexpectedofyoungpeoplenowadays;

infact,toomuch.Praiseratherthancriticismisdueinrespectof5thewaytoday'syouthareabletocope

despitewhattheoldergenerationthrowatthem.

詞匯：

excessiveadj.過多的，額夕卜

interactvi.交流，溝通，互動

multitaskvi.同時進行多個任務(wù)

wizardryn.魔力，法術(shù)

supposedlyadv.據(jù)認為，據(jù)推測

hailvt.贊揚

performancen.表現(xiàn)，行為

claimvt.聲稱，主張

perceptionn.認識，看法，見解

considerableadj.相當大的，相當多的

impactn.影響，作用

gadgetn.小巧的機械裝置

frittervt.消費,浪費

overwhelmingadj.壓倒性的

jugglevt.耍弄，玩耍

majorityn.大多數(shù)

electronicdevicen.電子裝置，電子儀器

academicadj.學(xué)術(shù)的，學(xué)校的

declinen.下降，衰退

surfvi.（網(wǎng)上）沖浪，漫游，瀏覽

concentrationn.專心，專注

indicatevt.表明,指出

remedialadj.補習(xí)的，補救的

affectvt.影響

deskilledadj.逐漸失去技能的

isolatedadj.鼓勵的，與世隔絕的

dueadj.應(yīng)有的，適當?shù)?/p>

注釋：

1.GenerationM：M代表multimedia。GenerationM即"多媒體時代”，是指伴隨著計算機和因特網(wǎng)的普及而成長

起來的一代年輕人。他們多出生于1980年之后，熱求于計算機、因特網(wǎng)、視頻游戲、智能手機。這些新媒體和傳統(tǒng)媒體如

電視、印刷品、音響制品結(jié)合起來，使得他們的世界異常豐富多彩?！岸嗝襟w時代”的另一特征就是可以multitask,即多

項任務(wù)同時進行，如他們可以一邊上網(wǎng)沖浪、一邊聽著音樂、一邊看著電視里的MTV、一邊和朋友短信聊天、同時還做著自己

的家庭作業(yè)。

2.iPod：美國蘋果公司的一款音樂播放器，除了可以播放MP3音樂外，iPod還可以作為高速移動硬盤使用，可以顯示

聯(lián)系人、日歷和任務(wù)，以及閱讀電子書和聆聽有聲電子書以及播客(Podcasts)。

3.bewrappedupin...注意力完全集中于...

4.bearinmindt己住

5.inrespectof關(guān)于，就....而言

練習(xí)：

1.Accordingtoarecentstudy,whatisprobablytrueaboutthemultitaskingGenerationM?

A)Theyarehighlycommendedforbeingsoeffectiveandefficient.

B)Theywastemoretimethantheyshouldsave,contrarytocommonassumptions.

C)Theyshouldprioritizeandfocusonthemostimportanttasksonhand.

D)TheyneedtoimprovetheirorganizationalskillsSOastocompletealltheirtasks.

2.Withtheadventofnewgadgets,whatwillhappentoGenerationM'spresente-devices?

A)Theymakewayforthelatestandgreatestandareretiredbytheyoungpeople.

B)Theyareputawaytemporarilybutstayinrotationfortheirownerstochoosefrom.

C)Theybecomepartoftheeverincreasingcollectionofnovelties.

D)Theyareeithersoldortradedsothattheirownerscanupdatetheirtoysandhobbies.

3.HowwillmultitaskingaffectGenerationMadversely?

A)Itmakesthemfeellonelyandpitiful.

B)Itmakesthemaloofandelusivetofamilyandfriends.

C)Itmakesthemselfishandpossessive.

D)Itmakesthemimpoliteandungrateful.

4.Whatisthebiggestproblemformultitaskingundergraduatesinuniversities?

A)Theyshouldadjusttheiracademicattitudesseriously.

B)Theyshouldseekpsychologicalprofessionalsforassistance.

C)Theyshouldtakesomecrashcoursestocatchupwiththeirclassmates.

D)Theyshouldtryhardertofocusononetaskbeforemovingontothenext.

5.Indealingwithtoday'syouth,whatapproachshouldparentstake?

A)Besupportiveandunderstanding.

B)Berealisticandlowertheirexpectations.

C)Beencouragingandlettheirchildrensticktotheiroldhabits.

D)Bepatientandhopeeverythingwillworkoutjustfineeventually.

答案與題解：

1.B從第一段第?句話中的“aconsiderableamountoftheirtime，z，/fruitlessefforts''以及該段最后一句話中

的“fritteringawayasmuchas…”可以進行同義替換,waste就是fruitless和fritter的同義詞。

2.C從第二段的最后一句話中的"addedtothelistratherthanreplacing”可以判斷出，這些年輕人的電子設(shè)備

是越來越多，而不是A被取而代之、8被輪流使用、D被出售或交換以便買更新的產(chǎn)品。

3.B答案A是文字游戲，原文中〃isolatedworlds〃應(yīng)該理解為孤立的世界，即獨自"alone"，而不是孤獨"lonely”。

答案C說他們變得自私和占有欲強，想買更多電子產(chǎn)品，顯然不對。答案D說他們變得不懂禮貌和不知感恩，均是對第三段

最后一句話中的"nolongergreet"和"norcantheyeatatthefamilytable”的字面理解。答案B是兩個近義詞，

重點在性格變化上，變得“若即若離，難以捉摸”。

4.D答案A認為是態(tài)度問題，把客觀問題主觀化。答案B是遇到選項，試圖用“remedialhelp”誤導(dǎo)大家聯(lián)想到remedy

一。詞，故引出psychologicalprofessional的曲解。答案C把第五段第一句中的“l(fā)aterdevelopment"和"declineinthe

qualityof…”表象化，認為應(yīng)該抓緊趕上同學(xué)(catchup)。答案D才是正確答案，問題癥結(jié)在于multitasking難以讓

人集中注意力，造成浪費時間、影響表現(xiàn)等后果，這些前文均已提過。

5.A答案A把praise替換成了相對隱性的近義詞。答案B只針對最后一段的第一句話，斷章取義。答案C前半部分

encouraging還算接近正確答案，后半部分則成了鼓勵“將錯就錯”。答案D認為應(yīng)采取〃聽之任之，“順其自然”的態(tài)度。

WhyPeopleUsePseudonyms

Youcan，tchoosethenameyouaregivenatbirth,butinmanycountriesyoucanchangeitlegallywhenyou

reachadulthood.Ofcourse,mostpeopleneverchangetheirnames--1-一theyfeelunhappyaboutthem.However,

somepeopledo-2-thiscourseofaction-particularlyartists!Whatmakesanartistwanttochangetheirname?

Sometimesit'sforpurely--3--reasons,suchastheNobelPrizewinningpoetfromChile,NeflaliReyes.Hedidn，t

wanthisfatherto-4-hewaswritingpoetry,sohechangedhisnametoPabloNerudawhenhewasayoungman.-5一

othertimesthereasonmayappeareccentric;takethecaseofthePortuguesepoetFernandoPessoa,-一6一一wrote

under75differentnames.

Thereason?”WhenIuseadifferentname,Ialwayswriteinadifferentway,“heexplained.Inmostcases,

一7一-,thereasonisforsocial,historical,political,orculturalreasons.Herearesomeofmost-8一:

Theperson，srealnameisjus--9-longanddifficulttoremember.Let'sbehonest,MadonnaLouiseCiccone

isnotas-10-torememberasjustplain“Madonna”.Andshortnamesaremucheasiertoremember：WilliamBradley

becameBradPittandEdsonArantesdoNascimentobecamePele.

Sometimesnamesarechangedformarketing-11—.Forexample,ifanamesoundstoo“foreign”,itmaybe

changedtosomethingthatismorerecognizableina-12--.Sointhefilmworld,RamonEstsvezadoptedthename

MartinSheen.Ormaybetheartist*sdoesn'tsoundveryattractive-ChadEverettdoes-13-alotbetterthan

RaymondCramto.

Artistssometimes一-14--thenameofsomeonetheyadmire.RobertZimmermanchangedhisnametoBooDylan

becauseofhisadmirationfortheWelshpoet,DylanThomas.

Anotherreasonmaybepracticality:inthepast,womenfounditverydifficulttogetpublished.To-15一

thissituationthey，ssituationtheysometimesgavethemselvesmen'snames,sotheEnglishauthorMaryAnnEvans

becameGeorgeEliot,andshedidgetherbookspublished!

詞匯：

pseudonymn.假名，筆名

legallyad.法律上，合法地

eccentricadj.古怪的，反常的

Portugueseadj.葡萄牙的，葡萄牙人的，葡萄牙語的

plainadj.清楚的，明白的

marketingn.推銷，營銷

recognizableadj.可辨認的,可識別的

attractiveadj.有吸引力的，引人注目的

adoptv.采取，采納

admireV.贊賞，欽佩

注釋：

NobelPrize：諾貝爾獎

練習(xí)：

1.A)asifB)asC)evenifD)even

2.A)takeB)makeOdoD)have

3.A)privateB)individualC)ownD)personal

4?A)understandB)knowC)recognizeD)observe

5.A)AtB)0nC)InD)During

6.A)whomB)whichC)whoD)that

7.A)butB)althoughC)thoughD)however

8.A)popularB)commonC)ordinaryD)average

9.A)soB)tooC)veryD)much

10.A)easyB)shortC)simpleD)brief

11.A)aimsB)endsC)goalsD)purposes

12.A、)marketB)filmC)countryD)business

13.A、)lookB)soundC)appearD)seem

14.A)chooseB)giveC)changeD)get

15.A)admitB)assureC)avoidD)affect

答案與題解：

1.C本句前半句提到“大多數(shù)人不會改名字”，因此可以判斷是選有讓步轉(zhuǎn)折意義的"evenif'',其他的選項都沒

有這個意思，尤其要注意even是副詞，不可以這樣用于句首引出從句。

2.A本句的意思是想說“有些人，尤其是藝術(shù)家們，會更改名字”。不過，本句沒有直接說changetheirnames而是

說采取行動，那么只能用take與action進行搭配，其他動詞都不合適。

3.D根據(jù)后面suchas后所舉的例子知道，某些人改名字完全出于個人的原因，故選擇personal。private是指與公

眾無關(guān)的，私隱的；individual是與集體對立而言，個體的；而own則必須放在物主代詞的后面一起來表達屬于某人的。

4.B本句是想說他改名字是為了不讓父親了解到他在寫詩這件事，因此選know。understand是理解的意思，recognize

是認出，observe是察覺、觀察到的意思。

5.A本句里的times是時機、場合的意思，atothertimes是表示“其他的情況”，還有其他的固定搭配也是用at這

個介詞，如atalltimes,atthebestoftime等等，其他介詞無此搭配。

6.C本句是舉葡萄牙人的例子來說明某些人更改名字的理由很奇怪，后半句是想說此人用過75個不同的名字。對本

句結(jié)構(gòu)做出分析后，應(yīng)該是非限定性定語從句對此詩人做出補充解釋，故用whO。that不能用于非限定性定語從句，which

則不能表示人，只能表示物，whom是用來做賓格形式只能作賓語不能作主語。

7.D如果注意到了此空前后的逗號的話就應(yīng)該知道需要填一個副詞來表示轉(zhuǎn)折了，四個選項中只有however是副詞，

所以其他的選項都不對。

8.B前徇剛說到大家改名字有社會、歷史、政治、文化等方面的原因，通過下面幾段里所給出的例子可以知道本句

是想說“下面是幾種常見的原因”，所以選common用于指常常發(fā)生的情況，而popular是指大家都喜歡的‘ordinary和average

則都是指沒什么特別的。

9.B根據(jù)后文，本句是想說某些人的名字太長、太難不好記住，是一個too…to…的結(jié)構(gòu)，表達“太……而不能……”

的意思。

10.A.根據(jù)上下文知道，本句是想說簡單明了的Madonna更容易記住。從本句中的plain一詞可以斷定不是想說長短,

所以short和brief都不對，而simple則是與復(fù)雜相對立的，因此選用easy一詞與前句的difficult來對應(yīng)，后一句話中

的easiertoremember也可以幫助我們選擇easy。

11.D此題四個選項都能表示目的，但各有不同，aim是偏重于想要取得的目標；end往往表示最終目的，而且常常用

于指與手段相對應(yīng)的目的；goal則更多的是指個人或者某群體決心要達到的目標，通常指一般的趨勢或方向而沒有最終的具

體目標；而purpose則主要是指所向往的結(jié)果，是行為、行動的緣由。

12.A根據(jù)前一句中的marketingpurposes一詞可以判斷此旬是想說把名字改成在市場上更好識記的，因此選market,

而不是在某個國家、某部電影或者是某筆生意里更容易辨識。

13.B根據(jù)前半句里的doesn'tsound可以判斷此處應(yīng)該選用sound來表示聽上去怎樣，其他三個選項里的詞意上不

恰當。

14.A從后面一句可以推斷此句是想說藝術(shù)家有時候根據(jù)自己所欣賞的人的名字給自己取筆名或藝名。如果用give一詞

的話則必須有themselv6s來作間接賓語，不然就不是給他們自己取名字了。也不能用change,但如果是changeinto的話

還可以表示把名字改成別的名字，而get則是“獲得”、“得到”的意思，所以只能用choose來表示“選用”的意思了。

15.C本句是想說為了不讓作品得不到出版的情況出現(xiàn)而取個男子的名字，因此選avoidoadmit是承認的意思，assure

是確認的意思，，affect則是影響的意思。

WhyPeopleUsePseudonyms

Youcan*tchoosethenameyouaregivenatbirth,butinmanycountriesyoucanchangeitlegallywhenyoureach

adulthood.Ofcourse,mostpeopleneverchangetheirnames一-1一一theyfeelunhappyaboutthem.However,some

peopledo-2--thiscourseofaction—particularlyartists!Whatmakesanartistwanttochangetheirname?

Sometimesit'sforpurely-3—reasons,suchastheNobelPrizewinningpoetfromChile,NeflaliReyes.Hedidn，t

wanthisfatherto-4一一hewaswritingpoetry,sohechangedhisnametoPabloNerudawhenhewasayoungman.--5-

othertimesthereasonmayappeareccentric;takethecaseofthePortuguesepoetFernandoPessoa,--6一一wrote

under75differentnames.

Thereason?”When1useadifferentname,Ialwayswriteinadifferentway,“heexplained.Inmostcases,

一7一-,thereasonisforsocial,historical,political,orculturalreasons.Herearesomeofmost-一8--:

Theperson，srealnameisjus-9-longanddifficulttoremember.Let，sbehonest,MadonnaLouiseCicconeis

notas-10--torememberasjustplain"Madonna”.Andshortnamesaremucheasiertoremember：WilliamBradley

becameBradPittandEdsonArantesdoNascimentobecamePele.

Sometimesnamesarechangedformarketing-11一.Forexample,ifanamesoundstoo"foreign”,itmaybechanged

tosomethingthatismorerecognizableina-12--.Sointhefilmworld,RamonEstsvezadoptedthenameMartin

Sheen.Ormaybetheartist/sdoesn，tsoundveryattractive-ChadEverettdoes-13-alotbetterthanRaymond

Cramto.

Artistssometimes-14--thenameofsomeonetheyadmire.RobertZimmermanchangedhisnametoBooDylanbecause

ofhisadmirationfortheWelshpoet,DylanThomas.

Anotherreasonmaybepracticality:inthepast,womenfounditverydifficulttogetpublished.To-15-this

situationthey*ssituationtheysometimesgavethemselvesmen'snames,sotheEnglishauthorMaryAnnEvansbecame

GeorgeEliot,andshedidgetherbookspublished!

詞匯:

pseudonymn.假名，筆名

legallyad.法律上,合法地

eccentricadj.古怪的，反常的

Portugueseadj.葡萄牙的，葡萄牙人的，葡萄牙語的

plainadj.清楚的，明白的

marketingn.推銷，營銷

recognizableadj.可辨認的,可識別的

attractiveadj.有吸引力的，引人注目的

adoptv.采取，采納

admireV,贊賞,欽佩

注釋：

NobelPrize：諾貝爾獎

練習(xí)：

1.A)asifB)asC)evenifD)even

2.A)takeB)makeC)doD)have

3.A)privateB)individualC)ownD)personal

4.A)understandB)knowC)recognizeD)observe

5.A)AtB)0nC)InD)During

6.A)whomB)whichC)whoD)that

7.A)butB)althoughC)thoughD)however

8.A)popularB)commonC)ordinaryD)average

9.A)soB)tooC)veryD)much

10.A)easyB)shortC)simpleD)brief

11.A)aimsB)endsC)goalsD)purposes

12.A^)marketC)countryD)business

13.A、)lookB