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EDM閱讀理解及口語交際講解及練習(xí)資料
AspectsofReadingComprehension
閱讀理解測試的語言基礎(chǔ)和閱讀技能
語言基礎(chǔ):
1)豐富的詞匯基礎(chǔ),即詞匯量,詞義及詞的搭配關(guān)系
2)扎實(shí)的語法知識(shí)
3)充分的語篇知識(shí)(能在語篇層面上把握文章結(jié)構(gòu),段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系,語體風(fēng)格,
作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度等)。
閱讀技能:
I)掌握文章的主旨和大意的方法和能力;
2)辨別說明主旨和大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的能力和方法;
3)既理解字面意思,也能根據(jù)材料進(jìn)行初步的判斷和推理的方法和能力:
4)既理解個(gè)別句子的意思,也能理解上下文的邏輯關(guān)系的方法和能力;
閱讀理解測試的重點(diǎn)在于:
1)掌握文章的主旨和大意;(veryimportant)
2)把握與主旨和大意相關(guān)的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié);
3)依據(jù)事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)做出合理推斷:
4)根據(jù)上下文判斷詞匯、句子含義:
一、如何找準(zhǔn)中心議題
常見的有關(guān)文章中心思想的問題有:
I)Thispassageisabout.
2)Themainidea/subject/topicofthepassageis.
3)Thepurposeofthispassageis.
4)Thebesttitleforthispassageis.
5)Thepassagemainlydiscusses.
6)Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith.
請看下例:
例一
Thehumanskindoesnot*breathe\Theporesoftheepidermis(表皮)serveasoutletsforperspiration(汗)andoilfromtheglands
(腺體).Thepublicisbombardedwithmisinformationaboutskin,sometimesmerelyfbrthepurposeofsellinglotions(洗滌劑),
potions(藥水)andallsortsofsupposedlymagicalpreparations.Breathingisafunctionoftherespiratorysystemandnotoftheskin.
Bewareofcosmeticsthatpurportedly(有意圖地)aidtheskininbreathing.
A)Thehumanskindoesnottbreathe,.
B)Lotionscanaidtheskininbreathing.
C)Theporesoftheskinserveasoutletsforperspirationandoilfromglands.
D)Theskinisapartoftherespiratorysystem.
答案解釋:
此題正確答案應(yīng)為A)。本段的中心議題是Mieskin,。作者想闡述的中心是theskindoesn't"breathe,。本段的第一句是文章的
主瓢句。B)是作者提醒讀者要注意的錯(cuò)誤信息。C)是支撐主題的細(xì)節(jié)。D)顯然是錯(cuò)誤的。
例二
Thepopularideaofsnowisthatitconsistsoffrozenraindrops.Thisisnotthecase.Itistruethatsometimesraindropsfreezein
theirpassagefromthemothercloudtotheearth.Suchfrozenraindropsarecalledsleet(凍雨)orhail.Butsnowissomething
different.Itismadeupofwatervapor(水蒸汽)particlesthathavebeentransformedintocrystals(晶體),withoutfirstpassing
throughtheliquidstate.Suchcrystalscanformonlywhenthedewpointisbelow0°Celsius.
A)SnowisapopularideaaccordingtoCelsius.
B)Snowismadeupoffrozenraindrops.
C)Snowiswatervaporparticlesthathavebeentransformedintocrystalswithoutfirstpassingthroughtheliquidsate.
D)Raindropsfreezeintheirpassagefromthemothercloudtotheearth.
答案解釋:
正確答案應(yīng)為C)。本段的中心議題是“snow”作者在駁斥了對“snow”的錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)后,提出了正確的看法,這便是作
者想要講述的耳口,心,思想:'Snowiswatervaporparticlesthathavebeentransformedintocrystalswithoutfirstpassingthroughthe
liquidstate/這一“主題可在文章中的第五句找到。A)和B)是錯(cuò)誤的。D)講的是與‘sleet'和'hail'相關(guān)的信息,與‘snow’無
關(guān)。
例三
Sincethebeginningofthetwentiethcentury,theworldpopulationhasmorethantripled.Whilemostofthephenomenal(非凡
的)growthisattributedtomodemmedicine,betterfaminerelief,andmoresanitarylivingconditions,onefactorisusuallyignored.
Therehasbeenmorefoodbecauseduringmostofthetwentiethcentury,andbetween1935-1965inparticular,thefarmersofthe
worldhaveenjoyedauniquelyfavorablewarm,wet,andstableclimate.
A)Worldpopulationhasincreasedmorethanthreetimes.
B)Weshouldnotignoretheimportantfactor.
C)Worldpopulationhastripledinthe20thCenturyduetomodemmedicine,betterfaminerelief,moresanitarylivingconditions,
andmoreavailablefood.
D)Duringmostofthe20thcenturythefarmersoftheworldhaveenjoyedauniquelyfavorablewarm,wet,andstableclimate.
答案解釋:
正確答案為C)。短文的中心議題是,worldpopulation,,文中論述了世界人口迅速增長及其原因,但文中并無直接說明中心思
想的主題句。選擇項(xiàng)C)較好地總結(jié)了文章的大意;A)僅是大意的?部分;B)項(xiàng)含義模糊不清;D)是支撐文章主題的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)
容。
注意:
1.要注意區(qū)分文章中那些最根本和最具有概括力的信息,這種信息應(yīng)包括其它信息的共性。
2.中心議題應(yīng)恰如其分地概括內(nèi)容,不能太窄,也不能太寬。如:MyStudent'sLife;OnStudents.
3.要從全文結(jié)構(gòu)來尋找答案。找出主題句(概括性強(qiáng),結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,多數(shù)不是長句、難句)。
4.方法:避開細(xì)節(jié),難詞,放在最后做。
Exercise:Choosethemostgeneralsentence.
1.(A)Thespeakerrelatedanumberofamusingstories,whichwerewelltoldaswellasintrinsically(內(nèi)在的)comical.
(B)Thetalkcoveredeveryaspectofthesubjectandincludedexamplesfromotherrelatedfields.
(C)Allofthoseattendingthelecturefeltthattheylearnedsomethingnewandinterestingfromthespeaker.
(D)Thelecturewaswide-ranging,amusing,andinformative.
2.(A)Undoubtedly,themostimportantdecisionwastheoneconcerningtherebuildingoftheOtterCreekbridge.
(B)Therewassomeoppositiontotheproposaltoincreasethebudgetforlawenforcement,butiteventuallypassed.
(C)Attheirlastmeetingthisyear,thetowncouncilmadeanumberoflong-awaiteddecisions.
(D)Afewmemberswantedtoearmark(指定用途)extrafundsfornextyear'stownfestival,butamajorityfeltthatthelimited
resourcesavailableshouldbeusedforother,morepressingneeds.
二、如何抓住闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)
事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)主要指闡述文章主旨的具體事例。只有通過仔細(xì)閱讀某些段落,才能獲得這些具體的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)'這部分既
涉及對單詞、短語的準(zhǔn)確理解,也關(guān)系到對整句、整段和全文的綜合理解。理解的質(zhì)量取決于考生的語言知識(shí)的深度和廣度。
具體地講,它涉及到英語閱讀技能的三個(gè)基本要素(即詞匯、理解、速度)所達(dá)到的程度。
涉及事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)類的問題,■般都是針對某個(gè)特定的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié),常常含有what,where,why,when,which,who,how等
以w/h-開頭的疑問詞,此類題型多種多樣,幾乎沒有固定的模式。
在文章中,作者總是耍通過許多具體內(nèi)容(Details)來說明、解釋、證明或分析文章的主題思想。在通讀全文、掌握了文
章主題思想的基礎(chǔ)上,讀者還應(yīng)該能抓住闡述和發(fā)展主題思想的主要事實(shí),或者按要求找出特定細(xì)節(jié)'這是通過閱讀獲取信
息的重要能力。
在通讀全文的過程中,我們要特別注意涉及who,what,when,where,how和why等問題的內(nèi)容。在有此類內(nèi)容的地方要
作一標(biāo)記,以便在回答問題時(shí)迅速查找。
一般來說,閱讀理解測試中要求找出主要事實(shí)或特定細(xì)節(jié)的問題,在文章中均可找到回答。但是,需要注意的是,這些
問題的表述常常不是采用文章中的原話,而是使用同義的詞語來進(jìn)行提問。因此,在回答此類問題時(shí),首先要認(rèn)真審題,看
清問題提問的究竟是什么。然后,根據(jù)所涉及到的問題,快速掃視到文章中相應(yīng)的部分,找到與答題內(nèi)容相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞或短
語,再細(xì)讀一、兩遍。在確信理解了原文的基礎(chǔ)上,來確定正確答案。在查到關(guān)鍵句下面應(yīng)劃線,以引起注意,便于參考與
復(fù)杳。此外,如果回答此類問題需要讀者具有一定的背景知識(shí),那也只是最基本的常識(shí)。因此,切勿脫離文中內(nèi)容而根據(jù)自
己的主觀想像或其它來源的知識(shí)來選擇答案。
在回答此類問題時(shí),應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)問題:
一、當(dāng)問及時(shí)間、距離以及其它用數(shù)字表示的細(xì)節(jié)時(shí),需要進(jìn)行計(jì)算方能得出答案。此時(shí)要把計(jì)算過程簡單列出,不可隨
意心算一下即確定答案。
例一:
The50-starflagoftheUnitedSlateswasraisedforthefirstlimeofficiallyonJuly4,1960,atFortMcHenryinBaltimore.The
50thstarhadbeenaddedforHawaii,ayearearlierthe49th,forAlaska.Beforethat,nostarhadbeenaddedsince1912,whenNew
MexicoandArizonawereadmittedtotheUnion.
Question:In1912,beforeJuly4,theU.S.flaghad.
A)47starsB)20starsC)46starsD)48stars
答案解釋:
問題提問的是1921年7月4日以前的情況。由于新瑞西哥和利亞里桑那于1912年7月4日加入聯(lián)邦,國旗上星的數(shù)
目正確答案為(C)。
二、當(dāng)問題要求對某一事實(shí)作出正誤判斷或詢問文中是否提到某一事實(shí)時(shí),我們應(yīng)先把所給的選擇項(xiàng)大體上看一下,做到心
中有數(shù)。然后,根據(jù)選擇項(xiàng)中提供的線索,迅速找到文章相應(yīng)的部分,細(xì)讀一下有關(guān)內(nèi)容。與文中內(nèi)容一致的即可肯定,不
一致的即可否定。注意,在回答NotTrue之類問題時(shí),必須逐項(xiàng)找出須肯定的內(nèi)容,方可確定要否定的內(nèi)容。切勿一遇到
自己認(rèn)為不正確的內(nèi)容,便匆忙答題,不再去考慮其它選擇項(xiàng),這樣常常會(huì)導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤。
盡管這類問題涉及的是細(xì)節(jié),我們也不可忽視文章的主要觀點(diǎn)。正確的答案與文章的中心思想往往吻合一致。因此,
回答這類問題時(shí),也必須以文章的中心為前提,與中心思想?致的可能是正確答案,反之可能是錯(cuò)誤答案。
例二:
Onewordthatsumsupouragebetterthananyother?-whether*,ourage"is"thetechnologicalage“ofwesterncountriesorthe
''modernizingage"ofChina-isthewordCHNGE.Buthaschangenotalwaysbeenpresent?Morethanjustchange.Itis
unprecedentedchange.Insuchaworld,readingprovidesthebesttoolwehaveforkeepingupandforavoidingfutureshockina
worldcontinuallybeingremade.
WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?
(A)WesterncountriesandChinaarebeingremade.
(B)Readingwillhelpusunderstandourage.
(C)Tliepresentageandfutureworldarecontinuallychanging.
(D)Readingisthebesttoolprovidedbyourage.
答案解釋:
(A),(B),(C)項(xiàng)均與文章中心的意義?致,(D)不符。因?yàn)槲恼轮姓f的是:“Readingservesasthebesttoolforus."(對我們來
說,閱讀可以作為一個(gè)最好的工具。);而不是如選擇項(xiàng)(D)所表示的那樣:"Readingisthebesttoolprovidedbyourage.”閱讀
是由我們時(shí)代所提供的最好的工具。)o所以,我們將答案確定為(D)。
三、文章中,為避免重復(fù)提及某些詞或短語,作者常常用代詞(ReferenceWords)來代替。在尋找細(xì)節(jié)時(shí),讀者須準(zhǔn)確?致關(guān)
系以及語義關(guān)系等確定所指代的內(nèi)容。
例三:
Thebasketballteamneverlackedvociferoussupporters,buttheyrarelyrespondedtothisshowofenthusiasm.
文中黑體詞they若是指高聲呼叫的支持者,則與后面的意思(對這種熱情很少作出響應(yīng))不合。因此they只能指環(huán)境球隊(duì)
隊(duì)員。
例四:
ScottFitzgerald,whofirstintroducedhimtoapublisher,wasoneofthefewcontemporarywritersthatHemingwaydidnotturn
against.
文中黑體him若指的是主語ScotFitsgerald,則應(yīng)該用反身代詞himself,而不能用him,因此這里只能指后文的Hemingway.
三、如何推理與判斷
在閱讀中,人們首先理解的是語言的字面意義。然而\語言所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容常常超過其字面意義。這就需要我們掌握邏輯
判斷和推理的方法,根據(jù)事物發(fā)展的自然規(guī)律以及語言本身的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,從一定的文字符號(hào)中獲得盡可能多的信息。
有時(shí),作者在文中并未把需要讀者理解的所有意思宜接表達(dá)出來,而期待讀者能領(lǐng)悟文章的內(nèi)在含義,即從字里行間來
體會(huì)他想表達(dá)的意思。由丁?有的意思文中沒有宜接說明,讀者必須根據(jù)文中所陳述內(nèi)容的邏輯發(fā)展,卜.下文的聯(lián)貫以及文中
有關(guān)部分的暗示,作出判斷或進(jìn)行推理。
在閱讀中,有時(shí)要求我們對文章中闡述的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié),按照邏輯發(fā)展的規(guī)律,進(jìn)行分析和概括,并以此為依據(jù)得出合手
邏輯的結(jié)論。我們將這個(gè)過程稱作“判斷為了對所讀材料作出正確的判斷,以得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論,我們必須仔細(xì)地閱
讀,準(zhǔn)確地掌握事實(shí),并對其進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的分析和思考。
一、推理一般可分為簡單推理和復(fù)雜推理
簡單推理:
Thesalesmanputthekeyintheignition,buttheenginewouldnotstart.Hehadtobeintheairinhalfanhourinordertoarrive
intimeforthemeeting.Hisbonuswouldbeloweredifhelostthisaccount.
1)Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthemanwas.
A)inhisofficeB)inthefactory
C)inthecarD)inthewarehouse
2)Whatwasthemangoingtodoinhalfanhour?
A)Tomeethiscustomer.B)lbcatchabus.
C)lbattendameeting.D)lbcatchaplane
復(fù)雜推理
我們可以從以下幾方面入手:
1.了解文章的主旨;
2.分辨文章表達(dá)的主要思想和次要思想;
3.尋找文章的邏輯思路:
4.核對問題中各項(xiàng)選擇與文章中有關(guān)詞句的聯(lián)系。
例一:
Themaleandfemalemosquitoesmakeanoddcouple.Thefemaleisavampireandlivesonblood.Themaleisavegetarian
thatsipsnectarandplantjuices.Femalesofdifferentspecieschoosedifferenthostsonwhichtodine.Somefeedexclusivelyoncattle,
horses,birds,andotherwarm-bloodedcreatures.Somefavorcold-bloodedanimals.Stillotherspreferman.
Whilethefemales5menuvaries,herbiteremainsthesame.Shedriveshersharptubularsnoutthroughtheskin,injectsafluid
tokeepthebloodfromthickening,anddrinksherfill,whichtakesaminuteorless.Itisthefluidsheinjectsthatcarriesdisease.After
herbloodmeal,sherestswhilehereggsdevelop.Shethenlooksfbramoistorfloodedplacetolaythem.
根據(jù)文中themaleisavegetarianthatsipsnectarandplantjuice我們可以得出結(jié)論:雄蚊相結(jié)地說對人類無害。根據(jù)文中
Thefemaleisavampireandlivesonblood.Somefeedonwarm-bloodedcreatures.Somefavourcold-bloodedanimals.Stillothers
preferman.我們可以得出結(jié)論:雌蚊對多數(shù)動(dòng)物構(gòu)成威脅??v觀全文,我們可以作出判斷:“蚊子應(yīng)該被消滅。”
二、推理就是以已知的事實(shí)為依據(jù),來獲得不知的信息。在閱讀中,我們要善于利用文章中明確表示的內(nèi)容,進(jìn)行正確的
推理,以挖掘作者的隱含意思。要求進(jìn)行推理的問題,在文中均找不到直接答案。如果問題要求理解某句或段的含蓄意義,
我們必須在文中找到所涉及的關(guān)鍵詞語,仔細(xì)閱讀一至兩遍,吃透意思,并以此為根據(jù),進(jìn)行推理判斷的內(nèi)容涉及全文,則
必須在理解通篇中心思想、掌握全文邏輯發(fā)展過程的基礎(chǔ),才能進(jìn)行正確的推理判斷。答題時(shí),還應(yīng)認(rèn)真審題,特別要注意
原文中的意思在題目中的表達(dá)形式,準(zhǔn)確理解題意和要求。
例二:
TlictelephonerangandIpickeditupandthevoicesaid,“Blackpartytonight.^^Rightthen,Iknewsummerhadarrived.There
isnobodywhoenjoyssummermorethanNorthDakotans,possiblybecauseittakessuchalongtimegettinghere.Weemergefrom
ourcocoonsintothesunandreadytogo.Wetaketosummerlikeachorusgirltakestodiamonds.Wefloodtotheparksandthe
swimmingpoolsandthegolfcoursesandthehikingtrailsandthelakes.\buaskadozenNorthDakotanswhatsummermeansto
themandyouwillgetadozendifferentanswers.
根據(jù)文中RightthenIknewsummerhadarrived,我們可以推斷theblockparty通常是夏季舉行的活動(dòng),這表明'夏天來臨了
根據(jù)文中...thereisnobodywhoenjoyssummermorethantheNorthDakotans.Summertakessuchalongtimegettinghere.我們
可以推斷出這里的冬天是漫長而枯燥無味的。根據(jù)文中Wefloodtotheparksandtheswimmingpoolsandthegolfcoursesand
thehikingtrailsandthelakes.我們還可以推斷出當(dāng)?shù)氐娜藗兎浅O矚g戶外活動(dòng)。
例三:
Likeotheropinionsaboutthesituation.Burke'spredictably,andsensibly,forecastsariseinunemploymentamongtheyoung.
從此句我們可以推斷出:1)說話者同意Burke的關(guān)于年青人失業(yè)現(xiàn)象要增多的看法(根據(jù)predictably,andsensibly);2)Burke
不是唯一持這種看法的人(根據(jù)likeotheropinions...).
例四:
In1980,Canadaannouncedstrictadditionallimitsonownershipofenergycompaniesbyforeigninstitutionsandindividuals.
Sincethesemaynolongerownmorethan50percentofsuchcompanies,sourcesofcapitalforthesecorporationsarenowsharply
restricted.
(A)Before1980,foreignerswereallowedtoownamajorityofsharesinCanadianenergycompanies.
(B)Canada's1980limitationsonenergy-companyownershiphavecausedsomeproblemstortheseenterprises.
(C)After198(),foreignersmaynotownamajorityshareinaCanadiancompany.
(D)Before1980,therewerenolimitationsonforeignindividualsowningCanadianenergycompanies.
三、預(yù)測
預(yù)測根據(jù)上文中已出現(xiàn)的語言信息,預(yù)測卜.文即將出現(xiàn)的信息,這也是我們必須掌握的一項(xiàng)閱讀技能。也就是說,在
理解已知信息的基礎(chǔ)上,對隨之可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)的信息,作出初步推測。(這?推測,在進(jìn)?步閱讀過程中可能人被肯定、修改
或否定)。例如,當(dāng)我們讀到Thoughprogressonthesubwayhasnotactuallystopped…(雖然修建地鐵的工程尚未完全停止)。
我們根據(jù)Though所引出的讓步狀語從句的意義,應(yīng)能推測到Somethingiswrongwiththeproject/修建工程出了問題。):同
時(shí)從notactually中推測到Progressonthesubjecthasalmoststopped.(工程似、乎12t經(jīng)停止了。)據(jù)此預(yù)測,下文可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)it
islikelythatthecompletionoftheprojectwillbedelayed(這項(xiàng)工程的竣工很可能要推遲),卻不可能出現(xiàn)iheprojectwillbe
completedaheadoftime(工程將提前完成)。
若下文與預(yù)測一致或基本一致,則證明自己對上文理解正確,可以繼續(xù)閱讀;若不一致,則說明對已讀信息的理解有
偏差,或這里有特殊含義,需要調(diào)整自己思路,或應(yīng)給予特別的注意。
通常,我們可以借助丁語法結(jié)構(gòu)、常用句型進(jìn)行預(yù)測:通過標(biāo)題或主題句進(jìn)行預(yù)測:結(jié)合自己的背景知識(shí)進(jìn)行預(yù)測;
根據(jù)語篇標(biāo)志的提示詞或者聯(lián)接上下文的承接手段(TransitionalDevices)來進(jìn)行預(yù)測等等。
同樣,我們也可根據(jù)所給的某一段文章的內(nèi)容,來推測上文討論提什么話題,或已經(jīng)談到過什么事情。以“though
progressonthesubwayhasnotactuallystopped,itislikelythatthecompletionoftheprojectwillbedelayed.”為例J。根據(jù)i亥七U歷(提
供的信息,我們可以推測到上文討論的內(nèi)容可能是“strikeshaveseverelyhamperedtheproject.''(罷工已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重影響了工程的
進(jìn)展);而不同意給工人增工資。
例五:
Directions:Choosetheitemwhichbestdescribeswhatcameimmediatelybeforethestatementgiven.
(A)Whythepositionishazardous.
(B)Howtomakenecessaryrepairs.
(C)Inwhatcircumstancesstayinginthecarmightbeagoodidea.
(D)Inwhatcases,however,itisbesttogetoutofthecarmended.
...Inmostcases,however,itisbesttogetoutofthecarandmakenecessaryrepairsquicklysothatyoucanmoveawayfromyour
hazardousposition.
本題中,however表明前面所述部分的內(nèi)容必定是與后文中的內(nèi)容相對立的。(A),(B),(D)
項(xiàng)都不能表現(xiàn)這種語義上的連貫,正確的答案是(C)。
注意事項(xiàng):
1)從已知信息入手去分析、歸納出未知信息,不能隨意脫離文章內(nèi)容而代之以主觀想像。
2)注意題目中的要求,注意關(guān)鍵詞、時(shí)態(tài)和語氣。如問題中出現(xiàn)suggest,infer,refer,imply,conclude等詞時(shí),應(yīng)排除文
章中明白陳述的內(nèi)容。
3)推理應(yīng)符合情理,既應(yīng)避免文章中現(xiàn)成的句子,也要避免絕對化。
4)因果關(guān)系的題應(yīng)找出最根本的原因。
5)推斷寫作目的應(yīng)在全文中尋找線索。
6)推斷前面的段落應(yīng)根據(jù)主旨及段首內(nèi)容推斷,段后內(nèi)容根據(jù)結(jié)論及結(jié)尾段內(nèi)容推斷;來源應(yīng)從主旨、文體、讀者對象(內(nèi)
容和用詞)來考慮。
Exercises
I.Choosetheitemwhichbestdescribeswhatcameimmediatelybeforeorafterthegivensentence.
1.(A)SomethingaboutBinta'sresponsibilities.
(B)SomethingaboutBintabeingtypicalforagirlofherageinKano.
(C)SomethingaboutNigeria.
(D)SomethingaboutlifeinKano.
...Binta'smanyresponsibilitiesaretypicalforagirlherageinKano,Nigeria.
2.(A)AnaccountofwhyStratfordisfamous.
(B)AnaccountofwhyShakespeare'sworks.
(C)AnaccountofShakespeare^death,withreferencetohisbirth.
(D)AnaccountofShakespeare'sdailyroutine.
…ThusdidShakespearebeginandendhisdaysinStratford.
3.(A)Adescriptionofcentralizationatsometimeinthepast.
(B)Adescriptionofmoderngrowth.
(C)Adescriptionofpresentdaycentralization.
(D)Alistingofthecausesofurbangrowth.
...Suchcentralizationhadlongsincevanishedasaresultofurbangrowth.
4.Thestudentwasconfused,notbecauseofihecontentofthelecture,butbecauseofthespeaker'sstyleofdelivery...
(A)Adescriptionofthelecturer'swayofspeaking.
(B)Asummaryofwhatthespeakersaid.
(C)Adescriptionofthecourse.
(D)Anexplanationofwhythecontentwasconfusing.
5.EventhoughmostAmericansareupsetbytherisingcostoffossilfuels,fewarewillingtomakeadjustmentsintheirlifestylesto
makethemlessnecessary...
(A)Adescriptionofadjustmentswhichmightbemade.
(B)Anexplanationofwhypricesoffossilfuelsarerising.
(C)Anexplanationofwhatitis
(D)Anaccountofwhyfossilfuelsarenecessary.
II.Choosethestatement(s)whichcandefinitelybeinferredfromeachofthesentencesbelow.(Note:numberofinferencesthatcan
bedrawnwillvaryfromitemtoitem.)
1.ChayefskythenmovedintotelevisionwritingandburstonthescenewiththemuchpraisedMarty;whentheshowwasturnedinto
amovie,itwonChayefskyhisfirstAcademyAward.
(A)Martybecameatelevisionshowafteritssuccessasafilm.
(B)ChayefskywonmorethanoneAcademyAward.
(C)Chayefskybeganhiscareerasatelevisionwriter.
(D)ChayefskywasnotknownasatelevisionwriterbeforeMarty.
2.Krill,whicharethemaindietofwhaleshavebeencited(弓Iffl)asoneoftheworld'sbiggestuncxploitedfoodresources.
(A)Whaleseatmorekrillthananythingelse.
(B)Theworldhasanumberofunexploitedfoodresources.
(C)Whalesareoneoftheworld'sbiggestunexploitedfoodresources.
(D)Thewriterbelievesthatkrillconstituteoneoftheworld?sbiggestunexploitedfoodresources.
3.M.F.K.Fisher,authoroffourteenbooks,statesthatshedoesnotusuallyliketoreadwhatshehaswritten,butthatshedoeslike
herownACordialWater.Thisbookaboutfolkmedicineisacollectionofodd,oldrecipes(處方)fbrmedicinesforpeopleaswell
asanimals.Ithaslongbeenoutofprint,butapaperbackeditionisbeingconsidered.
(A)M.F.Kfisher'sbookswereoutofprintwhenhisparagraphwaswritten.
(B)ACordialWaterhasnotappearedinapaperbackedition.
(C)Generallyspeaking,Fisherdoesnotlikereading.
(D)Fisher'sbooksareaboutfolkmedicine.
4.Perhapsthebiggestdifferencebetweenyoungadultsoftheeightiesandthoseoftheseventiesistheirattitudetowardparentsand
grandparents.Accordingtosurveysofhighschoolseniorsbyafederalagency,theproportionofseniorswhoconsiderlivingclose
toparentsandrelativesveryimportanthasnearlydoubled,risingfrom8percentin1972to14percentin1980.Similarly,increases
aredisplayedinanothersurvey,inwhich71percentofthehighschoolstudentssaidtheyagreedwiththeirparentsaboutwhatthey
shoulddowiththeirlives,and75percentagreedwiththeirparents,values.
(A)Accordingtothefederalagencystudy,mosthighschoolseniorsnowconsiderlivingclosetoparentsandrelativesvery
important.
(B)Accordingtooneofthestudiesmentioned,morestudentsagreewiththeirparents'valuesthanwiththeirparents,viewsabout
whattheyshoulddowiththeirlives.
(C)The75percentmentionedishigherthanthecorrespondingfigurefortheseventies.
(D)Accordingtoastudy,86percentofhighschoolseniorsconsiderlivingclosetoparentsandrelativesunimportant.
5.Ybungchildrenincertainsocietiescalltheirmotherandtheirauntsbythesamename,properlyignoringthedifferencesand
noticingthesimilarities.Inallsocieties,whenthereistroubleinthefamily,anauntmaytemporarilytakethemother^role,fbr
whichchildrenthusrescuedextendlifetimethanks.
(A)Accordingtothewriter,auntsplayavaluableroleinallsocieties.
(B)Therearemoresimilaritiesthandifferencesbetweenmothersandauntsinsomesocieties.
(C)Tlicauthorapprovesofthepracticeofyoungchildrenincertainsocietiescallingthemotherandauntbythesamename.
(D)Youngchildreninallsocietiesadoptthesamepracticestowardstheiraunts.
IllReadingcomprehensions
PassageOne
TheNewWorldtowhichColumbuscameattheendofthefifteenthcenturywasnot,aswearetemptedtobelieve,awholly
savageanduntamedplace.ThepeoplelackedsomeofthebasicsofEuropeancivilization,itistrue.Forinstance,horseswere
unknowntothem,andtheyhadneverdiscoveredtheuseofthewheel.Butthereweremanyaccomplishmentstooffset氐銷、補(bǔ)償)
suchhandicaps.Inthepoliticaldomain(領(lǐng)域)theseoriginalAmericans,asearlyasthetenthcentury,werebuildingmightyempires;
and,intherealmofintellectualachievement,theydevelopedacosmographic(宇宙志f向)sciencedealingwiththeconstitutionofthe
wholeorderofnaturethatwasfarsuperiortothatofEurope.
Itwouldbeamistake,however,tobelievethattheNewWorld,asawhole,wasanoasisofcivilizationintheEuropeansenseof
theterm.Americahadmanyfaces,andtoitsconquerorsitofferedavarietyofaspects.ChristopherColumbus,whenhewentashore
ontheislandofSanSalvador—oneoftheBahamas—wasgreetedbytheLucas,anagriculturalandartisticpeoplewhotypifiedthe
knoblesavage'ofpopularlegend.TheSpaniards,ontheotherhand,wereshortlytomeetacompletelydifferentsortofnative:the
ferociouscannibalsfortheCaribbean.Suchdiversityisreflectedinthehistoryofthepre-ColumbianNewWorld,ahistoryso
complexthatithastakenhistoriansalmostfivecenturiesofstudyinordertodisengage。說離)itsmainlines.
1.WecaninferfromthepassagethatbeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.
(A)therewerenowagonspulledbyhorses
(B)animalswerenotusedtocarryloads
(C)politicalsystemswereveryelementary
(D)theoriesonthenatureoftheuniversewereunknown
2.ItcanbejudgedfromthepassagethatthenativeslivingintheBahamaswhenColumbusarrivedwere.
(A)ferocious,head-huntingcannibals
(B)sophisticatedandaccomplishedpoliticians
(C)examplesoftheEuropeanconceptoftheidealprimitiveman
(D)legendarypeoplelikesavagebeastsandkilledforsport
3.TheauthorprobablyfeelsthatthepeopleinAmerica.
(A)hadavarietyoffacialcharacteristics
(B)camefrommanydifferentracialbackgrounds
(C)weresometimessavagebutwishedtobecivilized
(D)wereatvariouslevelsofculturaldevelopments
4.Theauthorsuggeststhatpre-Columbianhistory.
(A)iscenteredonthepastfivecenturies
(B)hasbeenachallengetoscholars
(C)reflectsasinglelineofdevelopment
(D)hasbeenstudiedindepthonlyrecently
PassageTwo
Onephaseofthebusinesscycleistheexpansionphase.Thisphaseisatwo-fbldone,includingrecoveryandprosperity.Duringthe
recoveryperiodthereisever-growingexpansionofexistingfacilities,andnewfacilitiesforproductionarecreated.Morebusinesses
arecreatedandolderonesexpanded.Improvementsofvariouskindsaremade.Thereisanever-increasingoptimismaboutthefuture
ofeconomicgrowth.Muchcapitalisinvestedinmachineryor'heavy'industry.Morelaborisemployed.Morerawmaterialsare
requiied.Asonepartoftheeconomydevelops,otherpartsarcaffected.Forexample,agreatexpansioninautomobilesresultsinan
expansionofthesteel,glass,andrubberindustries.Roadsarerequired;thusthecementandmachineryindustriesarestimulated.
Demandforlaborandmaterialsresultsingreaterprosperityforworkersandsuppliersofrawmaterials,includingfarmers.This
increasespurchasingpowerandthevolumeofgoodsboughtandsold.Thusprosperityisdiffused(擴(kuò)散)amongthevarious
segmentsofthepopulation.Thisprosperityperiodmaycontinuetoriseandrisewithoutanapparentend.However,atimecomes
whenthisphasereachesapeakandstopsspiralingupwards.Thisistheendoftheexpansionphase.
1.Wemayassumethatinthenextparagraphthewriterwilldiscuss.
(A)cyclicalindustries(B)therecoveryperiod
(C)uniondemands(D)therecessionperiod
2.Prosperityinoneindustry.
(A)reflectsitselfinmanyotherindustries
(B)willhelpallsegmentsofsocietyexceptthefarmers
(C)willaffectthesteelindustry
(D)willspiralupwardsasever
3.Whichofthefollowingindustrieswillprobablybeagoodindicatorofaperiodofexpansion?
(A)Toys.(B)Machinetools.(C)Foodstuffs.(D)Farming.
4.Itcanbeinferredthatduringtheperiodofprosperity,peoplewillregardthefuture.
(A)cautiously(B)confidently(C)feasibly(D)promptly
四、如何得出正確的結(jié)論
細(xì)心的讀者不僅能理解作者直接表達(dá)的思想,而且能認(rèn)真分析所讀材料,對一知信息進(jìn)行加工,從而根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容
得出自己的結(jié)論。要得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論,可以從以下兒方面入手:
1.通讀整篇文章,抓住中心思想;
2.確定理解問題中的關(guān)鍵詞,再找出這些詞在文中的位置;
3.分析并理解文中帶有關(guān)鍵詞的句子,從而得出適當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)論;
4.務(wù)求自己所選的答案在文中得到印證,做到有根有據(jù)。
要求讀者得出正確結(jié)論的題目,通常以下列形式出現(xiàn):
1)Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat.
2)Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat.
3)Whichofthefollowingconclusionscanbedrawnabout.
4)Whichofthefollowingcanweleastlikelyconcludeabout.
5)Onemayaswellconcludefromthepassagethat.
6)Whatdoestheauthorconcludeabout?
五、如何使用信號(hào)詞理解文意
信號(hào)詞是一些具有指示意義的標(biāo)志詞,它們可以幫助讀者悟出生詞的意思,理解相關(guān)句子的含義,從而增強(qiáng)閱讀效果。
學(xué)會(huì)如何使用信號(hào)詞是提高閱讀能力的重要技巧之一。
常見的信號(hào)詞一般可分為以下五大類:
1.表示定義的,如namely,thatistosay,itiscalled,itconsistsof.Itrefersto,itisknownas,itisdefinedas等。
2.表示舉例的,如forexample,forinstance,suchas,like,especially等。
3.表示對比的,如but,however,yet,unlike,while,whereas,although,bycontrast,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,ratherthan,
instead(of),comparedwith,incomparisonwith等。
4.表示重述的,如or,namely,thatis(tosay),inotherwords,toputitanotherway等。
5.表示因果的,如so,thus,therefore,asaresult,consequently,accordingly,inthisway等。
要求讀者利用信號(hào)詞來理解文字內(nèi)容的題目,通常以下列形式出現(xiàn)(其中l(wèi)inex也可以是paragraphxx或sentencexofparagraph
x):
1)Whichofthefollowingisnearestinmeaningtoxinlinex?
2)Inlinex,thewordxcouldbestbreplacedbywhichofthefollowing?
3)Inlinex,xisclosestinmeaningto.
4)Inlinex,xcouldbecorrectlyreplacedby.
5)Thewordxinlinexisclosestinmeaningto.
6)Inlinex,thewordxcanbedefinedas.
例
Undernormalconditionstheactofcommunicationrequiresthepresenceofatleast
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