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學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載語法復(fù)習(xí)一:句子成分;簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、句子成分(一)句子成分的定義:構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主語和謂語;次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語和同位語。(二)主語:主語是一個句子所敘述的主體,一般位于句首。但在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句(當主語不疑問詞時)和倒裝句中,主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如: Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名詞)WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代詞)One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(數(shù)詞)Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(動名詞)Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名詞化的形容詞)WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主語從句)Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主語,真正的主語為后面的不定式)(三)謂語:謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語,一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下: 1、簡單謂語:由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、復(fù)合謂語:(1)由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。如:Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.(2)由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如:Wearestudents.(四)表語:表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài),它一般位于系動詞(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如: OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名詞)Isityours?(代詞)Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容詞)Thespeechisexciting.(分詞)Threetimessevenistwentyone?(數(shù)詞) HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)Hishobby(愛好)isplayingfootball.(動名詞)Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介詞短語)Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副詞)Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表語從句)(五)賓語:賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者,一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如:Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展覽)yesterday.(名詞)Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.(代詞)Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.(數(shù)詞)Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名詞化形容詞)Hepretendednottoseeme.(不定式短語)Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(動名詞短語)Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(賓語從句)賓語種類:(1)雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語),例如:Lendmeyourdictionary,please.(2)復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓補),例如:Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.(六)賓語補足語:英語中有些及物動詞,除有一個直接賓語以外,還要有一個賓語補語,才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為:某些及物動詞(如make等+賓語+賓補)。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。例如:HisfathernamedhimDongming.(名詞)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容詞)Letthefreshairin.(副詞)Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短語)Wesawherenteringtheroom.(現(xiàn)在分詞)Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介詞短語)Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(從句)(七)定語:修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示:Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容詞)Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分詞)Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.(名詞)HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代詞)Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短語)Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(動名詞)HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介詞短語)HeisreadingannovelwhichiswrittenbyHanhan.(八)狀語:修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子,說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分,叫做狀語??捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆篖ighttravelsmostquickly.(副詞及副詞性詞組)Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介詞短語) Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.(不定式短語)Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分詞短語)Waitaminute.(名詞)Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.(狀語從句)狀語種類如下:Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?(時間狀語)Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.(原因狀語)Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.(條件狀語)MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.(地點狀語)Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式狀語)Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(伴隨狀語)Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.(目的狀語)Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.(結(jié)果狀語)Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(讓步狀語)Iamtallerthanheis.(比較狀語)練習(xí)一一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分:1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.二、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的主語(—)、謂語(=)、賓語(~):Ihopeyouareverywell.I'mfine,buttired.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm.Augustisthehottestmonthhere.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden.Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere.Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden.Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden.三、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的定語(—)、狀語(=)、補語(~):MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime.Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy.Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside.It'sgreat!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion.Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer.Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty.InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates.TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates.InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime.HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep.Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents.四、選擇填空:()1.____willleaveforBeijing.A.Nowtheretheman B.ThemanherenowC.Themanwhoisherenow D.Themanisherenow()2.Theweather____.A.wetandcold B.iswetandcold C.notwetandcold D.werewetandcold()3.Theappletasted____.A.sweets B.sweetly C.nicely D.sweet()4.Hegotup____yesterdaymorning.A.lately B.late C.latest D.latter()5.Theactor______attheageof70.A.deadB.died C.dyed D.deaded()6.____wereallverytired,butnoneof____wouldstoptotakearest.A.We,usB.Us,we C.We,our D.We,we()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch______.A.crowd B.crowding C.crowded D.crowdedly()8.Ithink_____necessarytolearnEnglishwell.A.its B.it C.that D.thatis()9.Thedog____mad.A.looks B.islooked C.isbeinglooked D.waslooked()10.Iwillneverforgettheday______Ijoinedthearmy.A.that B.when C.inwhich D.where二、簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句(一)句子種類兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種:1)陳述句(肯定、否定):Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2)疑問句(一般、特殊、選擇、反意):Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?3)祈使句:Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass4)感嘆句:Howclevertheboyis!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種:1)簡單句:只有一個主語(或并列主語)和一個謂語(或并列謂語)。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning. TomandMikeareAmericanboys. Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2)并列句:由并列連詞(and,but,or等)或分號(;)把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou. Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。3)復(fù)合句:含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含:名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句)、定語從句和狀語從句等。e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.(二)簡單句的五種基本句型1、主語+系動詞+表語:e.g.Heisastudent.2、主語+不及物動詞:e.g.Wework.3、主語+及物動詞+賓語:e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.4、主語+及物動詞+雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語):e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.5、主語+及物動詞+復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓補):e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.注:其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。(三)并列句的分類 1、表示連接兩個同等概念,常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等連接。e.g.Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn. 2、表示選擇,常用的連詞有or,either…or…,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折,常用的連詞有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting. 4、表示因果關(guān)系,常用的連詞有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.(四)高考考點探討1、簡單句的五大句型是最基本的句型。雖然近幾年單純考查這種基礎(chǔ)句型的題不多,但是在閱讀中有時需借助于劃分句子成分去理解,在書面表達中,沒有最基本的遣詞造句的能力是不可能用地道的英語句子來表達清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑問句和感嘆句是高考命題的熱點之一。有時把祈使句與反意疑問句結(jié)合于一體來考查。一個題目,幾個考點,是近幾年命題的發(fā)展趨勢。3、高考對簡單句、并列句和各種復(fù)合句的考查常表現(xiàn)在對連詞的選擇和使用上。如:and,but,or,while,以及其它連接名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句的連接詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞。4、各種主從復(fù)合句的考查常常與動詞的時態(tài)聯(lián)系在一起,以賓語從句與狀語從句最為明顯,時間從句與條件從句中,如果主句是將來時,從句則用一般式表將來,這一點在高考中經(jīng)??疾?。如:Wewillgooutingifitdoesn’traintomorrow。練習(xí)二、簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句:1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom,isn’tthere?4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn’tit?9.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.10.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.二、判斷下列短文中各句是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句:Ihopeyouareverywell( ).I'mfine,buttired( ).RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm( ).Augustisthehottestmonthhere( ).Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.( )Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors( ).WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat( ).Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm( ).Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim( ).Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest( ).Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden( ).Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere( ).Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden( ).Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell( ).Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden( ).MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime( ).Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy( ).Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside( ).It'sgreat( )!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion( ).Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer( ).Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty( ).InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates( ).TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates( ).InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime( ).HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina( )?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep( ).Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents( ).三、選擇填空:1.Givemeonemoreminute____I’llbeabletofinishit. A.and B.or C.if D.so2.It’sthethirdtimethatJohnhasbeenlate,____? A.hasn’the B.isn’theC.isn’tit D.hasn’tit3.____joyfulhewastomeethisbrotheragain! A.How B.What C.Whata D.Whatan4.Letuspass,____? A.shan’twe B.shallwe C.won’twe D.willyou5.Isupposehe’sserious,____? A.doI B.don’tI C.ishe D.isn’the6.Youhadbetternotsmokehere,____? A.willyou B.hadyou C.shallyou D.haveyou7.Trainashardasyoucan____you’llwintheswimmingcompetition. A.then B.but C.and D.or8.I’msorrytohavetosaythis,____youforgottoturnoffthelightswhenyoulefttheroomlastnight. A.and B.but C.so D.because9.Johnhasnotyetpassedthedrivingtest,and____. A.Henryhasn’ttoo B.HenryalsohasnoteitherC.neitherHenryhasD.neitherhasHenry10.Therearemanysportsloversinhisoffice.Someloveclimbing,____othersenjoyswimming. A.or B.for C.while D.so11.----Doyoufeellikegoingout____wouldyouratherhavedinnerathome?----I’dliketogoout. A.or B.and C.but D.so12.----“____isthetemperaturetoday?” ----“It’s38degrees.” A.Which B.How C.Howhot D.Howhigh13.----Youruncleisn’tanengineer,ishe? ----____. A.Yes,heisn’t B.No,heisn’t C.No,heis D.Heis14.____friendly____toeveryone! A.How,isshe B.What,isshe C.How,sheis D.What,sheis15.Marywenttobedearly,____shefeltverytired. A.or B.so C.for D.yet16.Mother____adresswhenshecutherfinger. A.wasmaking B.makes C.ismaking D.made17.Helayinbed____readsomethingborrowedfromlibrary. A.but B.and C.or D.yet18.----I’dreallylikesomelunchbutIhavesomuchworktodo.----____whatyouwantandIcangetitforyou. A.Tellme B.Ifyouwouldsaytome C.Youwilltellme D.Ifyoutellme19.Asheisstrong,____canliftonehundredpounds. A.yethe B.buthe C.and D.he20.----Ithoughtyouhadanumbrella. ----Ihad,____I’velostit. A.since B.but C.because D.so21.____downtheradio----thebaby’sasleepinthenextroom. A.Turning B.Toturn C.Turned D.Turn22.----Idon’tlikechicken____fish. ----Idon’tlikechicken____Ilikefishverymuch. A.and,and B.and,but C.or,and D.or,but23.----Wouldyouliketocometodinnertonight? ----I’dliketo,____I’mtoobusy. A.and B.so C.as D.but24.Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee____shallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway? A.and B.then C.or D.otherwise25.Shesetoutsoonafterdark____homeanhourlater. A.arriving B.toarrive C.havingarrived D.andarrived26.“Can’tyouread?”Marysaid____tothenotice. A.angrilypointing B.andpointangrily C.angrilypointed D.andangrilypointed27.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,____,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter. A.whom B.where C.which D.while28.____itwithmeandI’llseewhatIcando. A.Whenleft B.Leaving C.Ifyouleave D.Leave29.----Alice,youfeedthebirdtoday,____? ----ButIfedityesterday. A.doyou B.willyou C.didn’tyou D.don’tyou30.____himandthentrytocopywhathedoes. A.Mind B.Glanceat C.Stareat D.Watch四、按要求完成下列句子:1.Hedarestotellthetruth.(改為否定句)2.Theyhavelivedhereformorethantenyears.(對畫線部分提問)3.Therewillbeasportsmeetattheendofthismonth,____________?(完成反意疑問)4.Youmustbecarefulwithyourpronunciation.(改為祈使句)5.Theywentforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening.(改為一般疑問句)6.Itisaninterestingstory.(改為感嘆句)7.Thismagazinecomesout(出版)everyotherweek.(對畫線部分提問)8.Theycouldhardlybelievehiswords,____________?(完成反意疑問)9.Themoonisshiningbrightly.(改為感嘆句)10.OurEnglishteacherisalwaysencouragingustospeakEnglishinclass.(對畫線部分提問)參考答案:練習(xí)一:一、1、主語,定語;2、間接賓語;3、謂語,狀語;4、定語;5、狀語,狀語;6、定語,表語;7、賓語,狀語;8、謂語,主語;9、謂語;10、主語,表語;11、謂語,賓語;12、狀語;13、形式賓語,真正賓語;14、賓語、定語;15、插入語,狀語;16、賓語(間賓+直賓);17、狀語,狀語;18、形式主語,表語,賓補;19、賓補;20、表語二、略三、略四、1~5CBDBB6~10ACBAB練習(xí)二:一、1、簡單句;2、復(fù)合句;3、簡單句;4、簡單句;5、并列句;6、復(fù)合句;7、并列句;8、復(fù)合句;9、簡單句;10、簡單句二、Ihopeyouareverywell(復(fù)合句).I'mfine,buttired(簡單句).RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm(并列句).Augustisthehottestmonthhere(簡單句).Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.(并列句)Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors(簡單句).WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat(并列復(fù)合句).Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm(簡單句).Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim(復(fù)合句).Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest(簡單句).Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden(簡單句).Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere(簡單句).Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden(簡單句).Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell(簡單句).Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden(簡單句).MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime(簡單句).Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy(簡單句).Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside(簡單句).It'sgreat( 簡單句)!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion(簡單句).Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer(簡單句).Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty(復(fù)合句).InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates(簡單句).TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates(簡單句).InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime(簡單句).HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina(簡單句)?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep(簡單句).Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents(簡單句).三、1~5ACADD6~10BCBDC11~15ADBCC16~20ABADB21~25DDDCD26~30ADDBD四、1.Hedoesn’tdaretotellthetruth.或Hedarenottellthetruth.2.Howlonghavetheylivedhere?3.won’tthere4.Becarefulwithyourpronunciation.5.Didtheygoforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening?6.Whataninterestingstory(itis)!或Howinterestingthestoryis!7.Howoftendoesthismagazinecomeout?8.couldthey9.Howbrightlythemoonisshining!10.WhoisalwaysencouragingustospeakEnglishinclass?定語從句了解定語從句及相關(guān)術(shù)語

1.定語從句:修飾一個名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句,一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面,相當于形容詞在句中作定語。

2.先行詞:被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。

3.關(guān)系詞:引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;關(guān)系副詞有where,when,why等。

HeisthemanwhoIwanttosee.他就是我想見的人。

先行詞關(guān)系詞定語從句

二、掌握關(guān)系代詞及其作用

最常用的關(guān)系代詞是who,whom,whose,that,which和as。關(guān)系代詞同時起了兩個作用。它們可以像別的代詞一樣,可以代表一個名詞,在定語從句中用作主語或賓語,同時,它們又起到了連詞的作用,把主句和從句連接起來。

1.who指人,在定語從句中一般做主語。如:

Doyouknowthemanwhoisspeakingtoyourfather?你認識和你爸爸講話的那個人嗎?(定語從句修飾先行詞theman,who在定語從句中作isspeaking的主語)

Thisisthestrangerwhohelpedusyesterday.這是昨天幫助我們的那個陌生人。

2.whom指人,在定語從句中作賓語。在口語或非正式文體中,whom可以省略。如:

Heistheman(whom)wejusttalkedabout.他就是我們剛才談?wù)摰哪莻€人。

3.whose既可以指人,也可以指物,在定語從句中作定語修飾它后面的名詞。如:

Thisisthegirlwhosefatherisapoliceman.這就是那個爸爸是警察的女孩。

Theyliveinahousewhosewindowsfacesouth.他們住在一座窗子朝南的房子里。

4.which指物,在定語從句中做主語或賓語。作賓語時可以省略。如:

Physicsisasubjectwhichisverydifficulttolearn.物理是一門很難學(xué)的科目。(在定語從句中做主語,不能省略)

Applesarethefruit(which)shelikesbest.蘋果是她最喜歡的水果。

5.that既可以指人,也可以指物,在定語從句中做主語或賓語。指人時,相當于who或whom;指物時,相當于which。that在從句中作賓語時可省略。如:

Heisthemanthatlivesnextdoor.他就是住在隔壁的那個人。

Sheisthewoman(that)wesawinthebookshop.她是我們在書店見到的那名婦女。

5.that指人時,相當于who或者whom;指物時,相當于which。在定語從句中作主語或者賓語。如:

Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.來這個城市參觀的人數(shù)每年增長一百萬。

Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?今天早晨我看見的那個人在哪里?

三、掌握關(guān)系副詞及其作用

關(guān)系副詞有when、where、why,他們在引導(dǎo)定語從句時,既在定語從句中充當狀語,又起連接作用。

1.When指時間,在定語從句中充當時間狀語。如:

IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoDalian.我仍然記得第一次來大連那天的情景。

Hetoldmethedatewhenhejoinedtheparty.他告訴了我他入黨的時間。

2.where指地點、在定語從句中充當?shù)攸c狀語。如:

Thisisthehousewherewelivedwhenwewereyoung.這就是我們小時候住的房子。

ThisisthevillagewhereIgrewup.這就是我長大的那個村莊。

3.why指原因,在定語從句中充當原因狀語。如:

Iknowthereasonwhyhewaslateforthemeeting.我知道他開會遲到的原因。

Doyouknowthereasonwhyherefusedtheinvitation?你知道他拒絕應(yīng)邀的原因嗎?

ThatisthereasonwhyI’vechangedsomuch.那就是我變化這么快的原因。

四、學(xué)習(xí)定語從句應(yīng)該注意的問題

1.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用如果先行詞是表示時間或地點的名詞,不能就一律斷定要用關(guān)系副詞when或where,務(wù)必要看引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作什么成分,如果作狀語,用關(guān)系副詞,如做主語或賓語要用關(guān)系代詞。當reason做先行詞時,也需注意其引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作什么成分,不能斷定一概用why來引導(dǎo)。如:

I’llneverforgetthetimewhenweworkedtogether.我將永遠不會忘記我們一起工作的時光。(work是不及物動詞,when在定語從句中作狀語,故用關(guān)系副詞。)

I’llneverforgetthetime(which/that)wespenttogether.我將永遠不會忘記我們一起渡過的時光。

spend是及物動詞,which/that在定語從句中作賓語,故用關(guān)系代詞,也可以省略。)

Thisisthefactorywhereheworkedbefore.這是他以前工作過的工廠。(work是不及物動詞,where在定語從句中作狀語。)

Thisisthefactorywhich/thathevisitedbefore.這是他以前參觀過的工廠。(visit是及物動詞,which/that在從句中作賓語,亦可省略。)

ThereasonwhyIwasabsentyesterdaywasthatIwasill.我昨天缺席的原因是我生病了。定語從句中缺狀語,表示原因,故用關(guān)系副詞why)

Thereasonthatheexplainedforhisbeinglatewasthathehadmissedtheearlybus.他所解釋的遲到的原因是他誤了頭班汽車。(explain是及物動詞,that在從句中作其賓語)

再看一個例題:

(1)Thisisthefactory________Ivisitedlastyear.

(2)Thisisthefactory_______Iworkedlastyear.

(3)Thisisthefactory_______producesallkindsofTVsets.

A.whereB.whichC.whomD.whose

以上三個句子只有細微的差別,但答案卻不同:(1)和(3)選B.which。(2)選A.where。做這種題時,要看先行詞與定語從句中謂語動詞之間的關(guān)系;(1)中是動賓關(guān)系,即Ivisitedthefactory,因此選which。(2)中factory應(yīng)在定語從句中作地點狀語,即:Iworkedinthefactory,因此選where。(3)中是作定語從句中的主語,不作地點狀語,因此選which。

2.限制性定語從句只能用that的幾種情況1)當先行詞是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代詞時,或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修飾時。如:

HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?你把李先生說的話都記下來了嗎?

Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.在他看來世界上似乎沒有不可能的是。

Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.所有能做的事情都做了。

2)當先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾。如:

ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.他們在倫敦參觀的第一個地方就是“大本鐘”。

3)當先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時。如:

IthinkthefilmAssemblyisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.我認為電影《集結(jié)號》是我看過的最好的電影。

4)當形容詞被thevery,theonly修飾時。如:

ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.這就是我想買的那本辭典。

Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.房子失火以后,那輛舊汽車就是他唯一的財產(chǎn)。

5)當先行詞前面有who,which等疑問代詞時。如:

Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?站在那兒那個人是誰?

WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?哪件T恤適合我穿?

6)當先行詞既有人,也有動物或者物體時。如:

Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?你還記得我們學(xué)到的那個科學(xué)家及他的理論嗎?

3.區(qū)分定語從句和同位語從句1)定語從句修飾先行詞,它和先行詞是修飾關(guān)系;同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容,是補充說明的關(guān)系。如:

TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.剛起飛的飛機是去倫敦的。(定語從句)

Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.他已經(jīng)死亡的事實是清楚的。(同位語從句)

2)定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo),關(guān)系詞在句中充當成分,有時可以省略;同位語從句主要由that引導(dǎo),在句中一般不做成分;句子也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等詞引導(dǎo),充當成分。如:

Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.我們現(xiàn)在面臨的問題是怎樣籌集那么多錢。(定語從句)

Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.怎樣籌集錢的問題很難解決。(同位語從句)

3)同位語從句和先行詞一般可以用be動詞發(fā)展成一個完整的句子,而定語從句不可以。

Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundtheearthisknowntoall.地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)這一事實是眾所周知的。(同位語從句)

Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundtheearth.這個事實就是地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。

3.關(guān)系副詞when,where,why的含義相當于"介詞+which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用,例如:

Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。

Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn.北京是我的出生地。

Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer?這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?

4.that代替關(guān)系副詞

that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when,where,why和"介詞+which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略,例如:

Hisfatherdiedtheyear(that/when/inwhich)hewasborn.他父親在他出生那年逝世了。

Heisunlikelytofindtheplace(that/where/inwhich)helivedfortyyearsago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。

一、限定性定語從句1.that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它們在從句中作主語或賓語,that在從句中作賓語時??墒÷躁P(guān)系詞,which在從句中作賓語則不能

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