計算機專業(yè)英語03 Computer system

Text1ComputerOrganizationUnit3 ComputerSystemText2SystemBusText3InstructionCycleText4DesignGoalsofComputerArchitectureText1ComputerOrganizationVocabularyandKeywords（生詞和關鍵詞）Notes（注釋）TermsandTips（術語和提示信息）Nowlet'slookatourcomputerdefinition:Acomputerisafastandaccuratesystem（Figure3-1）.Itisorganizedtoaccept,store,andprocessdataandproduceoutputresults[1]（Figure3-2）.Thissectionwillexplainwhyacomputerisasystemandhowacomputersystemisorganized[2].Keyelementsinacomputersystemincludeinputdevices,CentralProcessingUnit(CPU),memoryandoutputdevices.Figure3-1ComputerFigure3-2Computerorganization(1)InputDevicesComputersystemsusemanydevicesforinputpurpose.Mostinputdevicesallowdirecthuman/machinecommunication.Directinputdevicesinclude:

keyboard;

mouse;

inputpen;

touchscreen;

microphone.(2)CPUTheheartofanycomputersystemistheCPU.TherearetwomainsectionsfoundintheCPUofatypicalpersonalcomputersystem[3]:

thearithmetic-logicsection;

thecontrolsection.ThesetwosectionsarefoundinCPUsofallsizes.(3)MemoryMemoryisalsoknownasprimarystorage,internalstorage,ittemporarilyholdsdata,programinstructions,andinformation.Oneofthemostimportantfactstoknowaboutmemoryisthatpartofitscontentisheldonlytemporarily.Inotherwords,itisstoredonlyaslongasthecomputeristurnedon.

Whenyouturnthemachineoff,thecontentimmediatelyvanishs.(4)OutputDevicesLikeinputdevices,outputdevicesareinstrumentsofinterpretationandcommunicationbetweenhumansandcomputersystems[4].ThesedevicesconvertoutputresultsfromtheCPUintoaformthatcanbeusedbypeople.

Inpersonalcomputersystems,displayscreenanddesktopprinters（Figure3-3）arepopularoutputdevices[5].

Theinput/outputdevicesaresometimescalledperipheraldevices.

BecausethesedevicesarenotapartoftheCPU,theyareoftenlocatednearit.Figure3-3printerdefinition[

defi'ni

?n]n.定義，解說，精確度，（輪廓、影像等的）清晰度 構詞法：definev.定義→definitionaccurate['?kjur?t]adj.正確的，精確的

symbol['simb?l]n.符號，記號

manipulate[m?'nipjuleit]v.（熟練地）操作，使用（機器等），巧妙地處理 例：Hetriedtomanipulatestockprices.他試圖操縱股價。

communication[k?

mju:ni'kei

?n]n.傳達，信息，交通，通信 構詞法：communicate→communicationVocabularyandKeywords（生詞和關鍵詞）magnetically[m?

'netikli]adv.有磁力地，有魅力地 構詞法：magneticadj.有吸引力的→magneticallymicrophone['maikr?f?un]n.麥克風interpretation[

nt?:pri'tei

?n]n.解釋 構詞法：interpret→interpretationinstrument['instrum?nt]n.工具commonly['k

m?nli]adv.普通地，一般地構詞法：common→commonlyperipheral[p?'rif?r?l]adj.外圍的n.外圍設備[1]Itisorganizedtoaccept,store,andprocessdataandproduceoutputresults.data是toaccept,tostore和toprocess共同的賓語，含義是“接收、存儲和處理數據”。譯文：這一系統(tǒng)用于接收、存儲、處理數據，并可以產生輸出結果。Notes（注釋）[2]Thissectionwillexplainwhyacomputerisasystemandhowacomputersystemisorganized.why和how分別引導賓語從句，由and連接。譯文：本節(jié)將要說明為什么計算機是一個系統(tǒng)以及計算機系統(tǒng)是如何組成的。[3]TherearetwomainsectionsfoundintheCPUofatypicalpersonalcomputersystem.Thereare…，表示存在；atypicalpersonalcomputersystem，一個典型的個人計算機系統(tǒng)。譯文：一臺典型的個人計算機系統(tǒng)的CPU由兩部分組成。[4]Likeinputdevices,outputdevicesareinstrumentsofinterpretationandcommunicationbetweenhumansandcomputersystems.between后的句子可以看作是解釋instrumentsofinterpretationandcommunication的定語成分。譯文：像輸入設備一樣，輸出設備是人與計算機系統(tǒng)之間進行解釋和交流的工具。[5]Inpersonalcomputersystems,displayscreenanddesktopprintersarepopularoutputdevices.displayscreen，顯示屏或顯示器；desktopprinters，臺式打印機。譯文：在個人計算機系統(tǒng)中，常用的輸出設備是顯示器和臺式打印機。Bluetooth：藍牙（Figure3-4），頻率為2.45GHz的通用無線電通信接口，通過一個特殊的網絡可以在各種便攜設備之間建立起無線連接并進行短程通信。TermsandTips（術語和提示信息）Figure3-4BluetoothlogoInstructionRegister：指令寄存器。StorageRegister：緩沖寄存器。FlagRegister：標志寄存器。Identifier：標識符。InlineProcessing：內處理。ISDN：IntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork（綜合業(yè)務數字網），從現存的電話服務系統(tǒng)發(fā)展起來的高速數字通信網絡，可以傳送聲音，也能以數字形式傳輸計算機信息、音樂和視頻。OCR：OpticalCharacterRecognition（光學字符識別），將文字材料通過掃描儀輸入計算機，然后通過軟件識別為中文或英文內碼，然后進行文字處理。Text2SystemBusVocabularyandKeywords（生詞和關鍵詞）Notes（注釋）TermsandTips（術語和提示信息）Physically,abusisasetofwires.Thesystembus（Figure3-6）isdividedintothreelogicalfunctions[1]:

addressbus;

databus;

controlbus.Figure3-6SystembusWhentheCPUreadsdataorinstructionsfromorwritesdatatomemory,itmustspecifytheaddressofthememorylocationitwishestoaccess[2].Itoutputsthisaddresstotheaddressbus;memoryinputsthisaddressfromtheaddressbusandusesittoaccessthepropermemorylocation.Dataistransferredviathedatabus.

WhentheCPUfetchesdatafrommemory,itfirstoutputsthememoryaddressonitsaddressbus.Thenmemoryoutputsthedataontothedatabus;theCPUcanthenreadthedatafromthedatabus.

Whenwritingdatatomemory,

theCPUfirstoutputstheaddressontotheaddressbus[3],thenoutputsthedataontothedatabus.

Memorythenreadsandstoresthedataattheproperlocation.Thecontrolbusisacollectionofindividualcontrolsignals.ThesesignalsindicatewhetherdataistobereadintoorwrittenoutoftheCPU,whethertheCPUisaccessingmemoryoranI/Odevice,andwhethertheI/Odeviceormemoryisreadytotransferdata[4].asetof一組instruction[in'str

k

?n]n.命令，指令proper['pr

p?]adj.合適的fetch[fet

]v.取來，獲取acollectionofn.一些，一批divide[di'vaid]v.劃分specify['spesifai]v.詳述，指定via['vai?]prep.通過（某人），經過store[st

:]v.存放individual[

indi'vidju?l]adj.個別的VocabularyandKeywords（生詞和關鍵詞）[1]Thesystembusisdividedintothreelogicalfunctions.

該句是一個典型的被動句。譯文：系統(tǒng)總線的功能在邏輯上被劃分為三部分。Notes（注釋）[2]WhentheCPUreadsdataorinstructionsfromorwritesdatatomemory,itmustspecifytheaddressofthememorylocationitwishestoaccess.readsdataorinstructionsfrom和writesdatato是并列結構，介詞from和to的賓語都是memory，前者的含義是從存儲器中讀取數據或指令，后者的含義是把數據寫入存儲器。譯文：當CPU從存儲器讀取數據或指令，或寫數據到存儲器時，它必須指明將要訪問的存儲器單元地址。[3]Whenwritingdatatomemory,theCPUfirstoutputstheaddressontotheaddressbus.Whenwritingdatatomemory是時間狀語從句，whendoingsth是一種常用結構。譯文：當CPU向存儲器中寫數據時，它首先將地址輸出到地址總線上。[4]ThesesignalsindicatewhetherdataistobereadintoorwrittenoutoftheCPU,whethertheCPUisaccessingmemoryoranI/Odevice,andwhethertheI/Odeviceormemoryisreadytotransferdata.

這一句中3個whether引導的賓語從句構成并列結構，作為indicate的賓語。譯文：這些信號用來指示數據是要讀入CPU還是要從CPU寫出，CPU是要訪問存儲器還是要訪問I/O設備，是I/O設備還是存儲器準備就緒傳送數據等等? Macroname：宏名稱。宏是一種抽象的，根據一系列預定義的規(guī)則進行替換一定的文本模式。例如Excel辦公軟件中編制的程序就叫“宏”。? memorymodel：內存模式。? menubar：菜單條。? menucommand：菜單命令。TermsandTips（術語和提示信息）? SystemBus：系統(tǒng)總線，將微機各功能部件連接成一個完整微機系統(tǒng)，包括數據總線DB（DataBus）、地址總線AB（AddressBus）和控制總線CB（ControlBus）。? MEMORY：存儲器是存儲各種信息（如程序和數據等）的部件或裝置。存儲器分為主存儲器（內存）和輔助存儲器（外存）。? I/O：輸入或輸出設備。計算機常用的輸入設備有鍵盤、鼠標、掃描儀等，常用的輸出設備有顯示器和打印機等。? MemoryLocation：存儲單元，一般應具有存儲數據和讀寫數據的功能，一般以8位二進制作為一個存儲單元，也就是一個字節(jié)。每個單元有一個地址，是一個整數編碼，可以表示為二進制整數。Text3InstructionCycleVocabularyandKeywords（生詞和關鍵詞）Notes（注釋）TermsandTips（術語和提示信息）Theinstructioncycle（Figure3-8）istheprocedureamicroprocessorgoesthroughtoprocessaninstruction[1].Thestepsinclude:

Fetch;

Decode;

Execute.Let'sstartwherethecomputerstarts,withthemicroprocessorfetchingtheinstructionfrommemory[2].

First,themicroprocessorplacestheaddressoftheinstructionontotheaddressbus.Thememorysubsysteminputsthisaddressanddecodesittoaccessthedesiredmemorylocation[3].

Atthispoint,themicroprocessorhasfetchedtheinstruction.Next,themicroprocessordecodestheinstruction.Eachinstructionmayrequireadifferentsequenceofoperationstoexecutetheinstruction.Whenthemicroprocessordecodestheinstruction,itdetermineswhichinstructionitisinordertoselectthecorrectsequenceofoperationstoperform[4].Thisisdoneentirelywithinthemicroprocessor;itdoesnotusethesystembuses.Finally,themicroprocessorexecutestheinstruction.Thesequenceofoperationstoexecutetheinstructionvariesfrominstructiontoinstruction.instructioncycle指令周期

place[pleis]v.

放置

atthispoint這時候，此時此刻

require[ri'kwai?]v.

要求

inorderto為了

entirely[in‘tai?li]adv.

完全地

include[in'klu:d]v.

包括

access['?kses]v.

進入

decode[

di:'k?ud]v.

譯碼

execute['eksikju:t]v.

執(zhí)行

perform[p?'f

:m]v.

執(zhí)行VocabularyandKeywords（生詞和關鍵詞）[1]Theinstructioncycleistheprocedureamicroprocessorgoesthroughtoprocessaninstruction.amicroprocessorgoesthroughtoprocessaninstruction是定語從句，省略了引導詞that。譯文：指令周期是微處理器完成一條指令處理的步驟。Notes（注釋）[2]Let'sstartwherethecomputerstarts,withthemicroprocessorfetchingtheinstructionfrommemory.wherethecomputerstarts為地點狀語從句，表示“我們從計算機開始工作的地方講起”。譯文：我們從微處理器從存儲器中讀取指令開始講述。[3]Thememorysubsysteminputsthisaddressanddecodesittoaccessthedesiredmemorylocation.inputsthisaddress（輸入地址）和decodesit（譯碼）是兩個并列的動作。

toaccessthedesiredmemorylocation是目的狀語。譯文：存儲器子系統(tǒng)從總線上輸入該地址并予以譯碼，去訪問指定的存儲單元。[4]Whenthemicroprocessordecodestheinstruction,itdetermineswhichinstructionitisinordertoselectthecorrectsequenceofoperationstoperform.whichinstructionitis是賓語從句。inorderto表達一種目的。譯文：當微處理器對該指令譯碼時，它確定處理的是哪一條指令以便選擇正確的操作序列去執(zhí)行。? microprocessor：微處理器。

用一片或少數幾片大規(guī)模集成電路組成的中央處理器。這些電路執(zhí)行控制部件和算術邏輯部件的功能，能完成獲取指令、執(zhí)行指令，以及與外界存儲器和邏輯部件交換信息等操作。? decode：指令進入CPU之后，控制元件會先進行指令解碼（decode），執(zhí)行對應的微程序，發(fā)出不同的信號完成該指令所需要完成的各項功能。TermsandTips（術語和提示信息）? deletepartitionorlogicaldosdrive：刪除分區(qū)或邏輯DOS驅動器。? deletesadirectoryandallthesubdirectoriesandfilesinit：刪除一個目錄和所有的子目錄及其中的所有文件。? devicedriver：設備驅動程序。? dialogbox：對話框。? directorystructure：目錄結構。? diskaccess：磁盤存取。Text4DesignGoalsofComputerArchitectureVocabularyandKeywords（生詞和關鍵詞）Notes（注釋）TermsandTips（術語和提示信息）Themostcommongoalsincomputerarchitecture（Figure3-7）revolvearoundthetradeoffsbetweencostandperformance(i.e.speed),althoughotherconsiderations,suchassize,weight,reliability,featureset,expandabilityandpowerconsumption,maybefactorsaswell[1].Generallycostisheldconstant,determinedbyeithersystemorcommercialrequirement[2].Figure3-7ComputerarchitectureComputerperformanceisoftendescribedintermofclockspeed(usuallyinGHz).ThisreferstothecyclespersecondofthemainclockoftheCPU.

However,thismetricissomewhatmisleading,asamachinewithahigherclockratemaynotnecessarilyhavehigherperformance[3].AsaresultmanufacturerslikeAMDhavemovedawayfromclockspeedasameasureofperformance.ModernCPUscanexecutemultipleinstructionsperclockcycle,whichdramaticallyspeedupaprogram[4].Otherfactorsinfluencespeed,suchasbusspeeds,availablememory,andthetypeandorderofinstructionsinprogramsbeingrun.architecture['

:kitekt

?]n.結構

revolvearound圍繞

tradeoff['treid

:f]n.平衡

consideration[k?n

sid?'rei

?n]n.考慮

reliability[ri

lai?'bil?ti]n.可靠性

consumption[k?n's

mp

?n]n.消耗

clockspeed時鐘速度VocabularyandKeywords（生詞和關鍵詞）metric['metrik]n.計量

somewhat['s

mhw

t]adv.有點

mislead[

mis'li:d]v.誤導

manufacturer[

m?nju'f?kt

?r?]n.制造商

multiple['m

ltipl]adj.多樣的

dramatically[dr?'m?tik?li]adv.極大地[1]Themostcommongoalsincomputerarchitecturerevolvearoundthetradeoffsbetweencostandperformance(i.e.speed),althoughotherconsiderations,suchassize