電子商務(wù)外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

文獻(xiàn)信息：文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)題：ELECTRONICCOMMERCE（電子商務(wù)）國外作者：?eri?Slavko文獻(xiàn)出處：《Economics》,2017,4字?jǐn)?shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)：英文2060單詞，11447字符；中文3455漢字外文文獻(xiàn)：ELECTRONICCOMMERCESUMMARYElectroniccommercecanbedefinedindifferentways.Anydefinitionhelpstounderstandandexplainthatconceptasbetteraspossible.Electroniccommerceisasetofproceduresandtechnologiesthatautomatethetasksoffinancialtransactionsusingelectronicmeans.Also,accordingtosomeauthors,electroniccommerceisdefinedasanewconcept,whichisbeingdevelopedandwhichincludesprocessofbuyingandsellingorexchangingproducts,servicesorinformationviacomputernetworks,includingtheInternet.Electroniccommerceisnotlimitedjusttobuyingandselling,butitalsoincludesallpre-salesandafter-salesongoingactivitiesalongthesupplychain.Introducingelectroniccommerce,usingtheInternetandWebservicesinbusiness,realizesthewaytoacompletelynewtypeofeconomy—interneteconomy.Keywords:electroniccommerce,development,purchase,sale,economy,InternetINTRODUCTIONToday,developmentofmodernmeansofcommunication,especiallyelectronic,whichradicallychangetheexistingpowerrelationsandthepowerontheglobalmarket,haveasignificantroleinmoreevidentprocessofglobalization.Themagnitudeofimpactofthedevelopmentofcommunicationandinformationresourcesontheworldeconomymaybeimpliedbythefactthatitgoesintotraditionallaborintensiveactivities,wherebeforetherewerenotopportunitiesfortheapplicationofmoderninformationtechnology.Managersoflargecompanies,aswellassmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,needtounderstandfirstofalltheimportance,aswellasmanyadvantagesthatuseofmoderndigitaltechnologyenablestheminthecreationofnewbusinessideasandtheirrealization.Inthenewdigitalerathebenefitsandopportunitiesofe-businessrepresentasignificantpotentialthatshouldbeusedinthebestandthemostefficientway.Thankstotheinternettherearesomechangesinthewayofbusiness,geographicalboundariesaredisappearing,languagebarriersandcurrencyrestrictionsarebeingboweddown.ELECTRONICCOMMERCEToday’swayofdoingbusinessiscompletelychanged,mostlythankstotheInternet.E-commercehasagreatroleintheprocessofglobalizationandinthedevelopmentofmodernmeansofcommunication,especiallyelectronic,byradicallychangingtheexistingpowerrelationsandthepowerontheglobalmarket.Inmodernbusinessthereisatransitionfrommechanicaltoelectronicphaseofbusiness.Besidesthetechnologicalaspectitisnecessarytoemphasizetheeconomicaspectanddefinee-commerceasanewmarketthatoffersnewtypesofgoodsandservices,suchasdigitalproductsthroughdigitalprocesses.Sellersofphysicalgoodsarealsobeingincludedindigitalprocesses,suchason-lineordering,marketresearchandpayment,whicharethepartsofthenewmarket.Electroniccommerceistheexchangeofbusinessinformation,maintainingbusinessrelationships,andconductingbusinesstransactionsbetweendifferentorganizationsviatelecommunicationnetworksandismorethanasetofInternettechnologies.E-commercecanbeviewedfromthenarrowerandwiderpointofview.InthenarrowsenseelectroniccommerceinvolvesbuyingandsellingthroughtheInternet,andinabroadersenseitincludestheexchangeofbusinessinformation,maintainingbusinessrelationships,andconductingbusinesstransactionsbymeansoftelecommunicationsnetworks.InfulfillingtasksituseselectroniccommunicationmediasuchastheInternet,extranets,e-mail,databaseandmobiletelephony.Electroniccommerceincludesseveralactivitiessuchaselectronicsalesandpurchasesofgoodsandservices,onlinedeliveryofdigitalcontent,electronicfundstransfer,publicprocurement,directconsumermarketingandotherafter-salesservices.Thebasisofe-businessisoftencalledafullydigitalbusinessanditcontainsthreecomponents:product,processandparticipants,whichhavetwocomponents,physicalanddigital.EverythingthatcanbesentandreceivedviatheInternetisconsideredtobeadigitalproduct.Electroniccommercecreatesnewmarketsandeconomicactivities,whicharecharacterizedbyrapidinformationprocessesandmarketdynamics.Electronicnetworksprovidetheinfrastructureforcollectinganddisseminatinginformation.Theyalsoserveasanewchannelforthesales,promotionofproductsandservicesdelivery.Moreover,networkintegrateinformationformanagingbusinessactivitiesatalllevelsofthecompanyandprovidenewelectronicconnectionswithcustomersandpartnersinthesupplychain.Anincreasingnumberofactivitiesthataddvaluetotheeconomytakeplaceincyberspacethroughgloballyconnectedelectronicnetworks.TheInternethasexpandedthepremisestowhichcompaniesreach.ManagerscandetectagreaternumberofbusinessopportunitiesduetoobtainingmanyadditionalbusinessinformationfromtheInternet.ELECTRONICMARKETMilicevic(2002)statesthattheInternetandnewinformationtechnologiesareleadingtorestructuringofmarketsonagloballevelandsomeindustrialandservicesectors.Aswellasontraditional(physical)market,alsoinelectronicmarket,customersandsellersexchangegoodsandservicesformoneyorothergoodsorservices,butonlyelectronically.Electronicmarketuseselectronictransactionsleadingtoanewwayofdistributionofproductsandservicestoultimateconsumers.Electronicmarketmeansaplacewhereelectroniccommerceisconducted,thatistosayanetworkofinteractionsandcommunicationwheretheinformation,products,servicesandpaymentsareexchanged.Inrecentyears,electronicmarketisgainingimportanceinthemodernwayofdoingbusiness.Whenitcomestoe-business,businesscenterisanetworkbasedonthelocationswheretherearecustomers,sellersandotherparticipantsandtheyallfindeachotherelectronicallyanddobusinessso.MODELSOFELECTRONICCOMMERCETherearemanymodelsofelectroniccommercethatvaryaccordingtotherelationswhichexistbetweenparticipantsintrade(companies,customers,employees,government).Someofthemodelsare:B2B,B2C,B2E,C2C,C2B,butlatelytherearealsomorecomplexformsthatarecreatedasacombinationandupdatingofexistingmodelssuchasB2B2CandC2B2C.B2B(BusinesstoBusiness)istheautomatedexchangeofinformationbetweendifferentorganizations;B2C(BusinesstoConsumer)meansthesaleofgoodsandservicestoendconsumers;B2E(BusinesstoEmployee)isamodelwhichisalsoknownasIntranet,ortheWebsitethatgivesproductsorinformationtoemployees;C2B(ConsumertoBusiness)isamodelwheretheconsumerrequestsaproductorservicefromtheseller;C2C(ConsumertoConsumer)isamodelinwhichcustomersselltoeachother;B2B2C(BusinesstoBusinesstoConsumer)isamodelthatisrealizedusingB2Bmodelthatsupportsthecompany’soperationsonthemodelofB2C;C2B2C(ConsumertoBusinesstoConsumer)isamodelthatconnectsconsumersusingon-linecompanyasanintermediary.LEGALISSUESSPECIFICTOELECTRONICCOMMERCEThemostimportantlegalissuesspecifictoe-commerceare:assigningdomainnames,taxcollectionfromincomesgeneratedelectronicallyandintellectualpropertyprotection.WhenassigningInternetaddressesordomainnames,problemsarisewhenseveralcompaniesthathavesimilarnamescompetearoundthedomain.Theproblemissolvedincourtorbeforeaninternationalarbitrationsystem.Federal,stateandlocalauthoritiesaretryingineverywaytocalculatehowtogetashareofrevenuegeneratedelectronically.Theproblemsareparticularlyprominentininternationaltrade,whenthequestioniswhereyouneedtopayataxforabusinesslicense,incometax,value-addedtax,theannualincometaxandthelike,aswellaswhocontrolsthecharge.ProtectionofsoftwareandotherintangiblecreationsisdifficulttobeimplementedovertheWeb,whichiswhytheissuesofcopyrightandprotectionofintellectualpropertyaresubjectsoffrequentdiscussions.OnesolutionmightbeataxthatisuniquetotheInternet,theso-called“bittax”.Theideaofthistaxisbasedonthefactthateachbitthattravelsthroughthenetworkrepresentsasubjecttotaxationataratethatisunique.Itcouldbecollectedintelephoneexchangesorattheserviceproviderandtobesubmittedtothecompetenttaxauthorities.However,suchataxwouldnottakeaccountofthenatureoftheinformationorgoodsthatarepurchased.ThelargestamountofbitsontheInternetbelongstothechildren’svideogameswhichareinmostcountries,wheree-businessisdeveloped,tax-exemptortaxedatthelowestrate.Itisalsounclearwhichgovernmentwouldtakeoverthetaxthatisaresultofcross-borderdataflow.Besidessafetyproblems,theproblemofunclearmodeloftaxationofcommercialtransactionsontheInternetcertainlyinflictsgreattormentstofiscalexpertsworldwide.ADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESOFELECTRONICCOMMERCEThemaincharacteristicofe-commerceisaprofoundandveryrapidchangeinthewaytradeisconducted.Today,e-commercehasmanyadvantagesovertraditionalconductingcommercialtransactions.Extensiveuseofe-commerceleadstonewadvantages.Asetofinteractive,content-richandpersonalizedmessagescanbedeliveredtospecificallyselectedconsumerstoincreasesales.Todaycompanieshavealotmoreinformationthanbefore,whichallowsthemtotakeadvantageofthisinformationasefficientlyaspossible,tosegmentthemarketandtoadapttheirproductsorservicestopotentialcustomersorserviceusersaswellaspossible.Theimpactofe-commerceisespeciallyexpressedinindustriesengagedintheproductionofcomputers,softwareandcomputerequipmentandotherelementsnecessaryforrealizationofe-commerce.E-commercehasenabledcompaniestochoosesuppliersallovertheworldregardlessoftheirgeographicallocation,andtosellandmarkettheirproductsorservicesanywhereintheglobalmarket.ComparedtotraditionalcommercetheadvantagesofInternetcommercearenumerousbecausepropertiesarenotnecessary,aswellaswindowdressing,salesstaffisreducedtoaminimum,thereisapossibilityofsellingaroundtheworld,instantcommunication,presentationofinteractivemultimediacatalogthatcanprovidetheinformationthatthecustomerwants(thereisnoclassiccatalogandpostalshipping),promotionismuchcheaper,itiseasiertoachievepublicityontheinternet,therearemoreopportunitiestoadapttocustomerneeds,andwithallthatthecustomerisenabledeasierpurchasescarriedoutfromanarmchair,withnotimelimit(nonstop),withoutaffectingthesalesstaffinthedecision-makingandvariousotherbenefits.DuetothecomplexityofthesystemofelectronictradeproblemsinthesaleorpurchaseovertheInternetmayoccur.ProblemsrefertothefactthatmanypotentialcustomersstilldonothaveInternetaccessordonotuseit,somedonothavefastInternetconnection,onlinepurchaseinvolvesalotofconfidence,privacyiscompromisedandthereisaproblemoftheactualexistenceofstoresontheInternet.Internetisapublicnetworkthatisaccessibletoeveryone,andbecauseofthatthereisapossibilitythatsomeonemonitorscomunicationwithoutauthorizationandtoabuseitlater.Becauseofthesereasons,itisnecessarytofindmechanismsthatwillensuretheprotectionofinformation,informationintegrity,andtheirauthenticity.Cryptographyisthesciencethatdealswithmethodsofmaintenanceoftheconfidentialityofinformationandwhichhasitsownfeaturessuchasencryption,decryptionandkey.Definingandverifyingtheidentityofthesenderisachievedbyusingdigitalsignaturesandcertificates.Thepurposeofthedigitalsignatureisauthenticationofthemessagecontent,aswellasprovisionofguaranteeofidentityofthesenderofthemessage.CONCLUSIONWiththeadventoftheInternetalothaschangedintermsofbusinessandtrade.Oncetheoperatingwasbasedontheprincipleofface-toface,butnowwiththeadventoftheInternetparticipantsintradedonotneedtoknow,normeetandseeeachother.Withtheadventofe-commercetherearenomoregeographicalborders,norlanguagebarriersandcurrencyconstraints.Inmodernbusinessthereisatransitionfrommechanicaltoelectronicphaseofbusiness,whichleadstomorerapidpenetrationoftechnicalprogressintrade.Itcomestodevelopmentofelectronicstores,whichhavesignificantbenefitsforendconsumers,buttherearenewproblemsrelatedtopaymentsandthesecurityoftransactionscarriedoutinthisway.E-commerceande-businessarebecominginevitableeveryday.Paper,pencil,stampandotherequipmentarereplacedbycomputerandtheInternet,thankstowhichitismucheasierandbettertoconductanincreasingnumberofbusinesstransactions.Onlinepurchaseande-commercearedevelopingveryfast,thusopeningupnewbusinessopportunities,whichaffectsanincreaseinproductivity,reductionofcostsandfastercapitalturnover.E-commercecreatesemploymentopportunities,stimulateseconomicgrowth,investmentininnovations,newtechnologiesandknowledge,whichcontributestotheemergenceofnewoperatorsinthemarket.中文譯文：電子商務(wù)摘要電子商務(wù)可以用不同的方式進(jìn)行定義。任何定義都有助于更好地理解和解釋這一概念。電子商務(wù)是利用電子手段實(shí)現(xiàn)金融交易自動化的一套程序和技術(shù)。另外，根據(jù)一些作者的說法，電子商務(wù)被定義為一個正在發(fā)展的新概念，其中包括，通過計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)以及互聯(lián)網(wǎng)進(jìn)行的買賣、交換產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)或信息的過程，電子商務(wù)不僅僅局限于買賣，還包括供應(yīng)鏈中的所有售前和售后服務(wù)。在商業(yè)中，引進(jìn)電子商務(wù)，利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了一種全新的經(jīng)濟(jì)形式——互聯(lián)網(wǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)。關(guān)鍵詞：電子商務(wù)，開發(fā)，采購，銷售，經(jīng)濟(jì)，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)引言今天，現(xiàn)代通信手段的發(fā)展，特別是電子技術(shù)，徹底改變了現(xiàn)有的權(quán)力關(guān)系和全球市場的力量，在全球化的進(jìn)程中發(fā)揮了重要作用。通信與信息資源的發(fā)展對世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響，可能暗示出這樣一個事實(shí)，它正在滲入到之前沒有機(jī)會應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)的傳統(tǒng)勞動密集型活動中。大型企業(yè)以及中小企業(yè)的管理者首先需要了解現(xiàn)代數(shù)字技術(shù)的重要性和諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，利用現(xiàn)代數(shù)字技術(shù)，能夠使他們創(chuàng)造出新的商業(yè)理念及成就。在新的數(shù)字時代，電子商務(wù)的優(yōu)勢和機(jī)遇代表了一個巨大的潛力，應(yīng)該以最好和最有效的方式使用。由于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，商業(yè)方式發(fā)生了一些變化，地理邊界正在消失，語言障礙和貨幣限制正在下降。電子商務(wù)如今做生意的方式被徹底改變了，這主要得益于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。在全球化的進(jìn)程中，在現(xiàn)代通信手段特別是電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展中，電子商務(wù)通過從根本上改變現(xiàn)有的權(quán)力關(guān)系和全球市場的力量，從而發(fā)揮著重要作用?，F(xiàn)代商業(yè)正處在從機(jī)械到電子商務(wù)的過渡時期。除了技術(shù)方面，還應(yīng)該要強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)濟(jì)方面，將電子商務(wù)定義為一個提供新型商品和服務(wù)的新市場，例如通過數(shù)字化流程的數(shù)字產(chǎn)品。實(shí)體商品賣家也被納入到數(shù)字化流程，如在線訂購、市場調(diào)研與支付，這些都是新市場的組成部分。電子商務(wù)不僅是一套互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)，而且還是以通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)為媒介而進(jìn)行的商業(yè)信息交換，商業(yè)關(guān)系維護(hù)，以及不同組織之間的商業(yè)交易。電子商務(wù)可以從狹義上和廣義上來理解。從狹義上來講，電子商務(wù)是指通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)進(jìn)行的商業(yè)買賣；而從廣義上來講，電子商務(wù)包括以通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)為媒介而進(jìn)行的商業(yè)信息交換，商業(yè)關(guān)系維護(hù)，以及商業(yè)交易。在履行任務(wù)時，電子商務(wù)使用電子傳播媒介，如互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、外聯(lián)網(wǎng)、電子郵件、數(shù)據(jù)庫和移動電話。電子商務(wù)包括多種活動，例如商品和服務(wù)的電子銷售與采購、數(shù)字內(nèi)容的在線支付、電子資金轉(zhuǎn)賬、公共采購、直面消費(fèi)者營銷，以及其他售后服務(wù)。電子商務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)通常被稱為全數(shù)字化業(yè)務(wù)，它包括三個部分：產(chǎn)品、過程和參與者；它有兩個組成部分：實(shí)體和數(shù)字。通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)送和接收的所有東西都被認(rèn)為是數(shù)字產(chǎn)品。電子商務(wù)創(chuàng)造了新的市場和經(jīng)濟(jì)活動，其特點(diǎn)是快速的信息處理和市場動態(tài)。電子網(wǎng)絡(luò)為收集和傳播信息提供了基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，同時電子網(wǎng)絡(luò)還是產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)銷售與推廣的新渠道。此外，網(wǎng)絡(luò)集成了管理公司各級商業(yè)活動的信息，并與供應(yīng)鏈中的客戶和合作伙伴建立了新的電子聯(lián)系。通過遍布全球的電子網(wǎng)絡(luò)，越來越多的經(jīng)濟(jì)增值活動出現(xiàn)在了網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間中?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)擴(kuò)大了企業(yè)的活動場所。由于從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)獲得了許多額外的商業(yè)信息，管理者可以發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的商業(yè)機(jī)會。電子市場米利塞維奇（2002）指出，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和新的信息技術(shù)正在導(dǎo)致全球一級市場以及一些工業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)的重組。除了傳統(tǒng)（實(shí)體）市場，客戶和賣家也在電子市場為貨幣或其他商品或服務(wù)進(jìn)行交易，只不過是以電子方式來交換商品和服務(wù)。電子市場使用電子交易，為終端消費(fèi)者帶來了一種新的商品和服務(wù)的配貨銷售方式。電子市場是指進(jìn)行電子商務(wù)的地方，也就是交換信息、產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)和支付的互動網(wǎng)絡(luò)。近年來，電子市場在現(xiàn)代商業(yè)中越來越重要。而說到電子商務(wù)，商業(yè)中心實(shí)際上只是網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的一個點(diǎn)，它那里擁有客戶、賣家以及其他參與者，他們都通過電子方式找到彼此并進(jìn)行商業(yè)活動。電子商務(wù)模式根據(jù)貿(mào)易參與者（公司、客戶、員工、政府）之間的關(guān)系，電子商務(wù)的模式可以分為很多種：B2B，B2C，B2E，C2C，C2B，不過最近還出現(xiàn)了更復(fù)雜的組合形式，更新了現(xiàn)有模式，例如B2B2C和C2B2C。B2B（企業(yè)對企業(yè)）是指不同組織之間自動交換信息；B2C（企業(yè)對消費(fèi)者）是指向終端消費(fèi)者出售商品和服務(wù)；B2E（企業(yè)對員工）是一種稱為內(nèi)部網(wǎng)的模式，也是向員工提供產(chǎn)品或信息的網(wǎng)站；C2B（消費(fèi)者對企業(yè)）是消費(fèi)者要求賣方提供產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的一種模式；C2C（消費(fèi)者對消費(fèi)者）是消費(fèi)者互相推銷的一種模式