教師資格認定考試高級中學英語真題2014年上半年

教師資格認定考試高級中學英語真題2014年上半年一、單項選擇題1.

Sipandzip,tipanddip,mapandnapareall______.A.minimalpair（江南博哥）sB.diphthongsC.allophonesD.phonemes正確答案：A[解析]最小對比對(minimalpairs)是指只有一個音素不同的一組單詞，且這個不同的音素位置相同。

2.

Whichofthefollowingwordsinboldispronouncedwithafallingtone?______A.Doyouhaveanyspecials?B.You'rekidding...hehaslosthisjob?C.Whenwillwehavetheexam,todayortomorrow?D.Theflathasakitchen,alivingroom,twobedrooms,andabath.正確答案：C[解析]陳述句和特殊疑問句用降調(diào)；一般疑問句用升調(diào)；選擇疑問句or前面的詞用升調(diào)；一句話中列舉并列單詞時除最后一個用降調(diào)外，其余全用升調(diào)。故本題選C。

3.

We'dbettermakeaclear______betweencompetenceandperformancefortheconvenienceofourdiscussion.A.separationB.divisionC.distinctionD.difference正確答案：C[解析]separation分離；division分割，劃分；distinction區(qū)分，區(qū)別；difference差異，差別。句意：為了方便討論，我們最好清楚地區(qū)分能力和表現(xiàn)。

4.

Ithasbeensuggestedthatallgovernmentofficials______informationontheirincome.A.dissentB.discloseC.unfoldD.uncover正確答案：B[解析]dissent不同意；disclose揭露，公開；unfold展開，展現(xiàn)；uncover發(fā)現(xiàn)，揭開。句意：政府官員應公開他們的收入信息。

5.

Thechildrenlinedupandwalkedout______.A.inpersonB.inprivateC.inorderD.inprogress正確答案：C[解析]inperson親自；inprivate私下地，秘密地；inorder按順序；inprogress進展。句意：學生們排成一隊按順序走出來。

6.

Itwasnotuntildawn______thesnowcappedpeakintheremoteareainTibet.A.thattheysightedB.didtheysightC.thattheydidnotsightD.hadtheysighted正確答案：A[解析]考查“Itis/wasnotuntil...that...”結構的強調(diào)句型。that后面的句子要用肯定式，且須用陳述句語序。

7.

______enoughtimeandmoney,theinvestigatorswouldhavebeenabletodiscovermoreevidenceinthiscase.A.GivingB.GivenC.TogiveD.Beinggiven正確答案：B[解析]investigators和give之間是被動關系，故用過去分詞形式作條件狀語。

8.

Criticismandself-criticismarenecessary______theymayhelpustofindoutandcorrectourmistakes.A.bythatB.atthatC.onthatD.inthat正確答案：D[解析]inthat“因為”，符合語境。

9.

Whatmaximisfloutedinsuchextremeexampleoftautologiesas"Boysareboys",and"Liesarelies"?______A.Themaximofquantity.B.Themaximofquality.C.Themaximofrelevance.D.Themaximofmanner.正確答案：A[解析]合作原則包括數(shù)量準則、質(zhì)量準則、關聯(lián)準則和方式準則，其中數(shù)量準則表示自己所說的話達到所要求的詳盡程度；所提供的信息不要超出現(xiàn)時要求?！澳泻⑹悄泻ⅰ薄爸e言是謊言”表達不夠詳盡，因此違反了數(shù)量準則。故選A。

10.

Sociolinguistsstudyvarietiesoflanguageand,accordingly,willbeinterestedintheanalysisofallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.A.regionaldialectB.registerC.figuresofspeechD.socialdialect正確答案：C[解析]社會語言學屬于語言學的一個分支，主要研究語言與社會的關系，以及語言使用者所在的社會結構與語言使用之間的關系。figuresofspeech“修辭手法”，是語言與文學研究的內(nèi)容。

11.

Inalisteningactivity,studentsareaskedtonotedownthetimeandplacesofevents.Theaimofthisactivityistodeveloptheskillof______.A.listeningforgistB.listeningforspecificinformationC.listeningforstructureD.listeningforvocabulary正確答案：B[解析]事件發(fā)展的時間和地點為細節(jié)信息，所以在聽力課堂中要求學生記下事件發(fā)展的時間和地點是為了提高學生聽特定信息的能力。

12.

WhichofthefollowingcanNOTbeusedasapre-readingtask?______A.Predictingwhatapassageisabout.B.Creatingawordwebrelatedtoatopic.C.Listeningtotherecordingofapassage.D.Sharingwhatisalreadyknownaboutatopic.正確答案：C[解析]A項是預測文章內(nèi)容，B項是呈現(xiàn)與話題相關的單詞，C項是聽文章錄音，D項是討論與話題相關的知識。其中，C項不屬于讀前活動。

13.

Whichofthefollowingdoesateacherwanthis/herstudentstodevelopifhe/sheguidesthemtotakenotesusingkeywords,abbreviationsandsymbols?______A.Culturalawareness.B.Languageawareness.C.Learningstrategies.D.Languageknowledge.正確答案：C[解析]讓學生運用關鍵詞、縮略詞和符號來快速做筆記，這屬于培養(yǎng)學生的學習策略。

14.

IfateachergivescommandsinEnglishandasksstudentstoshowunderstandingbyactionorgestures,he/sheismostprobablyusing______.A.CommunicativeApproachB.Audio-lingualApproachC.GrammarTranslationMethodD.TotalPhysicalResponse正確答案：D[解析]全身反應教學法以“聽一做動作”為主要教學組織形式。學習過程中，教師用目標語發(fā)出指令，先自己做，等學生能理解后，讓學生完成動作，然后邊說邊做。

15.

AccordingtoTheNationalEnglishCurriculumStandards,thelanguageknowledgestudentsarerequiredtolearnconsistsofphonetics,vocabulary,grammar,______.A.functionandthemeB.cultureandsocietyC.literatureandlinguisticsD.discourseandgenre正確答案：A

16.

Therearetwosyllablesintheword"motto".occursinbothsyllables,butthefirstoneislongerthanthesecondbecause______.A.itisstressedB.itcomesbeforeaconsonantC.itisinthefirstsyllableD.itcomesbetweentwoconsonants正確答案：A[解析]motto的發(fā)音中第一個元音的發(fā)音長于第二個是因為重音在第一個元音上。

17.

WhichofthefollowingshouldateacheravoidwhenusinganELTcoursebook?______A.Selectingappropriatesupportingmaterialsandresources.B.Interpretingcurriculumgoalsanditsexpectationsforthecourse.C.Planninglessonsinrelationtospecificgoals,topics,texts,andtasks.D.Implementingeverythinginthebookwithoutconsideringstudents'needsandlevels.正確答案：A

18.

Toassesshowwellstudentsareabletoapplywhattheyhavelearnedincompletingagiventask,ateacherwoulduse______assessment.A.performanceB.selfC.competenceD.peer正確答案：A[解析]表現(xiàn)性評價是指衡量學生在完成給定的一個具體任務或一系列任務時的水平。

19.

Popularasitmightbe,thePresentation—Practice—Productionteachingmodelisnotconsideredappropriateinteaching______.A.phoneticsB.grammarC.vocabularyD.reading正確答案：D[解析]閱讀教學一般采用PWP方法，即pre-reading，while-reading和post-reading。PPP教學模式較適用于語言知識教學。

20.

Ifateacherstartswithlanguageexamplesandguidesstudentstoworkouttherules,he/sheisusingthe______method.A.deductiveB.conduciveC.inductiveD.constructive正確答案：C[解析]歸納法是由個別到一般，由特殊到一般的推理教學方法。

AmongthethrongsofAmericanprowlingthemallsandtrawlinge-commercesites,manyarelookingoutforthemselves.Retail-researchfirmNPDGroupsaid,thusfar,aboutonethirdofconsumershaveengagedinwhatiscalledself-gifting.That'supfrom12percentinatypicalpre-recessionyear,andupfromthe19percentwhosaidtheyplannedtodosolastyear.TheNationalRetailFederation,thedispenserofallholiday-relateddata,saidthatin2012,nearly60percentofshopperswoulddoso.

Thelateststepintheevolutionofourburgeoningcultureofnarcissism?Yes.Self-giftingmakesbothpsychologicalandeconomicsensegivenwhatAmericanshaveenduredtheseyears.

THEPOST-BUST(破產(chǎn))erahasbeenalong,hard,heroicslogofbalance-sheetimprovement.Americanshavelaboredtosavemoneyandhackawayatthehugemountainofdebttheyaccumulatedduringthecreditboom.AccordingtotheNewYorkFederalReserve,consumershaveknockeddowntheiraggregatedebtloadfrom$12.67trillioninthethirdquarterof2008to$11.31trillioninthethirdquarterof2012;credit-carddebtisoff$192billionfromthepeak.Americanshavecuttheirloadbyspendingmorecarefullyandengaginginthatmostun-Americanoftraits:self-abnegation.

AfterlivingfrugallyforsomuchoftheyearandforsomanyyearswhocanblameaparentatanAppleStoreforbuyingherselfanewiPad?Indeed,self-giftingmayactuallybeafunctionofthenewabstemiousness.Let'ssayyou'vebeenholdingoffonreplacingyouroldtelevision.WhynotbuyitaroundNovemberorDecemberwheninsanepromotionsandfreeshippingareavailable?Besides,it'snotlikeself-giftersaresolelyinterestedinself-pleasure.AnNRFsurveysaidthatthetypicalself-gifterwouldspendabout$1400nhimselfthisyear.Forcomparison'ssake,thesurveysaidthetypicalshopperwouldspentabout$750inall.

Afteralongperiodofeconomicmadness(rememberthehousingbubbleandthedotcommess?),self-giftingisasignofmuch-neededeconomicrationality.Shoppingforothersinvolvesacertainamountofwrongguessworkwithnegativefinancialconsequence.Thisyear,forexample,CEBTowerGroupclaimsthatAmericanswillload$110billionontogiftcardsandgivethemaspresents.Butthemarket-researchfirmsaysthatabout1.6percentofthattotal,about$1.7billion,willgounused.Meanwhile,alargepercentageofgiftswindupgettingreturned.Returnsinduceguiltandraisethespecterofuncomfortableconversationsaboutwhathappenedtothatgiantstripedsweater.Butmoresignificant,returnsarebadfortheenvironment.Theyleadtomoretripstothemall,highershippingcosts,andtheunnecessaryuseofpackagingmaterials.

Thesedays,theriseofe-commercemeansshoppingisnowantiseptic:sitandclick.Withthecharmgone,wehavetocomeupwithotherwaystomaketheexperiencepleasurable.

Asthesonggoes,"HaveyourselfamerrylittleChristmas".21.

Whathavetheretailresearchandsurveysrevealedaboutself-gifting?______A.Ithasn'thelpedimprovebalancesheets.B.Itisanage-oldpracticeformostAmericans.C.Ithasbeenontherisesincetherecentrecessionbegan.D.IthasreflectedtheAmericantraditionofself-abnegation.正確答案：C[解析]細節(jié)理解題。第一段提到，已有三分之一的消費者會給自己買禮物，在經(jīng)濟衰退的前一年給自己買禮物的消費者已從12%開始增長，去年計劃從19%開始增長，所以C正確。

22.

WhatdidtheauthorintendtoillustratebycitingacomparisonfromanNRFsurveyontheexpensesofatypicalself-gifterandthoseofatypicalshopper?______A.Self-gifterswereonlyinterestedinself-pleasure.B.Self-giftingcouldbeasignofabstemiousness.C.Self-giftingwasveryconducivetolivingfrugally.D.Self-giftersboughtthingsbothforthemselvesandforothers.正確答案：B[解析]細節(jié)理解題。第四段第二句話提到，給自己買禮物的一個作用就是節(jié)制，所以該段對兩者的花費進行對比的主要目的是說明給自己買禮物是節(jié)制的一種標志。

23.

Whatdoestheunderlinedword"aggregate"inPARAGRAPH3mostprobablymean?______A.Gigantic.B.Heavy.C.Total.D.Maximum.正確答案：C[解析]詞義猜測題。選項中total“整個的”與aggregate“合計的”意思相近。

24.

Whatdoestheunderlinedword"them"inPARAGRAPH5referto?______A.Giftcards.B.Americans,C.$110million.D.CEBTowerGroupprojects.正確答案：A[解析]細節(jié)理解題。美國人花費1100億美元用在購買禮品卡上，然后把禮品卡送出去。them指代的是這些禮品卡，故選A。

25.

Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardonlineself-gifting?______A.Unclear.B.Neutral.C.Negative.D.Supportive.正確答案：D[解析]觀點態(tài)度題。文章開頭指出self-gifting的消費者數(shù)量在增加，然后提到self-gifting對于心理和經(jīng)濟都有積極作用且self-gifting是節(jié)制的標志，作者在最后兩段又提到，隨著網(wǎng)絡購物趨勢的冷淡，人們需要用其他方式來擁有愉快的體驗，可以看出作者對self-gifting是支持的，因此選D。

AMONGCHINA'SgreatestarttreasuresaretheBuddhistcavesnearDunhuang.Theirancientfrescoesandsculptureshavesurvivedwars,environmentaldamage,antiquitieshunters,andthechaoticCulturalRevolution.

Todaydomestictourismisthebiggestthreat:theUNESCOWorldHeritagesitehasanoptimalcapacityof3,000perday,butpeaktimescanseetwicethatmanyvisitors.

TheMogaoGrottoesareespeciallyvulnerabletomasstourism.Theirecosystemsarefragile.Abuildupofhumidityandcarbondioxidefromvisitors'breathcanleadtoflakinganddiscolorationofwallpaintings.

Topreservethecaves,theDunhuangAcademyispioneeringaprojecttodigitizethesite.Recently,theArthurM.SacklerGalleryinWashington,D.C.,offeredatantalizingglimpseattheundertaking.Donning3-Dglasses,visitorsweretransportedintoabreathtaking"virtual"Dunhuanggrotto,knownasCave220.The3-D,interactiveexperienceisfloodedwithvividcolor,close-updetails,movingimagesofflyingbodhisattvas,evensound."DunhuangranksasthesinglemostimportantrepositoryofearlyChineseart.Herethegreatculturesoftheworld—GreekandRoman,PersianandMiddleEastern,IndianandChinese—constantlyinteractedforamillennium,"saidMimiGates,whoformedtheDunhuangFoundation."High-resolutiondigitizationwillprovidealastingrecordofthisartistictreasureforallmankindandcanmakeitaccessiblebeyondChina."

Adozenyearsago,theDunhuangAcademybegancooperatingwithforegoinginstitutionstoconservethetreasures.Amongtheprojects,oneusedacameratocreateadigitalarchiveofthecaves.Theresultswillbeusedintheacademywhichplanned$40millionstate-of-the-artvisitorcenterwhichwillpresentvirtualtoursofthecavestosavetherealsitewearandtear.Thescopeoftheprojectisdaunting.Itrequires20minutesorsotorecorda9-square-meterfresco,andthereare492caveswithmuralsinside.ButtheSacklerexhibitprovedhowenthrallingthesinglevirtualcavecanbe.

Realcavesprovidenolightbulbs.Oncetheyreachcriticallevelsofmoistureandtemperature,theyareshuttothepublic.Onlyafewdozencavesareaccessibleatanygiventime.ButtheSackler'svirtualtourwasdifferent.Oneofthemostpopularfeatureswasthe"magnifyingglass,"whichcanzoominon,say,azitherdepictedinamural.Theinstrumentappearstopopoutofthewall,enlarge,andthenrotateinspace.Visitorscanalso"flip"backandforthbetweentheintricateTang-dynastymuralandalater,cruderSung-dynastyfresco.

TohelpCave220'sTangdancerpaintingsmagicallycometolife,twoChineseperformerswereflowntotheAppliedLaboratoryforInteractiveVisualizationandEmbodiment(ALIVE)inaHongKonguniversity.Forthreedaysthedancerswerefilmedperformingintricatesteps,fluidmovements,andcarefulmanipulationoflong,sinuousribbons.TheyappearedintheSacklertour,dancingasifinmidair,cladinbrightlycoloredTangcostume.ALIVE'sprojectmanager,saidwhilehe'sbecomeintimatelyfamiliarwiththeimagesofCave220,hehasn'tbeentothereyet."Ican'twaittovisittherealthing."26.

WhichofthefollowingfactorsmentionedinthearticlemaycauseaseveredamagetotheBuddhistcavestoday?______A.Antiquitieshunters.B.Environmentaldamage.C.Thenumberoftourists.D.Visitorsexceedingtheoptimalnumber.正確答案：D[解析]細節(jié)理解題。由前兩段可知，古代的壁畫和雕塑在經(jīng)歷了戰(zhàn)爭、環(huán)境破壞、古物獵人和混亂的文化大革命后存活了下來，而如今最大的威脅是國內(nèi)旅游業(yè)。石窟的最佳游客量是每天3000人，可是高峰期會達到兩倍之多，故選D。

27.

WhichofthefollowingwouldNOTexperiencedbyvisitorsintheArthurM.SacklerGalleryinWashington,D.C.?______A.Backgroundmusicandsound.B.Coloranddelicacyoftreasures.C.Genuineinteractionwithtreasures.D.Enthrallingperformanceofflyingbodhisattvas.正確答案：C[解析]細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第三、四句可知，戴上3D眼鏡，可以到達一個虛擬的敦煌石窟世界，這個虛擬的世界充滿生動的色彩、細節(jié)特寫、移動的菩薩圖像和聲音。與寶物的真實接觸是參觀者不能體驗到的，故選C。

28.

Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase"thisartistictreasure"inPARAGRAPH4referto?______A.Dunhuang.B.EarlyChineseart.C.IndianandChineseart.D.PersianandMiddleEasternart.正確答案：A[解析]細節(jié)理解題。敦煌石窟是中國早期藝術品的寶庫，而高分辨率的數(shù)字化將為敦煌石窟提供一個長久的記錄，此處thisartistictreasure指代的是敦煌石窟。

29.

Whatdoestheunderlinedword"daunting"inPARAGRAPH5probablymean?______A.Limited.B.Intimidating.C.Verybroad.D.Ratherexciting.正確答案：B[解析]詞義猜測題。由daunting所在句的上下文可知，這個項目花費巨大，并且技術要求很高，范圍較大，由此可知這個項目是浩大的。intimidating“嚇人的”與daunting“使人卻步的”意義相近。

30.

Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthisarticle?______A.DigitalTourisminFutureChinaB.ITinArtM.Sackler'sVirtualTourC.ITandPresentationofChina'sMogaoGrottoesD.China'sFabledMogaoGrottoesTurnLoDigitalTourism正確答案：D[解析]主旨大意題。本文介紹了一種可以保護敦煌石窟不受參觀者數(shù)量增加而被破壞的方式，通過這種方式可以構造一個虛擬的敦煌石窟世界供游客參觀。

二、簡答題(本大題20分)根據(jù)題目要求完成下列任務，用中文作答。1.

簡述寫作教學中“范文”的作用，并說明范文在教學中的使用步驟及每個步驟的教學目標。正確答案：(1)范文對于英語寫作主要有以下三方面的作用：

①范文能夠說明所用體裁的特點；

②范文是說明英語語篇銜接手段如何使用的最好語境；

③范文能夠開闊學生的思路。

(2)范文在教學中的使用步驟及其教學目標：

①利用范文進行謀篇布局；其教學目標是通過對范文的結構及語言特征進行討論，從而指導寫作。

②利用范文達到連貫的效果；其教學目標是避免學生的習作中出現(xiàn)連接語使用不夠、過分堆積或語義邏輯混亂等現(xiàn)象。

③利用范文開闊學生的寫作思路；其教學目標是培養(yǎng)學生積極思考的習慣，開闊他們的思路。

三、教學情境分析題(本大題30分)

根據(jù)題目要求完成下列任務，用中文作答。

某教師在完成一篇關于旅行的課文教學后，要求學生做下列練習。

Choosewordsfromthelisttocompletethesentences.Useyourdictionaryifnecessary:

travel

cruise

trip

voyage

journey

tour

expedition

1)Wewentonasightseeing______roundLondon.

2)We'regoingonaday______tothecountry.

3)Thereturn______fromSpaintook36hours.

4)WewentonaMediterranean______andtheshipwasverycomfortable.

5)Atthemomenthe'sawayonabusiness______.

6)Wehadagoodflightbutthetrain______wasawful.

根據(jù)所給信息從下面兩個方面作答：1.

分析此練習的目的(至少三個)；正確答案：選詞填空練習的目的：

①可以幫助學生鞏固詞匯；

②考查學生對句子結構的認知和在狹義語境中對詞匯的微觀了解，包括詞匯的詞性、解釋和常用搭配；

③考查學生根據(jù)語境中已知部分推知未知部分的能力。

2.

從至少三個角度說明此類練習對語言學習和使用的意義。正確答案：此類練習對語言學習和使用的意義：

①選詞填空能夠較有效地復習和鞏固本課所學生詞，從而為更高層次的輸出性練習打下基礎；

②該練習對于學生鍛煉如何把握和利用語境有很大的作用；

③有利于學生對詞匯的正確運用。

四、教學設計題(本大題40分)根據(jù)提供的信息和語言素材設計教學方案，用英文作答。1.

設計任務：請閱讀下面學生信息和語言素材，設計一個25分鐘的聽力教學活動。教案沒有固定格式，但須包含下列要點：

teachingobjectives

teachingcontents

keyanddifficultpoints

majorstepsandtimeallocation

activitiesandjustifications

教學時間：25minutes

學生概況：某城鎮(zhèn)普通中學高中一年級學生，班級人數(shù)40人。多數(shù)學生已經(jīng)達到《普通高中英語課程標準(實驗)》五級水平。學生課堂參與積極性一般。

語言素材：

Whydoearthquakeshappen?Scientistsexplainthattheoutsideoftheearthismadeofanumberofdifferentplates.AtSanFrancisco,thePacificplatewhichismovingtowardsthenorthwestmeetstheNorthAmericanplate.ThePacificplateismovingveryslowly—at5.3centimetersayear.Sometimesthesetwoplatesstopanddonotmoveforyears.Thensuddenly,theyjumpandanearthquakeisfelt.Asaresultofthemovementoftheseplates,Californiahasalwayshadalotofearthquakes.Whenthe1906earthquakehappened,thePacificplatejumped5-6meterstothenorth.

Chinaalsohasanunluckyplaceontheearth.ThePacificplateisalsopushingonChinafromtheeastastheplatemoveswest.Likewise,theIndianplateispushingonChinafromthesouthwestasthatplatemovesnortheast.ThesamepowerthatproducedthegreatHimalayanMountainsnowcausesearthquakesinChina.

Wecannotstopearthquakes,butwecandothingstomakesuretheydonotdestroywholecities.First,itisnotagoodideatobuildhousesalongthelineswheretwooftheearth'splatesjointogether.Second,ifyouthinktheremaybeanearthquake,itisbettertobuildhousesonrockthanonsand.Third,youmustmakethehousesasstrongaspossible.Weakbuildingswillfalldowninanearthquake,butstrongonesmaystayup.正確答案：ClassType:Listeningclass

TeachingObjectives:

(1)Knowledgeobjectives

①Studentscanlearnsomeusefulwordsandexpressionsaboutearthquakes.

②Studentscanknowaboutthebasicknowledgeofearthquakesafterlisteningtothismaterial.

(2)Abilityobjectives

①Studentscandeveloptheirabilitytogetspecificinformationandtakenoteswhilelistening.

②Studentscanimprovetheirspeakingabilitythroughdiscussionandcommunication.

(3)Emotionobjectives

①Studentscanlearnmoreaboutbasicknowledgeofearthquakessoastoknowhowtoreducelossescausedbyearthquakesandhowtoprotectoneselfandhelpothersinearthquakes.

②StudentscanbemoreconfidentinspeakingEnglishinclassandcancooperatewithothersactively,andcompletethetaskstogether.

TeachingContents:

Alisteningmaterialisaboutwhyearthquakeshappenandhowtoreducethedamagescausedbyearthquakes.

TeachingKeyPoints:

Howtodevelopthestudents'listeningability.

Howtoletthestudentsknowthecausesofearthquakesandwaysofreducinglossescausedbyearthquakes.

TeachingDifficultPoints:

Howtogetthestudentstolistenandunderstanddifferentlisteningmaterials.

MajorSteps:

Step1Pre-listening(7minutes)

Showsomepicturesaboutdamagescausedbyearthquakesandthemapoftheworldtothestudents.Tellthemtheplaceswheretheearthquakesusuallyhappen.

Letthestudentsguesswhatthelisteningmaterialmaybeabout.Playthetapeforthefirsttimeforstudentstolistenanddecidewhethertheirguessingisright.

(Thislisteningmaterialisaboutthecausesofearthquakesandhowwecanreducelossescausedbyearthquakes.)

(Justificat