英語詩歌的漢語翻譯

ONPOETRYTRANSLATIONFROMTHE

PERSPECTIVEOFRELEVANCETHEORY

——ACASESTUDYOFCHINESETRANSLATION

OFKEATS5SODE

Abstract

Withthehelpofrelevancetheory(hereinafterRT),thisthesistriestoprobe

intoChinesetranslationofEnglishpoetry.RTisfirstlyputforwardbyDanSperber

andDeirdreWilsonin1986,anditexertsagreatinfluenceonpragmatics,and

translationstudiesaswell.Themostsignificantoutcomeisthestudyoftranslation

fromtheperspectiveofrelevancebyDeirdreWilson'sstudentErnst-AugustGuttin

1991.Unfortunately,Guttjustfocuseshisattentiononthedescriptionoftranslation

theoriesunderRTwithouttheconvincingtranslationexamples,especiallythepoetry

translationexamples.

Thereareanumberofpapersdiscussingtranslationandrelevancebydomestic

scholars;however,thesepapersarelimitedbyeitherthepaperspaceorthe

theory-orientedapproaches.StudiesofKeatsandhispoemshaveneverbeenstopped

byscholarsathomeandabroad.Butthesestudiesaremainlydonefromthe

perspectiveofliterature;thereisnopaperorthesisthatstudiesKeats5spoemsfrom

theangleoftranslation.StudyofKeats'sodestranslationhasneverbeendonein

China,nottomentionthestudyofChinesetranslationofKeats'sodesabroad.Sothis

thesistriestostudypoetrytranslationundertheguidanceofRTconsideringthe

shortcomingsofstudiesabove.

ThedegreeofrelevanceofRTisthemaintheoreticalbasisonstudyingpoetry

translation.Theoptimalrelevanceistheassessingmeasurebetweenthesource

languageandthetargetlanguageandthetaskofatranslatoristoappropriately

transfertherelevancedegreeofthesourcepoetryintothetranslatedpoetrytomake

suretheclosestequivalencebetweentwolanguages.Theauthorstudiestherelevance

degreebetweenthetwolanguagesfromtheangleof“rhyme"，"form”,and

“information“ofthepoetry,uponwhichtheauthorputsforwardadescriptiveformula

describingtherelationshipbetweenrelevanceandpoetrytranslation.Inorderto

demonstratethetopicbetterandmorespecifically,theauthorborrowsChinese

versionsofKeats'sodestoexemplifythecorrespondingrelationshipbetween

relevanceandpoetrytranslation.Owingtothelimitationofthethesisspace,the

authoronlyselectsfourChineseversionsofKeats's"OdeonaGrecianUrn“asthe

objectoftheexemplificationandthediscussion.Throughthecarefulcomparisonof

relevancein“rhyme“，“fonn”，and“information“betweentheoriginalodeandthe

fourChineseversions,theauthordepictstheresultofthedetaileddiscussioninthe

descriptiveformula.Intheend,positionsandtrianglesinthedescriptiveformula

confirmtheguidingfunctionintheoryandtheapplicablefunctioninpractice

concerningRTinpoetrytranslation.

Thisthesisisdividedintofivechapters.Thefirstchapterisanintroduction,

whichmainlydiscussesthenecessityofthestudy,thegistofthetitle,thetheoretical

foundationoftheresearch,theexpectedresultoftheresearchandtheoutlineofthe

thesis.Thenecessityofthestudyisthefbcusofthischapter.Thesecondchapterisa

surveyoftheoriesemployedinthisthesis,andaccordinglytheyarethesurveyofRT,

whichconsistsofsomekeytermsofRT,thesurveyofRTandpoetrytranslation,and

theimportanceofthestudy.ThethirdchapterismainlyaboutthestudyofJohnKeats,

anditiscomposedofabriefintroductiontothelifeofJohnKeats,someaesthetic

theoriesofJohnKeats,whichhavetwovitalconceptsservingasthesubsectionsofit,

andthepracticeofhisaesthetictheories,whichservesasatransitionwhy“Odeona

GrecianUrn"isselectedasacasestudytothenextchapter.Thefourthchapteristhe

casestudyofRTandChinesetranslationofJohnKeats'sode.Thedetailsareformed

by"SurveyofTranslationof'OdeonaGrecianUm'"and"ACaseStudyof

RelevanceTheoryandChineseTranslationofKeats'sOde".Thelastchapterisa

conclusionincludingthemainideaofthethesis,themainfindingsofthethesis,the

theoreticalandthepracticalsignificanceofRTinpoetrytranslation,thelimitationsof

thestudyandadviceforfurtherresearch.

Keywords：RT;theoptimalrelevance;poetrytranslation;JohnKeats;ode

摘要

本文借助關聯(lián)理論，旨在通過該理論來探究英語詩歌的漢語翻譯。語用學家

斯博伯(Sperber)和威爾遜(Wilson)在1986年首創(chuàng)關聯(lián)理論，該理論不僅在

語用學界引起強烈的反響，而且對翻譯研究也具有積極的意義。最突出的成果即

是由威爾遜的學生格特(Gutt)在1991年運用關聯(lián)理論對翻譯進行的專門研究，

為翻譯研究提供一個嶄新的視角。但是，格特的關聯(lián)翻譯理論幾乎都是理論性的

闡述，很少甚至沒有具體的翻譯實踐，特別是詩歌方面的例證研究。

國內(nèi)對關聯(lián)翻譯理論有過一定的論述，但都限于篇幅而不夠深入。國內(nèi)外的

專家、學者對濟慈的研究一直沒有中斷過。但是這些研究多是從文學的角度來探

討的，幾乎沒有是從翻譯的角度來研究濟慈的詩歌，特別是關于濟慈的頌詩翻譯

研究在國內(nèi)至今沒有人研究過，更不要說國外對他的頌詩漢譯研究。因此，本文

從以上研究的不足出發(fā)，旨在通過關聯(lián)理論來探討詩歌翻譯。

關聯(lián)理論的關聯(lián)度是該研究探討詩歌翻譯的主要理論依據(jù)，最佳關聯(lián)是原文

與譯文的評價尺度，譯者的任務就是要把原文的關聯(lián)度恰當?shù)貍鬟_到譯文中去，

并確保原文與譯文保持最貼近的等同度。作者從詩歌的“音韻”、“形式”、“信息”

的角度來考察原文與譯文的關聯(lián)度，在此基礎上，作者提出了一個關于關聯(lián)與詩

歌翻譯關系的描寫模式。為了能更具體、更充分地說明問題，作者借助濟慈頌詩

的漢譯來具體例證其與詩歌翻譯的對應關系。由于受篇幅的限制，作者只是選用

了濟慈的《希臘古甕頌》這一首頌詩的四種譯文作為例證和討論的對象。通過對

頌詩的四種漢語譯文和原文在“音韻”、“形式”、“信息”上關聯(lián)度的具體的對比

IV

分析，作者把分析的結果在描寫模式中形象地再現(xiàn)出來。四種譯文在描寫模式中

的位置及所構成的圖形最終證實了關聯(lián)理論對詩歌翻譯所具有的理論上的指導

作用及實踐上的可行性。

論文共分五章，第一章是引論，本章主要論述了論文研究的必要性、論文題

目的主旨、選題的理論依據(jù)、所要達到的研究目標以及論文的綱要，其中論文研

究的必要性這一部分是本章的重點。第二章為理論綜述，這一章主要論述論文在

探討詩歌翻譯時的理論依據(jù)，具體包括關聯(lián)理論的基本理論內(nèi)核、關聯(lián)理論與詩

歌翻譯以及這種研究的意義。第三章是濟慈研究，主要涵蓋了濟慈的生平、濟慈

詩歌創(chuàng)作的美學思想、濟慈的美學思想在他的詩歌特別是頌詩中的體現(xiàn)并由此為

下一章為何選取“希臘古甕頌”作為個案研究作以鋪墊。第四章是濟慈頌詩的漢

譯個案研究，本章包括濟慈頌詩翻譯簡介、關聯(lián)理論在濟慈頌詩漢譯中的對比分

析和小結。第五章是結論，歸結該研究的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)、回視引論中所提出的研究目

標是否達到、關聯(lián)理論在論證中的理論意義及實踐意義、提出本論文中頌詩翻譯

對比研究的局限性并對將來更深入的研究提出建議。

關鍵詞：關聯(lián)理論；最佳關聯(lián)；詩歌翻譯；濟慈；頌詩

Contents

Acknowledgements............................................................................ii

AbstractinEnglish..............................................................................iii

AbstractinChinese............................................................................v

Chapter1Introduction.....................................................................1

1.1NecessityoftheStudy.............................................................1

1.2GistoftheTitle.......................................................................5

1.3TheoreticalFoundationoftheResearch.............................5

1.4ExpectedResultoftheResearch.....................................5

1.5OutlineoftheThesis.............................................................6

Chapter2TheoreticalSurvey..........................................................7

2.1SurveyofRT........................................................................7

2.1.1GeneralIntroductiontoRT......................................................7

2.1.2CognitiveEnvironments...............................................................8

2.1.3Mutual-manifestness9

2.1.4InformativeIntentionandCommunicativeIntention...............10

2.1.5ContextualEffect..................................................................................10

2.1.6RelevanceandthePrincipleofRelevance....................................11

2.2SurveyofRTandPoetryTranslation...........................12

2.2.1SurveyofRTandTranslation......................................................12

2.2.2SurveyofRTandPoetryTranslation........................................15

2.3ImportanceoftheStudy...................................................22

2.4Summary.............................................................................23

Chapter3StudyofJohnKeats..................................................24

3.1LifeofJohnKeats.............................................................24

3.2AestheticTheoriesofJohnKeats.........................................27

3.2.1BeautyandTruth.............................................................................27

3.2.2NegativeCapability........................................................................29

3.3PracticeofAestheticTheories............................................32

3.4Summary...................................................................................35

Chapter4ACaseStudyofRTandChineseTranslationof

Keats'sOde..............................................................36

4.1SurveyofTranslationof“OdeonaGrecianUrn”............36

4.2ACaseStudyofRTandChineseTranslationofKeats's

Ode.........................................................................................36

4.3Summary.............................................................................52

Chapter5Conclusion53

5.1MainIdeaoftheThesis53

5.2MainFindingsoftheThesis...................................................54

5.3TheoreticalandPracticalSignificanceofRTinPoetry

Translation.........................................................................54

5.4LimitationsoftheStudyandAdviceforFurther

Research...................................................................................54

Bibliography......................................................................................56

Publications..........................................................................................60

VIII

TablesandFigures

Tables

Table1PapersandthesesconcerningKeatsinCNKIandWanfangData........2

Table2KeatsianstudybeforetheWarofResistanceAgainstJapan................2

Table3TranslationstudyofKeats'spoemsafterthefoundingofPRC........3

Table4PapersandthesesconcerningrelevancetheoryinCNKIandWanfang

Data..............................................................................................................4

Figures

Figure1Relationshipbetweenrelevanceandcontextualeffectandprocessing

effort......................................................................................12

Figure2Relationshipbetweensourcetextandtranslatorandtargettext.......14

Figure3Relationshipbetweenrelevancetypesandtranslationandrelevance

degrees..................................................................................15

Figure4Aformulaofformandrhymetransferenceinpoetrytranslation???21

Figure5Aformulaofformandrhymeandinformationtransferenceinpoetry

translation.............................................................................................21

Figure6Ajourneyofapoetbetweentherealworldandtheidealworld.......29

Figure7Form,rhymeandinformationrelevanceoffourversions...............51

Chapter1Introduction

1.1NecessityoftheStudy

JohnKeats(1795-1821),asagreatpoetoftheAgeofRomanticism,is

heatedlydiscussedandstudiedinthefieldoftheBritishliteratureinChina.According

tothedatacollectedfromCNKI(ChinaNationalKnowledgeInfrastructure)(usingthe

keywordt6Keats^^containedinthetitle,1980-2005,November23,2005),itisfound

thatthereare122paperspublishedinthedomesticjournals,ofwhich116papers

directlydiscussJohnKeatsandhispoemsaswell.Onlyonepaperisconcernedwith

poetrytranslation.AnotherdatacollectedfromthepaperbyLiangXiaodongshows

thatmorethan180papersrelatedwiththepoetryarepublishedfrom2000to2004,of

which14papersarestudiesofJohnKeats(Liang,2005:36).Unfortunately,thereare

only2papersdiscussingthetranslationofKeats'spoemsamongallthepapersabove.

AccordingtoCNKIandWanfangData(usingthekeyword“Keats“containedin

thetitle,2001—2005,November23,2005),thereareonlytenmasterthesesthat

directlyorindirectlystudyKeats.Chronologically,thesetenthesesare“GreekMyth's

InfluenceonKeats\Poems>\"Keats'snegativecapabilityandhisodes","Longing

andDespairingCries—AnAnalysisofKeats'AttitudestowardsLove'\Aspectsof

JohnKeats'DevelopmentImpliedinHisTwoSpringOdes","ThePursuitof

Beauty—AnalysisofKeatsfsAestheticIdeasandAestheticPractice","0〃the

x

OnPoetryTranslationfromthePerspectiveofRelevanceTheory

-ACaseStudyofChineseTranslationofKeats'sOde

SynaestheticImageryinKeatsfOdesanditsTheoreticalBases","AChanningFlower

ofTerrorandBeauty","ZhuangziandKeats:"Materialization*and'Negative

Capability'","JohnKeatsandT.S.Eliot:AComparativeApproachtoTheirPoetics",

“FromRomanticismtoLocalism".

ItisclearthattheabovetenthesesareonlyconcernedwithJohnKeats's

poems,hisaesthetictheoriesorthecomparativestudiesofhimwithotherscholarsat

homeandabroad.However,itisagreatpitythatthereisnotanyhintofthe

translationstudyofJohnKeatsatallinthethesesapplyingfortheDegreeofMaster

ofArts.Table1cangiveaclearpictureoftheabovediscussion:

Table1PapersandthesesconcerningKeatsinCNKIandWanfangData

數(shù)據(jù)庫名稱文獻論文時間關鍵搜索時間范圍翻譯詩歌其他總數(shù)

種類跨度詞翻譯

中國期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)期刊1980-2005濟慈2005年11月23日文史哲、教育社會科學01⑵122

庫

中國優(yōu)秀博碩士學學位2001-2005濟慈2(X)5年11月23日文史哲、教育社會科學001010

位論文全文數(shù)據(jù)庫論文

Fromtheabovestatistics,wecanfindthatJohnKeatsismainlystudiedinthe

fieldofliterature.Nomatterwhetherpaperspublishedinthejournalsortheseswritten

forthemasterdegreeofarts,thereisacommonfeaturethatthereisnotanystudyof

JohnKeatsfromtheangleoftranslationatall.

Ontheotherhand,Keats'spoemshavebeenintroducedandtranslatedfrom

1921on.Mr.MaoDunwroteapapernamed"InMemoryofKeats"inNovelMonthly

onMay10,1921.ThefirsttranslationofKeats'spoemsis"YouSayYouLove"by

CHLinNovelMonthlyonNovember10,1923.Mr.ZhuXiangisthefirstknown

scholarwhotranslatesKeats'spoem,andthepoemtranslatedis“LaBelleDameSans

Merci".NinepoemsofKeatshadbeentranslatedby1935.ACollectionofGuavaby

Mr.ZhuXiangwaspublishedin1936,inwhichKeats'ssixpoemsweretranslated.

TherearesomepaperswhichgavesomesimpleintroductiontoKeatsandsome

translationsofhislettersatthesametime.Unfortunately,ourcountrywasinvolvedin

theWarofResistanceAgainstJapanin1937,whichwasfollowedbyChina'sWarof

Liberation.AfterthefoundingofThePeople'sRepublicofChina,thefirstcollection

2

Chapier1Introduction

ofJohnKeats'spoemstranslationisThePoemsofJohnKeatsbyMr.ZhaLiangzheng

in1958.AnothertwopoetrytranslationcollectionsareKeats*PoeticalWorksbyMr.

ZhuWeijiin1983andThePoeticalWorksofJohnKeatsbyMr.TuAnin1997.

Apartfromthesecollections,therearesomeotherscholarswhoonlytranslatesomeof

Keats'spoemsintheirrespectivecollectionsofpoetrytranslation.Table2andTable3

cangiveaclearpictureofthestudyofJohnKeatsandhispoemsinChina:

Table2KeatsianstudybeforetheWarofResistanceAgainstJapan

時間譯者譯詩或譯信論文來源譯著

1923.11.10“CHL”“你說你愛”小說月報

1924.12徐志摩“夜鶯歌”小說月報

1925.1.10朱湘“無情的女郎”小說月報

1925.5.18韋素?素“李恩盟與葉愛蘿”語絲

1925.12.10朱湘“秋曲”小說月報

1928.1.16介如“情歌”北新

1928.7.22梁指南“無題”文學周報

1928.9.10季唯建“夜鶯歌”新月

1929.12.2石民“濟慈的三主信”語絲

1930.5.16李建新“濟慈致蔭?麗的信”北新

1931.4嘛霞“濟慈Keats'文藝雜志

1934.9李惟健上海中華書局《英國近代詩歌選譯》

1934.10.1快鑒照“濟慈與陟土比亞”文藝月刊

1935.1.1傅東華“夜鶯歌”“英國詩人濟慈”文學

1935.7西鑒照“濟慈的一生”文藝月刊

1935.7,曲鑒照“濟慈美的觀念”文藝月刊

1936朱湘“希晤皿曲”等六百商務印書館《番石榴集》

Table3TranslationstudyofKeats5spoemsafterthefoundingofPRC

時間譯者譯著譯詩或譯信來源

1958查良錚《濟慈詩選》_______________________65仃人民文學出版社

1983.1朱維基《濟慈詩選》_______________________24酉上海譯文出版社

1983.3卞之琳《英國詩選》1"湖南人民出版社

1983.4吳巖《在大海邊》i首（張秋紅譯）1二海譯文出版社

1983.9作者不詳《外國詩】》1首（周玨良譯）外國文學出版社

1983.9作者不詳0外國詩112首（王以鑄譯）外國文學出版社

1984朱炯強，姚暨榮《濟慈》_9j[_____________遼寧人民出版社_________

1985.5勢坡林《怎樣欣'播英美詩歌》1首（殷寶書譯）北京出版社

1985.7綺《春天最初的微笑》5泣趙瑞藤譯）1二海譯文出版社

1986王秋榮編?西方詩苑攬勝》1首（趙瑞藤譯）語文出版社

1987查良錚《英美名詩100篇》商務印書館

1988陸嘉玉編g外國名詩三百首》1首（趙瑞藤譯）長江文藝出版社

1989彭予《愛的感受一英美愛情詩200首》1首長江文藝出版社

1993黃杲折《英語愛情詩loon>I中國對外翻譯出版公司

1995馬文通《濟慈詩選》桂冠圖書公司

19961顏子欣《英詩300首》10首國際文化出版公司

1997.6黃星折?英國抒情詩選》4首上海譯文出版社

1997.10屠岸《濟慈詩選》80"人民文學出版社

1998越杲矯《英國抒情詩100日》3首上海譯文出版社

1999體大雨《英詩選譯集：英漢對照》4首上海外語教育出版社

2002.1傅修延唆濟慈書信集》170封東方出版社

2002.5段方《英語泡漫詩歌》2首（范暗譯）安徽科學技術出版社

2003.2何功杰0英美詩歌》1首安徽教育出版社

2003.3秦希廉《英美抒情詩選譯》3首商務印書館

2003.8王昕若4濟款書信詵》【28封無津百花文藝出版社

OnPoetryTranslationfromthePerspectiveofRelevanceTheory

-ACaseStudyofChineseTranslationofKeats'sOde

2004羅若冰￡100首人生詩精選》1首四川人民出版社

2004羅若冰￡100首哲理詩精選》2首四川人民出版社

2(X)4羅若冰4100首自然詩精選》3首四川人民出版社

2006.1任士明、張宏國《濟慈詩選》39首安徽文藝出版社

Alltheabovepapers,translationcollectionsandmonographssuggestthat

KeatshasnotbeenforgottenbyscholarsinChina;itisonlyapitythatKeatsis

seldomstudiedfromtheangleoftranslation.

Itcanalsobefoundthattherearesomepapersandmonographsaboutstudies

ofJohnKeatsabroad,mainlyinBritainandAmerica.Forexample,researchpapersof

Keats'sparticularpoemsareciAnoverviewof'WhenIHaveFearsthatIMayCeaseto

Be'",overviewof"OdeonaGrecianUm'","Areviewof"Lamia,Isabella,The

EveofSt.Agnes",andOtherPoem","'OdeonaGrecianUrn':Overview","The

Sub-TextofKeats's"OdetoaNightingale'","'TheEveofSt.Agnes':Overview"",and

soon.Asimpleintroductiontohispoemis"AnIntroductionto"ThePoemsofJohn

Keats'”.Somepapersarealsofound,whichdiscussthelifeofJohnKeatsorpapersof

criticismabouthim,andtheyare"AnExtractfromLife,LettersyandLiterary'Remains

ofJohnKeats'；'Mr.Keats,withaCriticismonHisWritings"."TheLifeandPoetry

ofKeats","ANoteonJohnKeats".Someimportantmonographsarealsopublishedin

theWest,forinstance,JohnKeatsbyWalterBatein1963,HelenVendlefsTheOdes

ofJohnKeatsin1983andJamesO'Rourke'sKeatsfsOdesandContemporary

Criticismin1998,andsoon.ItisquiteobviousthatKeatsandhispoemsaremainly

exploredintheliterature.Thereisnot,orevenonepaperwhichdiscussestheproblem

oftranslationaboutKeats9spoems.

Allinall,fromthestudiesathomeandabroad,wecannotfindanyclueofthe

translationstudyofKeats'sodes,soitisnecessarytohaveastudyoftranslationof

JohnKeats9spoems.Ontheotherhand,thestudyoftheJohnKeatsfromthepointof

theRTcanrarelybefound.DatacollectedfromCNKI(usingthekeyword""relevance

theory^^containedinthetitle,1992-2005,November23,2005)showthatthereare

236paperspublishedinthejournals,ofwhich60papersarerelatedwithtranslation,

butthereisonly2papersrelatedwithpoetrytranslation.Datacollectedfrom

CNKI(usingthekeyword“relevancetheory"containedinthetitle,2000-2005,

4

Chapier1Introduction

November23,2005)showthatthereare79masterthesesaltogether,andthereare37

thesesofthemrelatedwithtranslation,andthereisonly2thesesrelatedwithpoetry

translation.Table4canclearlydescribetheresearchstateintheabove:

Table4PapersandthesesconcerningrelevancetheoryinCNKIandWanfangData

數(shù)據(jù)庫名稱文獻論文時篇名搜索時間范圍譯歌韻譯其他總數(shù)

所占匕訟\所占比敘、

種類間跨度所占比

中國期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)期刊1992-關聯(lián)理論2005年11文史哲、教育602174236

庫2005H23日社會科學25.42%0.85%73.73纖、

中國優(yōu)秀博碩士學學位2000-關聯(lián)理論2005年11文史哲、教育4079

位論文全文數(shù)據(jù)庫論文2005月23日社會科學50.63%

Allinall,thesurveyabovedefinitelysuggeststhaQtisworththeXudyofthis

thesisunderthetitleof“OnPoetryTranslationfromtheP^spectiveofRelbyance

Theory-ACaseStudyofChineseTranslationofKeats'sOde”.

1.2GistoftheTitle

AsarequirementfortheDegreeofMasterofArts,thisthesisiswrittenunder

thetitleof“OnPoetryTranslationfromthePerspectiveofRelevanceTheory”.The

focusofthisthesisispoetrytranslation,andtheauthortriestoaccountfbrthe

descriptionoftranslationfromEnglishintoChinese.AsforRT,theauthorjustusesit

asatooltodescribethephenomenonofpoetrytranslation.Inordertohavea

convenientandconvincingexplanationofthethesis,theauthoremploysJohnKeats's

poetrytoillustratethecontentsofthethesis.Soasubtitleisgiven,thatis,“ACase

StudyofChineseTranslationofKeats9sOde".

1.3TheoreticalFoundationoftheResearch

ThisthesisistheoreticallyfoundedonRT,whichisfirstputforwardby

SperberandWilsonin1986.Guttisthefirstpersonwhodealswithtranslationfrom

theperspectiveofRTin1991,andhefurthersthestudyofRT.Thisfocusesonthe

optimalrelevance,andtheauthorputsforwardanewformulatohelpanalyzethe

OnPoetryTranslationfromthePerspectiveofRelevanceTheory

-ACaseStudyofChineseTranslationofKeats'sOde

poetrytranslationandtestwhethertheoptimalrelevanceisattainedorthetheoryis

applicableornot.

1.4ExpectedResultoftheResearch

SincetheresearchtriestoapplyRTtothetranslationofJohnKeats'sode,the

expectedtar