英美文學(xué)各章學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)

ColonialLiterature

(1}APeriodthatrecordedandcreatedhistory.

(2)MarkingtheBeginningofAmericanMainstreamLiterature

2.Majorcharacteristics:

(1)NarrationoftheadventuresofthecolonialistscrossingtheAtlantic.

(2)ThedepictionofthenaturalenvironmentofNorthAmerica.

(3)Examinationoftheculturaltraditionofthecolonialresidents.

(4)Therecordoftheactivitiesofthepuritans.

IV.AmericanPuritanism

1.Generalintroduction

?Puritanismasareligioustenet:

A.God-chosenpeoplecomingtoablessedland

togetthelastchancetosavethemselves.

(2)Puritanismaspartofthenationalculture.

Acodeofvalues.

Aphilosophyoflife.

DominantfactorinAmericanlife.

Astateofmind.

(3)Symbolisminseeingtheworld

?SymbolismasdistinctlyAmerican.

Thephysical.phenomenalworldisnothingbutsymbolofGod.

?Physicallifeissimultaneouslyspiritualandevery

?passageoflifepossessedadelegatedmeaning.

AmericanRomanticism

1,Romanticismcelebratethetriumphoffeeling

andintuitionoverreason.

2,romanticismexaltedtheindividualover

society,thusshowingastrongdislikingfor

thebondageofconventionsandcustoms.

3,Natureisbelievedtobethesourceof

goodnessandtheantithesisofsocietytends

tobecorrupt.

4,Theproudbeliefinone'sownculturalgeniusand

heritage-isalsoastrikingcharacteristicsofromanticism.

TheinfluenceofAmericannationalismtoAmericanRomanticism：

First,AmericanromanticismdidnothavethepoliticalradicalismasseeninEuropeanRomanticists.

second,theromanticcelebrationofnaturalbeautywasinspired

inpartbyadesiretoestablishanoriginalrelationshipwrththe"new"landscape.

Third,theUnitedStatesasayoungcountrycouldnotbequitefreeofasenseofinferiorityof"colonialcomplex11inthefaceof

Europe.

EarlyRomanticPeriod

WashingIrving(1783-1859)

Irving'sMajorWorks

Irving'sMajorWorks

Irving'sMajorWorks

Irving'sMajorWorks

Irving'scontribution

Irving'sStyle

AkindheartedfarmerRipVanWinklewhohelpedastrangerdistributewineonamountainslope.Hedrankalittleandsoonfellasleep.Whenhe

wokeandwentbacktothevillage,itwas20yearslater.

Everythinghadchanged.

ThemostimportantchangewastheWarofIndependencehadbeenwonandtheportraitofKingGeorgeofBritainwasreplacedbyAmerican

PresidentGeorgeWashington.

Setting

ThestoryofRipVanWinklebeginsaboutfiveorsixyearsbeforetheAmericanRevolutionwhenundertheDutchcolonizationandends

twentyyearslater.

TheactiontakesplaceinavillageineasternNewYork,neartheHudsonRiverandtheCatskillMountains.

Atthefootofthesefairymountains,thevoyagermayhavedescriedthelightsmokecurlingupfromavillage,whoseshingle-roofsgleamamong

thetrees,justwherethebluetintsoftheuplandmeltawayintothefreshgreenofthenearerlandscape.Itisalittlevillageofgreatantiquity,

havingbeenfoundedbysomeoftheDutchcolonists,

Inthatsamevillage,andinoneoftheseveryhouses,therelivedmanyyearssince,whilethecountrywasyetaprovinceofGreatBritain,a

simplegood-naturedfellowofthenameofRipVanWinkle.

ThegreaterrorinRip'scompositionwasaninsuperableaversiontoallkindsofprofitablelabor.

Iflefttohimself,hewouldhavewhistledlifeawayinperfectcontentment;buthiswifekeptcontinuallydinninginhisearsabouthisidleness,his

carelessness,andtheruinhewasbringingonhisfamily.

RipVanWinkle

TheLegendofSleepyHollow

辛WashingtonIrving

Thestoryissetabout1790intheDutchsettlementofTarryTown,inasecludedglencalledSleepyHollow.IttellsthestoryofIchabodCrane,a

schoolmaster,whocompeteswithAbraham（《圣經(jīng)》中人物）"BromBones”VanBrunt,thetownrowdy（好爭吵的）man,forthehandof18-year-old

KatrinaVanTassel,thedaughterandsolechildofawealthyfarmer,BaltusVanTassel.

AsCraneleavesapartyheattendedattheVanTasselhomeonanautumnnight,heispursuedbytheHeadlessHorseman（無頭騎士）,whois

supposedlytheghostofaHessiantrooperwhohadhisheadshotoffbyastraycannonballduring"somenamelessbattle"oftheAmerican

RevolutionaryWar,andwho"ridesforthtothesceneofbattleinnightlyquestofhishead".

Ichabodmysteriouslydisappearsfromtown,leavingKatrinatomarryBromBones,whowasutolookexceedinglyknowingwheneverthestoryof

Ichabodwasrelated".AlthoughthenatureoftheHeadlessHorsemanisleftopentointerpretation,thestoryimpliesthattheHorsemanwasreally

BromBonesindisguise（化勺）.

Plotsummary

4.WashingtonIrving'sSignificance:

hisliteraryinnovations

OI）authoroffirstmodernAmericanshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.Itwashimwhointroducedthefamiliaressayfrom

EuropetoAmerica.

。2）Herankedamongthefirstofthemodemmenofletterstowritehistoryandbiographyasliteraryentertainment.

V3）Hewasoneoftheleadersoftheworld-wideRomanticMovement.

SummitofAmericanRomanticism

RalphWaldoEmerson

WhatisTranscendentalism?

?3Transcendentalismwasaliterarymovementthatflourishedduringthemiddle19,hCentury（1836-I860）.

*ItbeganasarebellionagainsttraditionallyheldbeliefsbytheEnglishChurchthatGodsupersededtheindividual.

CoreBeliefsofTranscendentalism

寺Findingitsrootintheword'transcend；'Transcendentalistsbelievedindividualscouldtranscendsahigherbeingofexistenceinnature.

寺Godislocatedinthesoulofeachindividual.

+Humanity'spotentialislimitless.

*Experienceisvaluedoverscholarship.

超驗(yàn)主義的核心觀點(diǎn):

超驗(yàn)主義的核心觀點(diǎn)是主張人能超越感覺和理性而直接認(rèn)識(shí)真理，認(rèn)為人類世界的切都是宇宙的一個(gè)縮影「世界將其向身縮小成為滴露水

"(愛默生語)。超驗(yàn)主義者強(qiáng)調(diào)萬物本質(zhì)上的統(tǒng)萬物皆受"超乂"制約，而人類靈魂與“超況"?致。這種對(duì)人之神圣的肯定使超驗(yàn)主義者蔑

視外部的權(quán)威與傳統(tǒng)，依賴自己的直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)。"相信你自己??這句愛默生的名言，成為超臉主義者的座右銘。這種超驗(yàn)主義觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)人的主觀能

動(dòng)性，有助于打破加爾文教的■?人性惡"、"命定論”等教條的束縛，為熱情奔放，抒發(fā)個(gè)性的浪漫主義文學(xué)奠定了思想基礎(chǔ)。

Features

A.EmphasisonSpirit(Oversoul)(超靈)

against"worldismadeofmatter";

against"neglectingofspirituallifeincapitalistworld"

B.Emphasisonindividuals

OldPuritanviews:self-relianceandself-improvement

ThroughcommunicationwithOversoul,humanbeingcanbedivine.

against"totaldepravity"inOldPuritandoctrines

againstdehumanizationofcapitalistworld

C.TakingnatureasthesymboloftheSpirit(Oversoul)

encouragingpeopletofindgoodnessandbeautyfromnature

againstmaterialisminthesocietyandtheactionswhichbroketheharmonybetweenhumanandnatureonlyforprofits

D.Brotherhoodofman(equalandliberty)

interestedinsocialreforms;endeavortocreateanidealsociety;against"everythingformoney"inthecapitalistworld

RalphWaldoErnerson(1803-1882)

OanAmericanessayist,philosopher,poet,andleaderofthetranscendentalistmovementintheearly19thcentury.Histeachingsdirectly

influencedthegrowingNewThoughtmovementofthemid1800s.

Life

borninaclergyman'sfamilyinNewEngland

OgraduatedfromHarvard

OaUnitarianminister

。abandonedUnitarianismandwenttoEuropesearchingfortruth

。foundedaTranscendentalists'Clubandpublishedajournal

。traveledandgavelectures;quiteinfluential

Majorworks

。NatureabookwhichdeclaredthebirthofTranscendentalism

OSomeotheressayspreachinghisthoughts:"ThePoef,"Self-reliance''andTheAmericanScholar(American'sDeclarationofIntellectual

Independence)

QuotefromNature(1)

。Whyshouldnotwealsoenjoyanoriginalrelationtotheuniverse?Whyshouldnotwehaveapoetryandphilosophyofinsightandnotof

tradition,andareligionbyrevelationtous,andnotthehistoryoftheirs?

?“我們?yōu)槭裁床豢梢砸哺钪娼ǎしNR接的關(guān)系呢？為什么不能有一種憑宜覺而不是依靠傳統(tǒng)的詩歌與哲學(xué)？為什么不能有一種不是依據(jù)他們

的歷史傳統(tǒng)而是直接啟示我們的宗教呢?”

?這實(shí)際上是在宣布一種獨(dú)立精神。

QuotefromNature(2)

。Everyman'sconditionisasolutioninhieroglyphictothoseinquireshewouldput.

?“每個(gè)人自身的狀貌便是對(duì)他提出的疑難所做的形象的答&"

?：?這句話給他的觀點(diǎn)“人是自己的神"做了恰當(dāng)?shù)淖⒔?。以?dú)立的、全新的眼光看待自然界”

QuotefromNature(3)

*Philosophicallyconsidered,theuniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul.

?從哲學(xué)角度考慮，認(rèn)為宇宙由自然界和精神組成。

QuotefromNature(4)

*Togointosolitude,amanneedstoretireasmuchfromhischamberasfromsociety.

*為了尋得孤身獨(dú)處，人有必要走出書齋，退出社會(huì)，回歸自然

?%大自然具有干富意蘊(yùn)。愛默生眼中的自然都是人的精神化身，歡樂的自然呈現(xiàn)著歡樂，哀愁的自然則又顯得哀愁

QuotefromNature(5)

。theintegrityofimpressionmadebymanifoldnatureobjects.

?自然界即外界多種事物給予的完整的印象。

?表明愛默生視大千世界為一有機(jī)整體的浪漫主義自然觀。他主張修心養(yǎng)性，只有在孤身獨(dú)處時(shí)人的各種內(nèi)在天賦才可得到充分發(fā)展。

?他主張人應(yīng)回到原始物質(zhì)狀態(tài)去，單純地觀察世界。

QuotefromNature(6)

OStandingonthebareground,myheadbathedbytheblitheairandupliftedintoinfinitespace,allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomea

transparenteyeball;Iamnothing;Iseeall;thecurrentsoftheUniversalBeingcirculatethroughme;IampartorparticleofGod.

?我站在空地匕頭沐浴在和煦的空氣里，仰望著無垠的太空，小我的一切都消失了，我變成了一只透明的眼球;本身不復(fù)存在;我洞察一切;上帝的精

氣在我周身循環(huán);我成為上帝的一部分。

?這是表明愛默生超驗(yàn)主義觀的名言，強(qiáng)調(diào)人與自然界的和諧?致。這是愛默生浪漫主義思想的上體，也是《論自然》一文的鑰匙。

NathanielHawthorne

NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)

。Romanticnovelist,short-storywriter

FirstgreatAmericanwriteroffictiontoworkinthemoralistictradition.CombinedtheAmericanromanticismwithpuritanmoralism

LifeIntroduction

VHawthornewasbornonthefourthofJuly.1804inSalem,Massachusetts,intoaprominentPuritanfamilyandadeclinedaristocraticfamily

aswell.

Hisfather,aseacaptain,diedofyellowfeverin1808,leavingatSalemawidowandthreechildreninpoverty.Withthefinancialsupportfromhis

moreprosperousmaternalrelationships,Hawthornewasabletoreadsomebooksofthoseliterarymasterminds,suchasShakespeare,Spenser,

whichwereessentialforhisformationasawriter.

MajorWorks

OTheHouseofSevenGables《有七個(gè)尖角閣的房子》

。YoungGoodmanBrown《好小伙子布郎》

*MossesfromanOldManse《古屋青苔》

。TheScarletLetter《紅字》

*ArtisticFeatures

thestructuresandtheformofhiswritingarealwayscarefullyworkedout.

hisnovelisthoughtful,fullofmentalactivities,withhisspecialinterestinthepsychologicalaspectofhumanbeings,thereisn'tmuchaction

whileheisgoodatexploringthecomplexityofhumanpsychology.

^^Hawthorneisamasterofsymbolism.Thesymbolcanbefoundeverywhereinhiswriting..

ThematicConcerns

。evil,guilt,sin

空Mostofhisworksdiscusstheimportantissuesthatconcernthemorallifeofmanandhumanhistory.

。Hawthorne'sviewofmanandhumanhistoryoriginates,toagreatextent,inPuritanism.HewasnotaPuritanhimself,buthehadPuritan

ancestorswhoplayedanimportantroleinhislifeandworks.Heoftenwonderedifhemighthaveinheritedsomeoftheirguilt.Thissensibility

ledtohisunderstandingofevilbeingattheverycoreofhumanlife.

Structureofthenovel

?Structure:compactinatinyframeandimpregnatedwithmeaning.24chaptersarecloselyknittedtogetherbythescaffoldscenesappearing

threetimes.

?>TheCustomhouse:introductorypart

?Chapter1:Theprisondoor

?Chapter2:marketplace

Chapter3:therecognition

Chapter4:theinterview

?Chapter5:HesteratherNeedle

Chapter6:Pearl

Chapter23therevelationofthescarletletter

Chapter24:conclusion

CharactersIntroduction

Characterization

HesterPrynne:

strong-willed,contemplative;independent;

maternal;intelligent

ArthurDimmesdale

loving,conscientious,reluctanttorepent.

Emotionalandeloquentinpreaching

RogerChillingworth

cold;indifferent;revenged;evil;malevolent

Pearl

innocent,perceptive,insightful

TheConnotationoftheName

。HesterPrynne:First,HesterremindsthereaderHestier—theGoddessofBeautyinGreekfairy,showingtheauthor'spraisetoHester's

beautyandsaint,Goddess-likebeauty.Second,thepronunciationofHesterisveryclosetohastier(thecomparativedegreeformofhasty),

heretheauthorimpliesthathermarriageishaste,herlovewithDimmesdaleishaste,andtotheextreme,herjoywiththepriestishaste.

ArthurDimmesdale

。First,ArthurremindsthereaderofAdam,humanbeingsancestorwhocommittedtheOriginalSinwithEveintheGardenofEden,Arthur

Dimmesdale,theinitialsADarethebeginningof“Adultery”；

。Secondly,41Dim"meanslackoflight,"dale"Meansvalley,whichsymbolizestheministersdinvinteriorworldofhisloveandtheshadowofsin

andguiltyofhismind.ArthurDimmesdalemeanssomeonewhocommittedadulterybutdarescowardlytoconfesshissinorcrime,andhas

toconcealitintheshadowandsufferitinteriorly.

RogerChillingworth

。RogerChillingworthhastwoaspects."Roger"isthehomonymicofRogue(hoodlum,scoundrel,bully),whichexpresseshisacttohiswife;

"Chilling"meanschilly.-Worth"tellsusRogersactis,tosomeextend,wortli/valuable--theauthor'scontradictorypsychologytoPuritanism.

Pearl

O"Pearl"hasmanysymbolicmeaning.First,itmeanstreasure-thetreasuretohermother.Second,pearlisthehomonymicofpurl(stream),

Pearl'sfateandlifeislikethepurlintheforest,mysterious,canonlyflowintheforest,seldombathethesunshine.

SymbolicMeaningsinTheScarletLetter

。ThenovelstartedwiththeembroideryletterAHesterworeandendedwiththescarletletterAengravedinthetombstone.Thus,theletterA

ispenetratedthroughthenovel.ThesymbolicAisambiguous.Acriticanalyzesitsmeaningsfromthefollowingfiveaspects:

A1=Adultery（通奸）-Apple（蘋果）（文本意義）

?A2=Arthur（情人亞瑟）一Adam（亞當(dāng)）（情感意義）

?A3=Angel（天使）-Able（能于）（審美意義）

A4=Amicable（和睦友好的女人）-Admirable（可尊敬的女人）群體層意義

A5=America（政教合一時(shí)代的美國）一Authority（上帝的群為）政體層意義

Thescarletletterismeanttobeasymbolofshame,butinsteaditbecomesapowerfulsymbolofidentitytoHester.Theletter'smeaningshiftsas

timepasses.OriginallyintendedtomarkHesterasanadulteress,theUA"eventuallycomestostandfor"Able"or"Angel”.

BesidesHester,DimmesdalealsoironedtheletterAonhisbody,whichprovokedhisself-consciousnessandshowedhisrepentforwhathedid.

Pearl,theirbaby,woreagreenletterAinapieceofseaweedwhileplayingonthebeach.ThisgreenletterAsymbolizesvitalityornewlife,and

alsosuggestsherinheritancefromhermother.

Othersceneswithsymbolicmeanings

Prison-theblackflowerofcivilizedsociety（crimeandpunishmentofcivilizedsociety）

?3Scaffold--isnotonlyasymbolofthesternPuritancodeforHesteracceptedthepunishment,butalsobecomesasyrhbolfortheopen

acknowledgmentofpersonalsin.ItistheplacetowhichDimmesdaleknowshemustgoforatonement,theonlyplacewherehecanescape

thegraspofChillingworthorofthedevil.

》Nights-isusedasasymbolforconcealment,andthedayforexposure;Dimmesdalemountsthescaffoldtogiveouthispainatnights;andin

theendconfesseshisguiltandsinintheday.

。Forests-isasymbolofdarknessanddevil.Itisaplacewherewitchesgather,wheresoulsaresignedawaytothedevil,andwhere

Dimmesdalecanuyieldhimselfwithdeliberatevoice".

Sun-isusedasofuntroubled,guiltlesshappiness,ortheapprovalofGodandNature.ItshinesonPearl,butfleesawayfromHesterand

fromDimmesdale,evenintheforest.

Themesandtone

。Themes:Puritans（moralissue,emotionalissue）,theprotagonistsHesterandPrynne（love,originalsin,atonement,death,andimmortality）,

Chillingworth（revenge）

。Tone:Varies-contemplativeandsomewhatbitterintheintroduction;

thoughtful,fairlystraightforward,yetoccasionallytingedwithironyinthebodyofthenarrative;

WaltWhitman

?OneofthegreatinnovatorsinAmericanliterature

?HegaveAmericaitsfirstgenuineepicpoem:LeavesofGrass

Life

BornonMay31,1819,WaltWhitmanwasthesecondsonofahouse-builder.

Largelyself-taught,hereadvoraciously,becomingacquaintedwiththeworksofHomer,Dante,Shakespeare,andtheBible.

In1836,attheageof17,hebeganhiscareerasteacherintheone-roomschoolhousesofLongIsland.Hecontinuedtoteachuntil

1841,whenheturnedtojournalismasafull-timecareer.

?Inthefallof1848,hefoundeda"freesoil"newspaper,theBrooklynFreeman,andcontinuedtodeveloptheuniquestyleofpoetry.

?In1855,WhitmantookoutacopyrightonthefirsteditionofLeavesofGrass,whichconsistedoftwelveuntitledpoemsanda

preface.

?Whitmanreleasedasecondeditionofthebookin1856,containingthirty-threepoems,aletterfromEmersonpraisingthefirst

edition,andalongopenletterbyWhitmaninresponse.

?Whitmanstruggledtosupporthimselfthroughmostofhislife.InWashingtonhelivedonaclerk'ssalaryandmodestroyalties,

andspentanyexcessmoney,includinggiftsfromfriends,tobuysuppliesforthepatientshenursed.

b.Works

work:LeavesofGrass(9editions)

?SongofMyself

?ThereWasaChildWentForth

(有一個(gè)孩子在成長)

?CrossingBrooklynFerry

?DemocraticVistas

?PassagetoIndia

?OutoftheCradleEndlesslyRocking

PoeticFeatures

?WaltWhitmanwasoneofthemostimportantAmericanpoetsinthenineteenthcenturyandoneofthegreatinnovatorsin

Americanliterature.

?IntheprefacetohisLeavesofGrass,hesaysthatoneofhisfocusesisonthesortofpoetAmericarequiredandthesortofpoetry

Americaneeded.

?ThegreatAmericanpoetwouldcreatebothnewformsandnewsubjectmatterforpoetry.

Hesawrealityasacontinuousflow,withoutabeginningorend.Hedislikedthenineteenth-centurypoeticformsthatarestiffand

patterned.

MostofthepoemsinLeavesofGrassareaboutmanandnature,especiallycommonpeopleandordinaryAmericans.

Whitmanthoughtthatmessagewasalwaysmoreimportantthanform.Sohealwaysdevelopedhisstyletosuithismessageand

theaudiencehehopedtoreach.

Intheareaofpoeticform,Whitmanmadehisgreatcontributions.Throughhim,Americanpoetsfinallyfreedthemselvesfromthe

oldEnglishtraditions.

Thepoeticformheemployedisnowcalledfreeverse-theversethatdoesnotfollowafixedmetricalpattern,theversewithouta

fixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.

e.Influence

一HisbestworkhasbecomepartofthecommonpropertyofWesternculture.

-HetookoverWhitman'svisionofthepoet-prophetandpoet-teacherandrecastitinamoresophisticatedandEuropeanizedmood.

-HehasbeencomparedtoamountaininAmericanliteraryhistory.

—ContemporaryAmericanpoetry,whateverschoolorform,bearswitnesstohisgreatinfluence.

C.AnalysisofTheExcerpt

TheAnalysisofWhitman's"SongofMyself"

"Songofmyself",consistingof1345lines,isthelongestpoeminLeavesofGrass.Thepoettakesforgrantedtheselfasthe

mostcrucialelementoftheworldandthussetsforthtwoofhisprincipalbeliefs:first,atheoryofuniversality(f^￡14)；second,all

thingsareequalinvalue.

Parti

Line1celebrate:praise;honor.

Line2assume:admit;perceive.

WhatwordsIhaveusedtopraisemyselfwoulddothe

sametoyou.

Line3Eachofusisapartofnature,thus,wehavethesame

structure.

Line4loafe:(=loaf)wander;movefreely.

WhileIamloafing,Iinvitedmysoultogotogether,since

botharefree.

Line5Ileanandloafe:Inmywandering,Istoppedand

stooped(beingattracted

bysomething)

aspearof:anarrowpieceof(grassleave)

Line6form'dfrom:(be)createdfrom.

thisair:...wascreatedororiginatedfromtheair.

Line7Iwasbornhere;myparentswerebornhere.

fromparentsthesame:...fromtheparentswhowere

bornfromthesamesoilandusedtotakethesameair.

Line8begin:soIbegin.

Iamnowstrongandhealthy,Ibeginto

hopemysingingofmyselfwillnotstoptill

mydeath.

Line10Creeds:religiousdoctrines.Schools:theoryof

aparticulargroupofscholars.

inabeyance:theconditionofnotbeinginuseorin

force.

WhenIamsingingmyselfandwandering,I'dliketoleaveallthecreedsandschoolsaside,tohavethemretireback.

Line11sufficed:(Ifelt)Ihavehadquiteenoughofcreedsorschools.

they:thecreedsandschools.

butneverforgotten:inspiteofmyunwillingnesstoallthecreedsandschools,Iwouldneverhavethemforgotten.

HermanMelville

LifeExperience

bomonAugust1,1819inNewYorkCityintoanestablishedmerchantfamily,thethirdof8children.Hisfatherbecamebankruptandinsane,

dyingwhenMelvillewas12.

Hisseaexperiencesandadventuresfurnishedhimwithabundantmaterials,andresultedinfivenovelsthatbroughthimwidefameasa

writerofseastories.

In1850,hemetHawthorneandtheybecamegoodfriends.HereadHawthorne'sbooksandwasdeeplyimpressedbyHawthorne'sblack

vision.

Hisfamewasrecognizedafterhisdeath.

Melville'sMajorWorks

1)Typee?泰皮》

2)Omoo?歐穆”

3)Mardi?瑪?shù)亍?/p>

4)Bedburn?雷得本》

5)WhiteJacket?白外衣”

Melville'sMajorWorks

6)Pierre?皮埃爾》

7)BillyBudd(比利?巴德》(asignthathehadresolvedhisquarrelwithGod)

Clarel《克拉萊爾》(apoem)

Melville'sMajorWorks

Moby-Dick?白鯨>>,?莫比?狄克》

MobyDick(1)

?ThisbookisdedicatedtoHawthorne,forHawthorneencouragedMelvilletochangethisnovelfromastoryfullofdetailsaboutwhaling,into

anallegoricalnovel.

MobyDick(2)

?u..

Epicinscope.

?Itconsistsof135chapters.

?-thelongandarduousjourney

-thegreatbattle

?Definedasanepic,whichcontainsatragicdrama,atragedyofpride,andpursuitandrevenge,whichisalsoatragedyofthought

Characters

?Ishmael:Thenamehascometosymbolizeorphans,exiles,andsocialoutcasts(inGenesis)--thesonofAbrahamandtheslavegirl

Hagar

?Ahab:AhabisthetyrannicalcaptainofthePequodwhoisdrivenbyamonomaniacaldesiretokillMobyDick,

Mates:Starbuck,Stubb.Flask.ThethreematesofthePequodareallfromNewEngland

?Harpooners:Queequeg,Tashtego,Daggoo,Fedallah(fromdifferentcountriesintheworld)

IntroductiontoIshmael

Thenarratorofthestory(knowledgeable,intelligent),digressionfromart,geology,anatomy,tolegalcodes,andliterature--Jackofall

trades

AwhalingshipMismyYaleCollegeandHarvard"

Hisintentionintheshipjourney:outofsomespiritualmalaise(精神的抑郁)

Additionally,Ishmaelrepresentsthecontradictionbetweenthestoryanditssetting,(suitablebutfictional)

Learnedperson&working-classmen(less-educatedandevenrough)

Ahab

ThePeqod'sobsessedcaptain,representsbothanancientandamoderntypeofhero.LiketheheroesofGreekorShakespeareantragedy,

Ahabsuffersfromasinglefatalflaw(致命性的缺陷).