2023-2024學(xué)年人教版英語八年級下冊語法專題動(dòng)詞不定式

Nocross,nocrown.不經(jīng)歷風(fēng)雨，怎么見彩虹。動(dòng)詞不定式(一)動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式是“to＋動(dòng)詞原形”，有時(shí)可以不帶to;動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式是“not＋動(dòng)詞不定式”。動(dòng)詞不定式(或不定式短語)沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能作謂語。但動(dòng)詞不定式仍保留動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，即可以有自己的賓語和狀語。動(dòng)詞不定式及其賓語和狀語構(gòu)成不定式短語，如：toseetheanimals,nottokillwhalesorelephants等。(二)動(dòng)詞不定式的作用動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語和狀語。動(dòng)詞不定式所表示的多是將來的行為、未來的動(dòng)作。1．作主語。(1)動(dòng)詞不定式置于句首。如：Toprotectourworldismoreandmoreimportant.作主語的動(dòng)詞不定式(尤其當(dāng)主語較長時(shí))常常用it替代，it作形式主語，而將真正的主語放在句末，構(gòu)成句型：It's＋adj./n.(for/ofsb.)＋todosth.如：It'sourdutytostopthekilling.It'ssadtothinksomanyanimalsareonthevergeofextinction.【注意】如果要說明動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)作是誰做的，可在不定式前加for組成短語；但如果表語是nice,kind,clever,polite等描述行為者的品質(zhì)、性格的形容詞，則在不定式前加of組成短語。如：It'sharmfulforchildrentoeatsomethingdirty.It'sniceofyoutosayso.2．作賓語。(1)在find,think,make后跟動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)作賓語時(shí)，如果其后有賓語補(bǔ)足語，常用it作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后，即構(gòu)成句型：主語＋謂語＋it＋賓語補(bǔ)足語(一般為形容詞)＋動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)。如：Hefounditdifficult主謂形賓賓補(bǔ)toclimbsuchahighmountain．動(dòng)詞不定式短語作真正的賓語（2）特殊記憶：可接不定式或者動(dòng)名詞形式做賓語eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(remembertodosth.記得做某事（還未做）,rememberdoingsth.記得做過某事))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(forgettodosth.忘記做某事（還未做）,forgetdoingsth.忘記做過某事))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(goontodosth.繼續(xù)做（另一件事）,goondoingsth.繼續(xù)做（同一件事）))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(stoptodosth.停止手上的事去做另一件事,stopdoingsth.停止正在做的事))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(trytodosth.盡力去做某事,trydoingsth.嘗試做某事))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(regrettodosth.對即將做的事表示遺憾（未做）,regretdoingsth.對做過的事表示后悔（已做）))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(meantodosth.打算做某事,meandoingsth.意味著做某事))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(needtodosth.需要去做某事（主動(dòng)含義）,needdoingsth.需要做某事（被動(dòng)含義）))（3）只接不定式做賓語的單詞補(bǔ)充總結(jié)：wanttodowouldliketodoagreetodofailtodohopetodowishtodoexpecttodo。promisetododecidetodoplantodolearntodo。preparetodofailtodorefusetodobereadytodobesorrytodobepleasedtodobesurprisedtodobegladtodobeafraidtodobesuretodocan’twaittodo迫不及待地要做某事makeupone’smindtodo下決心做某事3．作賓語補(bǔ)足語。(1)常見的后面接帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞有：tell，ask，allow，want，wish，teach，invite邀請，expect期待，help，advise建議，force強(qiáng)迫，like，encourage鼓勵(lì)等。如：Theheadteacheraskedthestudentstoobeytherules.補(bǔ)充總結(jié)：wantsb.todosth.wouldlikesb.todosth.advisesb.todosthtellsb.todosth.asksb.todosth.expectsb.todosth.allowsb.todosth.invitesb.todosth.allowsb.todosth.允許某人做某事remindsb.todosth.提醒某人做某事helpsb.(to)dosth.幫助某人做某事一些使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞也用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，這時(shí)不定式要省略to。這些動(dòng)詞有：一感(feel)、二聽(hear,listento)、三讓(let,make,have)、四看(lookat,see,watch,notice)。但變被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)必須加上to。如：Finishyourhomeworkfirst,orIwon'tletyougoout.Hewasseentoentertheoffice.注意：使役動(dòng)詞/感官動(dòng)詞+do/doing的用法辨析：hear/listento/lookat/see/watch/noticesb.+dosth.表示看見、聽見某人做過某事了；或表示看見、聽見某人經(jīng)常做某事hear/listento/lookat/see/watch/noticesb.+doingsth.表示看見、聽見某人正在做某事Let/make/havesb.+dosth.表示讓/使某人做某事注意：當(dāng)這些動(dòng)詞本身用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，后面必須加to.如:Thebossmadehimworkthewholenight.(變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài))Hewasmadetoworkthewholenightbytheboss.4．作定語(1)不定式作定語時(shí)，應(yīng)放在被修飾的詞之后。(2)如果不定式的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，不定式后面需有相應(yīng)的介詞。如：TheBrownshaveacomfortablehousetolivein．【注意】不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time,place或way時(shí)，不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上省去。如：Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive.當(dāng)不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式既可用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，也可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但其含義有所不同。如：Haveyougotanythingtosend?你有什么東西要寄嗎？(不定式tosend的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是“你”)Haveyougotanythingtobesent?你有什么要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎？(不定式tobesent的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是“我”或“別人”)5．作表語。(1)常放在系動(dòng)詞be之后。如：Toseeistobelieve.(2)不定式作表語時(shí)通常表示主語的具體內(nèi)容、目的等。如：Thefirstthingforustodoistoimproveourpronunciation.6．作狀語。(1)作目的狀語。既可放在句首，也可放在句末。如：Tokeephealthy,weshouldeatwell.＝Weshouldeatwelltokeephealthy.(2)作原因狀語。如：I'msorrytohearthat.(3)作結(jié)果狀語。如：Timistooexcitedtosayanything.【注意】①“疑問詞＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)常用于把復(fù)合句轉(zhuǎn)換為簡單句。如：Idon'tknowhowIcanimprovemyreadingskills.＝Idon'tknowhowtoimprovemyreadingskills.常接“疑問詞＋不定式”作賓語的動(dòng)詞(短語)有：decide，know，consider，forget，learn，remember，show，understand，see，wonder，hear，findout，explain，tell等。②要表達(dá)諸如“這個(gè)問題很難回答”“這些蘋果不好吃”之類的意思時(shí)，一般采用“sth.＋be＋adj.＋todo”的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Theproblemisverydifficulttosolve.③特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的不定式歸納總結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)例句too…to…太……而不能……Heistooexcitedtofallsleep.adj./adv.＋enoughto………足夠……Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.疑問詞＋不定式作主語Howtosolvetheproblemisveryimportant.作賓語Hedidn'tknowwhattosay.作表語Thequestioniswheretofindthewater.專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練：一、選擇題1.Mymotheroftentellsme_____toomuchjunkfood.A.noteat B.nottoeat C.don'teat D.noteating2.Wedecided_____athomebecauseitwasraininghard.A.stay B.tostay C.staying D.stayed3.Theteacheraskedus_____carefullyinclass.A.listen B.tolisten C.listening D.listened4.I'mtootired.Ireallydon'tfeellike_____anything.A.do B.doing C.todo D.done5.It'simportant_____Englishwell.A.Learn B.learning C.tolearn D.learned6.Shewants_____asingerwhenshegrowsup.A.be B.tobe C.being D.been7.Thedoctoradvisedhim_____lessandexercisemore.A.eat B.toeat C.eating D.ate8.Pleasetellhim_____thewindow.A.notopen B.nottoopen C.don'topen D.notopening9.Ihavealotofhomeworktodo.Idon'tknowwhat_____first.A.do B.doing C.todo D.done10.Theyareplanning_____apartyfortheirteacher.A.have B.tohave C.having D.had11.Thebookistooheavyforme_____up.A.topick B.picking C.pick D.picked12.Hewasmade_____hishomeworkagain.A.do B.todo C.doing D.done二、用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1.Iwant______(go)shoppingwithmyfriendsthisafternoon.2.Sheaskedme______(help)herwithherEnglish.3.It'stimeforus______(start)ourclass.4.Hehopes______(become)adoctorinthefuture.5.Theyplan______(visit)theGreatWallnextweek.6.Theteachermadehim______(read)thetextaloud.7.I'msorry______(hear)thatyouareill.8.Sheislearning______(drive)acar.9.Myfatherusedto______(smoke),butnowhedoesn't.10.Ittakesmehalfanhour______(walk)toschooleveryday.三、完成句子1.對我們來說，每天鍛煉身體很重要。Itisveryimportantforus____________everyday.2.我不知道該選哪一個(gè)。Idon'tknow________________________.3.她想要邀請她的朋友們來參加她的生日聚會(huì)。Shewantsto______herfriends______herbirthdayparty.4.這個(gè)男孩太小了，不能獨(dú)自去上學(xué)。Theboyistooyoung____________toschoolbyhimself.5.我很高興能幫助你。Iamveryglad____________you.四、句型轉(zhuǎn)換1.Shelikesswimmingbetterthanrunni