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初中語(yǔ)法歸納

一.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和形式:八個(gè)時(shí)態(tài):一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(am/is/are+v.ing)、

一般將來(lái)時(shí)(will/shall/begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/were

+v.ing)>現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have/has+v.過(guò)去分詞)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)(had+v.過(guò)去分詞)、

過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(would+V.原形)六個(gè)形式:原形;過(guò)去式;過(guò)去分詞;第三人稱(chēng)單

數(shù)(加s/es);現(xiàn)在分詞(v.ing);帶to不定式。

二.find和think部分用法:+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。(代替賓從)

賓補(bǔ)有以下情況:1.名詞短語(yǔ),Johnfoundhissonacleverboy.

2.形容詞短語(yǔ),Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy.

3.有時(shí)賓補(bǔ)后可接帶to不定式,Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl.

三.wouldlike/want/feellike:1wouldlike,和want類(lèi)似:?都可接名詞短語(yǔ):

Iwouldlike/wantanotherthreedesks.?都可接帶to不定式:Iwouldlike/wantto

gooutforawalk.?都可接sb,然后再跟帶to不定式:Iwouldlikeyoutogivemea

hand.

2feellike:?后也可接名詞短語(yǔ):Doyoufeellikesometea?

?后若接動(dòng)詞,須用動(dòng)詞ing形式:Doyoufeellikehavingawalk?Idon'tfeel

likedrinkingtea.[feellike常用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句中

四.詞序易錯(cuò)的短語(yǔ):1形容詞修飾不定代詞或不定副詞,形容詞

在后面。Isthereanythingdeliciousinthefridge?

Nothingserious.Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer.

Iwanttogosomewherewarm.

2else修飾疑問(wèn)詞和不定代詞、不定副詞,也放在后面。

Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Whoelseisintheroom?

Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Whereelsecanyouseeit?

3enough修飾形容詞和副詞,enough放在后面。

Thissweaterischeapenough.Nemoisoldenoughtowork.

Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.

五.對(duì)“評(píng)價(jià)"、"天氣"的提問(wèn)之區(qū)別:IWhatdoyouthinkof...?=

Howdoyoulike...?“你對(duì)…怎么看?”(How...?句中有l(wèi)ike,是動(dòng)詞。)

2Whafstheweatherlikein...?=Howistheweatherin…?”…的天氣什么

樣?”(What...?句中有l(wèi)ike,是介詞“像"。)

六.雙賓結(jié)構(gòu):pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/show/buy/

ask/tell/build等可加雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。即后接sb+sth.

其中pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等可接sth+tosb.

buy,build等可接sth+forsb.

另外,若sth是代詞時(shí),不用雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。Pleasepassittome.

七.部分詞作連詞與介詞:(連詞接句子,介詞接名詞或代詞)

Keepcare1whenyouarelisteningtotheteacher.(連詞)

Keepcare1whenlisteningtotheteacher.(介詞)

類(lèi)似的,while,than,before,after,as,since,until等。

如:I'llwaituntilIhearfromher.(連詞)

rilwaituntilnextFriday.(介詞)

八.動(dòng)詞ed與動(dòng)詞ing作形容詞用法之一:1.動(dòng)詞ed作形容詞:表示被動(dòng)或

已發(fā)生,常作定語(yǔ)oTheboynamedPeterismyfriend

那個(gè)叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。劃線(xiàn)部分起修飾作用,下同。

He9seatingfriedchicken.他在吃炸雞。Thereisnotimeleft.

IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun.我讀了一部魯迅寫(xiě)的小說(shuō)。

Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago.

2.動(dòng)詞ing作形容詞:表示正進(jìn)行或功能,常作定語(yǔ)。

theingboy,arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad,theboying

inthecorner(正進(jìn)彳亍)

asittingroom,thesleepingcar,thebathingsuit(功能)

九.動(dòng)詞ed與動(dòng)詞ing作形容詞用法之二:和心理感受有關(guān),但ed修飾人,

ing常修飾物。Ifeltsurprisedathiswords.

Howexcitingthefilmis!/1wanttogotoaplacewhichisrelaxing.

一。.動(dòng)詞ing和帶to不定式作主語(yǔ):

Tobeateacherismydream.Workinghardbringsyousuccess.

Takingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant.

Toplanttreesmakesmehappy.(謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù))

Readingbooksgivesyouknowledge.(謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù))

Listeningandwritingarebothdifficult.(謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù))

一一.“也”:either,用于否定句的末尾。also,通常挨著動(dòng)詞,少用于句尾。

too,通常在句尾,前常有逗號(hào)。aswell,只用于句尾。

注意:后三個(gè)詞都不用于否定句。

一二,帶to不定式用法之一:帶to不定式有邏輯賓語(yǔ)在前時(shí),to后動(dòng)詞用及

物動(dòng)詞,不及物時(shí)需加介詞。Theapplesaretootallfortheboytoreach./Thezoois

notagoodplaceforanimalstolivein.

——三.及物動(dòng)詞+副詞:puton/off/away/up/down/out;breakofi/down;

turnon/ofI7up/down;getback;useup;giveaway/out/up/back;tryout/on;

ring/callup;letdown;cleanup/out;setup;thinkup;handin/out;fixup;work

out;;dressup;pickup;helpout;

keepofI7out/downcutdown;writedown;wakeup(叫醒);

takeofl/away;sellout;lookup/over;eatup;throwaway/off

賓語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí),可放在中間或后邊,是代詞時(shí)只放在中間。

一四.prefer用法:prefersth/doingsthtosth/doingsth比起...更喜歡???

prefertodosthratherthandosth寧愿…也不愿…

prefertodosth/preferdoingsth更喜歡做某事

一五.some-,any-,every-用法:1some-”某?,一些?“,用于肯定的陳述句中。

Ihavesomethingtotellyou.Maybesomebodyhastakenit.若用于疑問(wèn)句中表示期

待對(duì)方肯定的回答或表示請(qǐng)求或建議.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?Shall

wegivehimsomethingtoeat?Whataboutsomemilk?Couldyoupleaselendme

somechairs?2any-?在疑問(wèn)句中仍譯為“某?,一些?"Doyouhaveanythingto

say?Isanybodyinthehouse?在肯定句和否定句中譯為"任何?"Youmayputthe

boxanywhereintheroom.Heistallerthananyotherstudentinthecl

ass.Wedon'thaveanythingtoeatthismorning.3every-"每?”,強(qiáng)調(diào)所有,既包括

止匕也包括彼。Iseverybodyhere?-No,TomandLucyhaveaskedforleave.Theglass

wasbroken,andthewaterwenteverywhere.

一thanksfor和thanksto:Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework.

(表達(dá)對(duì)對(duì)方為自己做了某事的感謝,后無(wú)補(bǔ)充的結(jié)果。)

Thankstoyoursuggestion,Ididn'tmakesuchmistakes.

(表達(dá)感謝由于某方所做的有利的事,出現(xiàn)了后面的結(jié)果。)

—t.因?yàn)椋篵ecause,常是對(duì)why的回答,語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)。

since,位置:Since…,....Sinceifsalreadylate,Imustgonow.

for,位置:,fbr....語(yǔ)氣最弱oIdrovecarefully,forit'ssnowing.

as有時(shí)也指“因?yàn)椤保梅ɑ緹o(wú)限制。

一八.表推測(cè):must,may,might,can,could,can't

must“一定”,可能性最大,常用于肯定句。

Thereisthedoorbell,itmustbeTom.

may/migh儼也許“一般用于肯定句,may比might可能性大。

Sheiscomingtous.Shemightbeournewteacher.

can/could"可能"could比can語(yǔ)氣更委婉。但can多用于否定。

Youcouldberight,butIdon'tthinkyouare.

Thelightintheofficeisoff.Theteachercan'tbetherenow.

一九.so與such區(qū)別:so是副詞,后跟形容詞/副詞,sotall/slowly...

such是形容詞,后跟名詞短語(yǔ)。suchbadweather/goodnews...;

suchabeautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone...;

suchkindboys/newdesks/friendlypeople/amazingmovies...;

若名詞前形容詞是many,much,few,little時(shí),不用such,而用so.

somanyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater...

也常有“so/such…that...”句型,譯為“如此…以致于…”。

二。.so的另兩個(gè)用法:lso+be/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ),“…也”

上下文所指不是同一個(gè)人或物。Thetwinsareworking,soamI.

Iwillstayuptonight,andsowillPeter.

以及對(duì)話(huà)形式:A:Iwokeuplatethismorning.B:SodidI.

2so+主語(yǔ)+be/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞,”的確...是”上下文所指是同一個(gè)人或物。

A:Wehavelunchatschool.B:

二一.thenumberof/anumberof:前者”…的數(shù)量";后者"許多的”

都跟可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。前者作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù);后者作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。

Thenumberofthetreesistwothousand.用單數(shù)is.

Anumberoftreeshavebeencutdown.用復(fù)數(shù)have.

40.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞:Howlong,since,for,(以上見(jiàn)84)until/till等所在肯定句

中的主句謂語(yǔ)要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。

HowlongmayIkeepthisnovel?I'velivedheresince2002.

Lefswaituntilhecomesback..但否定句中可用短暫性動(dòng)詞:

Ihaven'tseenyoufor

alongtime.

XZl.all/each/both/none/either/neither:

1A11boys/AlloftheboysarefromChina,all接可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)也用復(fù)數(shù)。All

ofthewaterispolluted.若接不可數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。

2Eachboy/Eachoftheboyshasadifferentbag.each接名詞單數(shù)或接of+限定

詞+復(fù)數(shù),后謂語(yǔ)都用單數(shù)。

3Bothofthetwinsareclever.后面謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。

4Noneofthestudentshas/havebeentherebefore.

none+of+限定詞+復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用單、復(fù)數(shù)都可。另見(jiàn)88

5-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?

-EitherdayisOK./EitherofthedaysisOK.謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。

6-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?

-Sorry,Ihavetolookaftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeisOK.

/neitherofthedaysisOK.謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。

all/each/none分別指三者或更多中的“都”/“每一個(gè)7"沒(méi)有一個(gè)”。

both/either/neither兩者中“都7"任何一個(gè)7“沒(méi)有一個(gè)”

二三.Must1/May1/NeedI…?用法:IMustI…?我必須...嗎?

A:MustIfinishthework?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn't.

2MayI…?我可以…嗎?A:MayIgooutforawalknow?

B:Yes,youcan./No,youmustn't/can't.

3NeedL..?我有必要…嗎?

A:NeedIcleanthehouse?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn't.

Z2H.hundred/thousand/million/billion:前有具體數(shù)字,不加s及of.否則加

s,力口o£如:thousandsoftrees;manymillionsofpeople.

ninehundredpeople,tenthousandstudents等。但前若有several,后常不力口s和

of:severalmillionpounds

二五.反意疑問(wèn)句(QT)部分用法:1something,nothing,anything,everything作

王語(yǔ),QT王語(yǔ)用it.

Somethingiswrong,isn'tit?/Nothingisdifficult,isit?

21thinkLucycandowellintheexam,can'tshe?

>

Idon'tthinkhewillcomehereontime,willhe?

QT要結(jié)合think后的從句而定。

3祈使句的QT一般用willyou?而Lefs…用shallwe?

Getupnow,willyou?Don'tbenoisy,willyou?

Bequiet,willyou?Pleasedon'ttalk,willyou?

Letusdoitnow,willyou?Lefsdoitnow,shallwe?

4Therebe句型,QT主語(yǔ)用there.

Thereisamanworkinginthefield,isn'tthere?

ThereusedtobeameetingonFriday,didn^there?

Therewon'tbeamovieinthetheatre,willthere?

二六.虛擬語(yǔ)氣部分用法:在非真實(shí)條件句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,即if從句中用

一般過(guò)去時(shí),而主句動(dòng)詞用would/should+動(dòng)詞原形,表示與現(xiàn)在相反的主觀設(shè)

想,也可以表示在說(shuō)話(huà)人看來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性很小的情況。(注意:虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的

be動(dòng)詞都要用were.)

Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)

IfIgotrich,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.(可能性很?。?/p>

二七.other70thers/theother/theothers/another:

1如果不特定指出哪一個(gè),是泛指,“另一個(gè)”要用another,后加可數(shù)名詞單

數(shù)。Ifyouarestillthirsty,youmayhaveanothercupoftea.(沒(méi)特定指出哪一杯茶,

是泛指。cup是單數(shù)。)

another也可+數(shù)字+可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù):Themeetingwilllastanothertwohours./We

needanothersixdesks.

2如果只有兩個(gè)或只有兩部分,就給出了范圍,其中另一個(gè)或另一部分是特

指(other前有the.),有如下用法:

第一種,所說(shuō)內(nèi)容只有兩個(gè):

Mrs.Greenhastwosons,oneisinterestedinmath,theother(one/son)isgood

atscience.1只有兩個(gè),用theother,不加s,后面名詞可省略?!坑秩纾篢hispair

ofshoesisstrange.Oneisblue,yettheotherisgreen.這雙鞋子很怪,一只藍(lán)色,而

另一只綠色。

第二種,只有兩部分:此種情況下theother后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),或不接名

詞而只在theother后力口s.Twofifthsofthestudentsinourclassareboys,theother

studentsaregirls/theothersaregirls.Twochildrenwent,buttheothersstayed.(其

他孩子都留下了。)

3如果沒(méi)有顯示出只有兩部分,未給出范圍,則是泛指,不加the.

LeiFenglikedhelpingotherpeople/others.

Haveyouanyotherquestions?

Alicedidn'tlikethatdress,sosheaskedtoseesomeothers.

4other的另一用法:用比較級(jí)的形式,體現(xiàn)最高級(jí)的含義。

Heistallerthananyotherboyinhisclass.(戈U線(xiàn)中boy用單數(shù))=

Heistallerthanalltheotherboysinhisclass.(戈ll線(xiàn)中boy用復(fù)數(shù))

他比班里任何男孩都高(他是班里男孩中最高的)。

二八.howlong/howoften/howsoon/howfar:Ihowlong是對(duì)長(zhǎng)度或時(shí)間段提

問(wèn)。Howlongistheriver?-Ifs5,000kilometerslong.

Howlonghaveyoulivedthere?-Forfivemonths./Since2002.

2howoften是對(duì)頻率提問(wèn),如:never,sometimes,often,usually,always,oncea

week,twiceaday,threetimesayear,everyday等。

HowoftendoyouwatchTV?-Everytwodays./Twiceaweek.

【若只有次數(shù),則用howmanytimes提問(wèn):

HowmanytimesdoyouwatchTVaweek?-Twice./onlyonce.]

3howsoon是對(duì)“in+時(shí)間段”提問(wèn):

HowsoonwillyoureturntoBeijing?-Inaweek./Intwodays.

4howfar是對(duì)時(shí)間段's+walk/ride/drive或計(jì)量表達(dá)提問(wèn)。

-Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool?

-Fiveminutes9walk./Anhour'sride./Thirteenminutes9drive.

或者說(shuō):Ifsabout20kilometers(far)away.(問(wèn)和回答不同。)

二九.分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá):二分之一:halfa/an或ahalf.如:

halfanhour=ahalfhour半小時(shí)It'shalfpastseven.(省略冠詞)

以下情況中,分子(基數(shù)詞)若超過(guò)一,分母(序數(shù)詞)需加s:

三分之一:a/onethird三分之二:twothirds

四分之一:a/onefourth或a/onequarter

四分之三:threefourths或threequarters.

五分之一:a/onefifth五分之二:twofifths其它類(lèi)推。

若分?jǐn)?shù)所在。f短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)依of后的名詞而定:

Twofifthsofthestudentsareontime.(指名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂用復(fù))Twofifthsofthe

landispolluted.(指不可數(shù)時(shí),謂用單)

三。.到J達(dá):1getto+地點(diǎn)gettoShanghai/London/

China

接地點(diǎn)副詞時(shí),不帶to.getthere/home/here.

2arrivein+大地點(diǎn)(Beijing/Zhengzhou),arriveat+小地點(diǎn)(school/hospital),

arrive只作不及物動(dòng)詞。所以也可單獨(dú)用:Pleaseringmeupwhenyouarrive.

reach只作及物動(dòng)詞,后直接加地點(diǎn):reachBeijing/England

但常不說(shuō)reachhome/there/here.

三一.感嘆句:What+名詞短語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)!

Whatlazyboys(theyare)!Whathardwork!Whatgoodnews!

Whatagoodidea!Whatbadweather(itis)!Whatapity!

How+形容詞/副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)!

Howhardtheworkis!Howfastheruns!Howrudeyouare!

Howcarefullytheyarelistening!Howbadtheweatheris!

三二.because/instead/out等與加of的區(qū)別:

1because后接句子,becauseof接名詞或代詞。

Hedidn'tcomebecausehewasill./becauseofhisillness.

2instead是副詞,單獨(dú)在句尾。insteadof還要接名詞或代詞。

Wedidn'thaverice,wehadnoodlesinstead./insteadofit.

3out副詞,可單獨(dú)用,但若接地點(diǎn),先加o

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