外刊改編語(yǔ)法填空題Day+37-Day+38- 高三英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)

原創(chuàng)外刊改編語(yǔ)法填空題打卡Day37Moreevidencethatanimalsreducechildhood

allergies Itsuggeststhattheriseofallergenicsensitivityobservedinrichcountriesoverthecourseofthe20thcenturymay_____1______(cause)byacorrespondingdeclineinchildhoodinfections,andalsobyashiftfromruraltourbanliving,sothatchildrenarenolonger_____2_____(routine)exposedtofarmanimals. DrStrachan’sworkstillhasmuchtorecommendit.Whatthecatchylabelhasfostered,however,isanerroneousbeliefthatcleanlinessisnotnecessarilyahealthbenefit.

Inreality,saysThomasMarrs,apaediatricallergistatKingsCollege,London,hygieneisusuallyaboutbugscausinginfection—andthebugsthatmaybebeneficialaredifferentfromthose. Butitisplaintoseewhyalternativedescriptions,suchas“thehighturnoveranddiversityhypothesis”or“themicrobialdeprivationhypothesis”,havenotcaught_____3______,moreaccurate_____4______theymaybe. Inanattempttocollectfurtherdataonthematter,OkabeHisaoofFukushimaMedicalUniversityandhiscolleagueshavetrawledthroughtheJapanEnvironmentandChildren’sStudy,whichtrackedover100,000pregnanciesbetween2011and2014.

Topursuetheanimalconnection,theylookedforcorrelationsbetweenhouseholdpetownershipbeforeandimmediatelyafterachild’sbirth,andanyfoodallergies_____5______(diagnose)inthatchild’sfirstthreeyears.TheyhavejustpublishedtheirresultsinPLOSONE. Ofthe66,000orsochildrentheychosetolookat,22%hadbeenbornintohouseholdswithpets,andwerethusexposedtomicrobesandotherpotentialallergensfromthoseanimalsbothbeforeandafterbirth.

Childreninhouseholdswithdogs,theresearchersfound,hadlowerratesthanaverageofallergiestoeggs,milkandnuts.Thosecohabitingwithcatsseemed_____6_____(tolerate)ofeggs,wheatandsoyabeans.

However,children_____7_____parentskept“turtles”(terrapins,inparticular,arepopularpetsinJapan)appearedunaffected.And,curiously,thoseexposedtohamstersappearedmorelikelythanaveragetobeallergictonuts. Whatexactlyallthismeansisunclear.Onepotentiallyimportant_____8______(observe)isthatbothpre-andpostpartumexposurewereneededfortheobservedeffectstoshowup.Neither,by_____9______(it),wassufficient.Possibly,itisthetimearoundbirthitselfwhichisthecrucialfactor,forthisis_____10______itisbelievedthat

thebulkof

achild’sgutfloraisestablished. Thereare

confounding

variables.Theresearchersthemselvespointoutthatpet-owninghouseholdsaremorelikelytoliveinthecountryside,withitsothersourcesofimmune-system-stimulatingfactors.

And,asDrMarrsobserves,allergy-pronefamiliesarelesslikelytoownpetsinthefirstplace.Thesefacts,ratherthanthepresenceofcompanionanimals,mightexplainatleastpartoftheeffect. Confirmingordenyingthiswillneedmorestudy.Nevertheless,DrOkabe’scontributionisaninterestingadditiontothedebateaboutDrStrachan’sbrainchild.Moreevidencethatanimalsreducechildhood

allergies Itsuggeststhattheriseofallergenicsensitivityobservedinrichcountriesoverthecourseofthe20thcenturymayhavebeencaused(cause)byacorrespondingdeclineinchildhoodinfections,andalsobyashiftfromruraltourbanliving,sothatchildrenarenolongerroutinely(routine)exposedtofarmanimals. DrStrachan’sworkstillhasmuchtorecommendit.Whatthecatchylabelhasfostered,however,isanerroneousbeliefthatcleanlinessisnotnecessarilyahealthbenefit.

Inreality,saysThomasMarrs,apaediatricallergistatKingsCollege,London,hygieneisusuallyaboutbugscausinginfection—andthebugsthatmaybebeneficialaredifferentfromthose. Butitisplaintoseewhyalternativedescriptions,suchas“thehighturnoveranddiversityhypothesis”or“themicrobialdeprivationhypothesis”,havenotcaughton,moreaccurateas/thoughtheymaybe. Inanattempttocollectfurtherdataonthematter,OkabeHisaoofFukushimaMedicalUniversityandhiscolleagueshavetrawledthroughtheJapanEnvironmentandChildren’sStudy,whichtrackedover100,000pregnanciesbetween2011and2014.

Topursuetheanimalconnection,theylookedforcorrelationsbetweenhouseholdpetownershipbeforeandimmediatelyafterachild’sbirth,andanyfoodallergiesdiagnosed(diagnose)inthatchild’sfirstthreeyears.TheyhavejustpublishedtheirresultsinPLOSONE. Ofthe66,000orsochildrentheychosetolookat,22%hadbeenbornintohouseholdswithpets,andwerethusexposedtomicrobesandotherpotentialallergensfromthoseanimalsbothbeforeandafterbirth.

Childreninhouseholdswithdogs,theresearchersfound,hadlowerratesthanaverageofallergiestoeggs,milkandnuts.Thosecohabitingwithcatsseemedmoretolerant(tolerate)ofeggs,wheatandsoyabeans.

However,childrenwhoseparentskept“turtles”(terrapins,inparticular,arepopularpetsinJapan)appearedunaffected.And,curiously,thoseexposedtohamstersappearedmorelikelythanaveragetobeallergictonuts. Whatexactlyallthismeansisunclear.Onepotentiallyimportantobservation(observe)isthatbothpre-andpostpartumexposurewereneededfortheobservedeffectstoshowup.Neither,byitself(it),wassufficient.Possibly,itisthetimearoundbirthitselfwhichisthecrucialfactor,forthisiswhenitisbelievedthat

thebulkof

achild’sgutfloraisestablished. Thereare

confounding

variables.Theresearchersthemselvespointoutthatpet-owninghouseholdsaremorelikelytoliveinthecountryside,withitsothersourcesofimmune-system-stimulatingfactors.

And,asDrMarrsobserves,allergy-pronefamiliesarelesslikelytoownpetsinthefirstplace.Thesefacts,ratherthanthepresenceofcompanionanimals,mightexplainatleastpartoftheeffect. Confirmingordenyingthiswillneedmorestudy.Nevertheless,DrOkabe’scontributionisaninterestingadditiontothedebateaboutDrStrachan’sbrainchild.更多證據(jù)表明寵物能減少兒童過(guò)敏 研究表明，20世紀(jì)在富裕國(guó)家觀察到的過(guò)敏性體質(zhì)的盛行可能與兒童感染的相應(yīng)下降有關(guān)，隨著人們由農(nóng)村生活向城市生活的轉(zhuǎn)變，兒童不再經(jīng)常接觸農(nóng)場(chǎng)動(dòng)物。 斯特拉坎的研究仍然有很多值得推薦的地方。然而，這個(gè)朗朗上口的標(biāo)簽卻助長(zhǎng)了一種錯(cuò)誤的觀念，即清潔不一定有益于健康。 倫敦國(guó)王學(xué)院的兒科過(guò)敏癥專科醫(yī)生托馬斯·馬爾斯說(shuō)，事實(shí)上，衛(wèi)生通常討論的是引起感染的細(xì)菌，而有益的細(xì)菌與引起感染的細(xì)菌是不同的。 但顯而易見的是，相比衛(wèi)生假說(shuō)描述更準(zhǔn)確的“生物多樣性假說(shuō)”或“微生物剝奪假說(shuō)”卻沒(méi)有流行開來(lái)。 為了收集有關(guān)這一問(wèn)題的進(jìn)一步數(shù)據(jù)，福島醫(yī)科大學(xué)的岡部久雄和他的同事們查閱了日本環(huán)境與兒童的研究，該研究在2011年至2014年間對(duì)超過(guò)10萬(wàn)名孕婦進(jìn)行了追蹤研究。 為了探究動(dòng)物與過(guò)敏的聯(lián)系，他們尋找了孩子出生前和出生后立即飼養(yǎng)寵物與孩子三歲前被診斷出的任何食物過(guò)敏之間的相關(guān)性。他們剛剛在《公共科學(xué)圖書館·綜合》上發(fā)表了他們的研究成果。 在他們選擇觀察的大約6.6萬(wàn)名兒童中，22%出生在有寵物的家庭，因此在出生前后都暴露在這些動(dòng)物的微生物和其他潛在過(guò)敏原中。 研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，養(yǎng)狗家庭的孩子對(duì)雞蛋、牛奶和堅(jiān)果的過(guò)敏率低于平均水平。那些養(yǎng)貓家庭的孩子似乎對(duì)雞蛋、小麥和大豆更耐受。 然而，父母養(yǎng)“龜類”（尤其是水龜，在日本是很受歡迎）的孩子似乎不受影響。奇怪的是，那些接觸過(guò)倉(cāng)鼠的人似乎比一般人更容易對(duì)堅(jiān)果過(guò)敏。 這一切究竟意味著什么目前尚不清楚。一個(gè)潛在的重要觀察結(jié)果是，只有產(chǎn)前和產(chǎn)后都與飼養(yǎng)寵物，結(jié)果才具有顯著差異。僅其中一個(gè)階段都是不夠的?？赡艿脑蚴牵錾昂蟮臅r(shí)間本身是關(guān)鍵因素，因?yàn)檫@通常被認(rèn)為是兒童腸道菌群建立的時(shí)間。 這中間也存在混淆變量。研究人員自己指出，養(yǎng)寵物的家庭更有可能生活在農(nóng)村，那里存在其他刺激免疫系統(tǒng)的因素。 而且，正如馬爾斯所觀察到的，容易過(guò)敏的家庭一開始就不太可能養(yǎng)寵物。這些事實(shí)（而不是伴侶動(dòng)物的存在）至少可以解釋部分影響。 確認(rèn)或否認(rèn)這一點(diǎn)還需要更多的研究。盡管如此，岡部久雄的貢獻(xiàn)是對(duì)有關(guān)斯特拉坎理論爭(zhēng)議的一個(gè)有趣的補(bǔ)充。生詞積累correspondingadj.相應(yīng)的fosterv.促進(jìn)，培養(yǎng)；領(lǐng)養(yǎng)，收養(yǎng)catchon流行pregnancyn.懷孕（期），妊娠（期）diagnosev.診斷（病癥）；找出原因tolerantadj.寬容的，容忍的；（植物、動(dòng)物、機(jī)器）能耐……的，有耐受性的原創(chuàng)外刊改編語(yǔ)法填空題打卡Day38Isstreetphotographyaninvasionofprivacy?From:EnglishLearningYking Sincetheinceptionofstreetphotography,therehasalwaysbeentensionbetweenphotographerswantingtocapturethelivesofordinarypeopleandturnthemintoworksofart______1_____thesubjectsofthosephotoswhofeelviolatedbytheunauthorizeduseoftheirlikeness.

Legaldoctrines,suchastherighttoprivacy,wereinitiallydevelopedtoprotectindividualswhowerevictimsof“yellowjournalists”whousedphotosofpeople“outofcontext”totellafalsenarrativeandprofoundly_____2______(impact)thesubject’sreputationsandstaturewithintheircommunities.

However,fromthestreetphotographersperspective,theselawsalsoinhibitedtheirfreedomofexpression,_____3______rightenshrinedintheConstitution’sfirstamendment.Ontopofthat,severalotherlegaldoctrineshavealsoplacedlimitsontherightofstreetphotographerstocreateworks,includingnationalsecurityconcerns,trespassingandharassmentlaws,andgovernmentalregulations. Theseconflictingelementshavemade_____4______difficultforstreetphotographersandthegeneralpublictoknowwhatactionsarepermissibleunderthelawandwhenaphotographerneedsconsentbeforetakingaphoto. BalancingFreedomofExpressionAndTheRighttoPrivacyForStreetPhotographers.

Generally,ifstreetphotographersshootfromapublicspace,suchasastreetorapark,theyusuallyhavetherighttophotographanyonewithouttheirconsent,eveninaprivatespace.Ifyoucanseeitfromapublicspace,youcantakeapictureofit. Sinceartandeditorialworksareconsideredaprotectableexpressionofone’smind(andpartoftheConstitution),courtswilloften_____5______(prior)freedomofexpression.Streetphotographyisaperfectexample.Morethanjustprettypictures,streetphotographerstellstoriesintendedtoilluminateaspectsofsociety.Thecourtswanttoprotectthoseimages.

Unfortunately,intheirquesttocaptureordinarypeople’srawemotionsandcandidmoments,streetphotographersmaysometimesinadvertentlyinvadetheprivacyofthepersontheyarephotographing,sowiththecourtshavehadtofindawaytostrikeabalancebetweenthesetwo______6_____(seem)conflictingrights. ThereIsNoRightToPrivacyInPublicPlaces Ontheonehand,Privacyis“thestateorconditionofbeingfreefrom_____7______(observe)ordisturbedbyothers.”SoItwouldbeobjectivelyunreasonabletoexpectprivacyonacitystreetoracrowdedsubway.Therefore,thecourtshaveinterpretedthistomeanthattheprivacyrightofapersondoesn’tapplyunlessthatpersonhasareasonableexpectationofprivacy.

Thepracticalresultofthatlegaldoctrineis_____8______streetphotographerscantakeapictureofanythingtheycanseefromapublicarea,evenifthephoto’ssubjectisonprivateproperty.Forexample,aphotographerwouldbefreetophotographacouplesittingonarestaurantpatioorinsidetherestaurantthroughawindowaslongasthephotographerisonpublicproperty. Ontheotherhand,itisillegaltotakephotosofpeoplewheretheyhaveareasonableexpectationofprivacy.Ifyouareinapublicbathroomstall_____9______thedoorclosed,thereisaclearexpectationofprivacy,suchthatnobodycanshoveacameraoverthestallwallandtakeaphotoofyou.

However,ifyouareinaprivatehotelroomwithagiantwindowandthephotographercanviewyoufromthestreet,thereisnoexpectationofprivacy.Absentlocallawsexpressly_____10______(establish)anexpectationofprivacy,thephotographercouldshootphotosofthatpersonwithoutyourpermission.Isstreetphotographyaninvasionofprivacy?From:EnglishLearningYking Sincetheinceptionofstreetphotography,therehasalwaysbeentensionbetweenphotographerswantingtocapturethelivesofordinarypeopleandturnthemintoworksofartandthesubjectsofthosephotoswhofeelviolatedbytheunauthorizeduseoftheirlikeness.

Legaldoctrines,suchastherighttoprivacy,wereinitiallydevelopedtoprotectindividualswhowerevictimsof“yellowjournalists”whousedphotosofpeople“outofcontext”totellafalsenarrativeandprofoundlyimpacted(impact)thesubject’sreputationsandstaturewithintheircommunities.

However,fromthestreetphotographersperspective,theselawsalsoinhibitedtheirfreedomofexpression,arightenshrinedintheConstitution’sfirstamendment.Ontopofthat,severalotherlegaldoctrineshavealsoplacedlimitsontherightofstreetphotographerstocreateworks,includingnationalsecurityconcerns,trespassingandharassmentlaws,andgovernmentalregulations. Theseconflictingelementshavemadeitdifficultforstreetphotographersandthegeneralpublictoknowwhatactionsarepermissibleunderthelawandwhenaphotographerneedsconsentbeforetakingaphoto. BalancingFreedomofExpressionAndTheRighttoPrivacyForStreetPhotographers.

Generally,ifstreetphotographersshootfromapublicspace,suchasastreetorapark,theyusuallyhavetherighttophotographanyonewithouttheirconsent,eveninaprivatespace.Ifyoucanseeitfromapublicspace,youcantakeapictureofit. Sinceartandeditorialworksareconsideredaprotectableexpressionofone’smind(andpartoftheConstitution),courtswilloftenprioritize(prior)freedomofexpression.Streetphotographyisaperfectexample.Morethanjustprettypictures,streetphotographerstellstoriesintendedtoilluminateaspectsofsociety.Thecourtswanttoprotectthoseimages.

Unfortunately,intheirquesttocaptureordinarypeople’srawemotionsandcandidmoments,streetphotographersmaysometimesinadvertentlyinvadetheprivacyofthepersontheyarephotographing,sowiththecourtshavehadtofindawaytostrikeabalancebetweenthesetwoseemingly(seem)conflictingrights. ThereIsNoRightToPrivacyInPublicPlaces Ontheonehand,Privacyis“thestateorconditionofbeingfreefrombeingobserved(observe)ordisturbedbyothers.”SoItwouldbeobjectivelyunreasonabletoexpectprivacyonacitystreetoracrowdedsubway.Therefore,thecourtshaveinterpretedthistomeanthattheprivacyrightofapersondoesn’tapplyunlessthatpersonhasareasonableexpectationofprivacy.

Thepracticalresultofthatlegaldoctrineisthatstreetphotographerscantakeapictureofanythingtheycanseefromapublicarea,evenifthephoto’ssubjectisonprivateproperty.Forexample,aphotographerwouldbefreetophotographacouplesittingonarestaurantpatioorinsidetherestaurantthroughawindowaslongasthephotographerisonpublicproperty. Ontheotherhand,itisillegaltotakephotosofpeoplewheretheyhaveareasonableexpectationofprivacy.Ifyouareinapublicbathroomstallwiththedoorclosed,thereisaclearexpectationofprivacy,suchthatnobodycanshoveacameraoverthestallwallandtakeaphotoo