高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)

一、冠詞

冠詞分為不定冠詞（a,an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的用法1指一類人或事，相當(dāng)于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.有個(gè)男孩在等你。3表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every，oneWestudyeighthoursaday.4表示“相同”相當(dāng)于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事—Hello,couldIspeaktoMr.Smith?—Sorry,wrongnumber.Thereisn't______Mr.Smithhere.A.不填

B.a

C.

theD.oneThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.（活雷鋒）6用于固定詞組中acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,

manyatime7用于quite,

rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so(as,

too,how)+形容詞之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.9用于抽象名詞具體化的名詞前success(抽象名詞)→asuccess(具體化)

成功的人或事afailure失敗的人或事

ashame帶來(lái)恥辱的人或事apity可惜或遺憾的事

amust必需必備的事agoodknowledgeof精通掌握某一方面的知識(shí)

II.定冠詞的用法1表示某一類人或物InmanyplacesinChina,___bicycleisstill___popular

meansoftransportation.A.a;theB.

/;aC.

the;aD.

the;the2用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表示說(shuō)話雙方都了解的或上文提到過(guò)的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于演奏樂(lè)器playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人thereach,theliving,thewounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”（對(duì)比上文的不定冠詞用法5）—Couldyoutellmethewayto____Johnsons,please?

—Sorry,wedon’thave____Johnsonhereinthevillage.

A.the;theB.the;aC.

/;theD.

the;/7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代inthe1990’s(二十世紀(jì)九十年代)11用于表示度量單位的名詞前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞Hepattedmeontheshoulder.III.不用冠詞（又名零冠詞）的用法1專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air2名詞前有this,

my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone./Whosepurseisthis?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5表示球類，棋類等運(yùn)動(dòng)的名詞前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6與by連用表示交通方式的名詞前Wewentrightroundtothewestcoastby______seainsteadof

drivingacross______continent.A.the;theB.不填；the

C.the;不填

D.不填；不填7以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horsesareusefulanimals.二、名詞和主謂一致I.名詞的種類專有名詞普通名詞國(guó)名地名人名，團(tuán)體機(jī)構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞特別注意名詞類別的相互轉(zhuǎn)換個(gè)體名詞與抽象名詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換例

句意

義名詞性質(zhì)①Sheheldsomeflowersinherhand.②Thetreesarenowinflower花兒個(gè)體名詞開(kāi)花抽象名詞①Youthisbeautiful.②Heisayouthoftwenty青春抽象名詞年輕人個(gè)體名詞①Theyhaveachievedremarkablesuccessintheirwork.②—HowabouttheChristmaseveningparty?—Ishouldsayitwasasuccess.成功抽象名詞成功的事個(gè)體名詞物質(zhì)名詞與個(gè)體名詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換例

句意

義名詞性質(zhì)①I(mǎi)ronisakindofmetal.②Pleaselendmeyouriron.鐵物質(zhì)名詞熨斗個(gè)體名詞①Hebrokeapieceofglass.②Hebrokeaglass.玻璃物質(zhì)名詞玻璃杯個(gè)體名詞①I(mǎi)boughtachickenthismorning②Pleasehelpyourselftosomechicken小雞個(gè)體名詞雞肉物質(zhì)名詞抽象名詞與個(gè)體名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換具有動(dòng)作意義的抽象名詞加用與某些動(dòng)詞（如：have等）連用，表示某一次短暫的動(dòng)作①—I’dlike______informationaboutthemanagementof

yourhotel,please.—Well,youcouldhave____wordwiththemanager.Hemightbe

helpfulA.some,a

B.an,someC.some,someD.an,a②Theysentus

wordofthelatest

happenings.消息（抽象名詞）A.aB.anC./

D.the③Couldwehave

wordbefore

yougotothemeeting?話（個(gè)體名詞）A.a

B.anC./D.the類例：have

adream/arest/asmoke/aswim/atrip/awash/adiscussion/alooktakeawalk/abathmakeanadvance(進(jìn)步)/makeanearlystart(早點(diǎn)出發(fā))/makeadecision/makeachange/giveacryofpain(發(fā)出痛苦的叫聲)/giveatry表示知識(shí)和時(shí)間的抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為普通名詞時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示其中的一部分①M(fèi)anypeopleagreethat___knowledgeofEnglishisa

mustin____internationaltradetoday.A.a,/

B.the,

anC.the,

theD.

/,theaknowledgeoftruth(知道實(shí)際情況)giveafullerknowledgeofChina(提供關(guān)于中國(guó)更為翔實(shí)的知識(shí))haveaknowledgeofshorthand(有速記的知識(shí))②Iftherewerenoexamination,weshouldhave______at

school.A.thehappiesttimeB.amore

happiertimeC.muchhappiesttimeD.a

muchhappiertime③

ismoney.A.The

timeB.AtimeC.TimeD.Times抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為普通名詞可用來(lái)表示“一次、一陣、一種”具體的行為、事件、現(xiàn)象或結(jié)果。這時(shí)名詞前往往有形容詞修飾①Oh,John._____yougaveme!A.HowapleasantsurpriseB.How

pleasantsurpriseC.Whatapleasantsurprise

D.

Whatpleasantsurprise②Shelookedup

whenIshouted.A.inasurpriseB.inthesurpriseC.in

surpriseD.insomesurprise其它例子：The

giftcameasacompletesurprisetome.Wehavehadsomeunpleasantsurprise③Itis_____workofartthateveryonewantstohavea

lookatit.A.sounusualB.

suchunusualC.such

anunusualD.so

anunusualII.名詞的數(shù)規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es（參看有關(guān)語(yǔ)法書(shū)）。英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，請(qǐng)看下表規(guī)

則例

詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,

contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people,police,cattle,staff5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,

government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)),forces(軍隊(duì)),times(時(shí)代),spirits(情緒),drinks(飲料),sands(沙灘),papers(文件報(bào)紙),manners(禮貌),looks(外表),brains(頭腦智力),greens(青菜),ruins(廢墟)7表示“某國(guó)人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boy

friends無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)womensingers,menservantsIII.主謂一致規(guī)則情

況舉

例語(yǔ)法一致原則以單數(shù)名詞或代詞動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Hisfatherisworkingonthefarm.TostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy.Readinginthesunisbadforyoureyes.Whathesaidisveryimportantforusall.由what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。whatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks.WhatIsayanddois(are)helpfulforyou.由連接詞and或both…and連接起來(lái)的主語(yǔ)后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。但若所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，它后面的謂語(yǔ)就用單數(shù)形式。由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)前如果分別有no,each,every或morethana(an)/one,manya(an)修飾時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。either,neither,each,every或no+單數(shù)名詞和由some,anyno,every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。.LucyandLilyaretwinsThewriterandartisthascome.Everystudentandeveryteachisintheclassroom.Manyaboyandmanyagirllikesit.Noboyandnogirllikesit.Eachofushasanewbook.Iseveryoneheretoday?Somebodyisspeakinginclass.Everythingaroundusis

matter若none

of后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就要用單數(shù)。若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。Noneofthesugarwasleft.Noneofushas(have)beentoAmerica.在定語(yǔ)從句里，關(guān)系代詞that,who,which等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。Thosewhowanttogopleasewritetheirnamesonthe

blackboard.Heisoneofmyfriendswhoareworkinghard.Heisthe(only)oneofmyfriendswhoisworkinghard.在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中應(yīng)與被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分一致ItisIwhoamgoingtothecinematonight.Itiswewhoaregoingtothecinematonight.如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；如果它指的集體的成員，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式Thepolicearelookingforthelostchild.Thecattleareeatinggrassinthefield.Hisfamilyhasmovedtothesouth.(他的一家)HisfamilyarewatchingTV.（他的家人）Classfourisonthethirdfloor.（四班）ClassFourareunabletoagreeuponamonitor.（四班的學(xué)生）由a

lotof/lotsof/plentyof/aheapof/heapsof/therestof/themajorityof+名詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)以及由分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語(yǔ)中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。Therearealotofpeopleintheclassroom.Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.50percentofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.此外，還有a

numberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞有類似的用法（用復(fù)數(shù)），但thenumberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞的數(shù)就得依number而定（用單數(shù)）。Anumberofstudentshavegonetothefarmtohelpthefarmer

pickapples.Thenumberofpagesinthisbookisthreehundred.在倒裝句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致Therecomesthebus.Onthewallaremany

pictures.Suchistheresult.Sucharethefacts.Betweenthetwohillsstandsamonument.邏輯意義一致原則What,who,which,any,more,all等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思來(lái)決定。Whichisyourbag?Whichareyourbags?AreanyofyougoodatEnglish?Hasanyofyougotapen?Allcanbedonehasbeendone.Allisgoingwell.Allhavebeentakenout.AllhavegonetoBeijing.表示時(shí)間重量長(zhǎng)度價(jià)值等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式，這是由于作主語(yǔ)的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整體。Thirtyminutesisenoughforthework..Twentypoundsistoodear.如強(qiáng)調(diào)這類詞的復(fù)數(shù)意義，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式Fortykilosofwaterareusedeveryday.若英語(yǔ)是書(shū)名名格言劇名報(bào)名國(guó)名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。TheUnitedStatesissmallerthanChina.“TheArabianNights”isaninterestingstory-book.表數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)“one

andahalf”后面接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。Oneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.一些學(xué)科名詞是以-ics結(jié)尾，如：mathematics,politics,physics以及news,works等。都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞，它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。Thepaperworkswasbuiltin1990.這家造紙廠建于1990年。Idon’tthinkphysicsiseasytostudy.trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,scissors(剪刀)等詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有a(the)pairof等量詞修飾時(shí)（clothes被asuitof修飾）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Myglassesarebroken.Thepairofshoesunderthebedishis.“定冠詞the+形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；若表示某一類