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UNIT1WishyouwerehereSectionBGrammarandusageGrammarandusageNon-restrictiverelativeclausesFindthesentenceswithnon-restrictiverelativeclausesinthearticle.Theseindustries,inturn,givejobstothelocalpopulation,whosewelfaredependsontourism.Thepricesoftouristessentialsincreasetoo,whichbringsevenmorewealthtothesurroundingcommunity.Morenature-centredtouristattractions,wheremanandnatureliveinharmony,canbegreatlyimpacted...ExploringtherulesFindthesentenceswithnon-restrictiverelativeclausesinthearticle.4....wildlifehabitatsarelikelytosuffer,whichcouldendangerthelocalplantsandanimals.5.Localfestivalsandcustoms,whichmayhavedeepmeaninginaparticularculture,cansimplybecomeentertainmentfortourists.Exploringtherules關(guān)系詞所指所作成分關(guān)系代詞who指人主語(yǔ)whom指人賓語(yǔ)(不能省略,不能用who替代)which指代整個(gè)主句或主句的一部分主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)等whose指人或指物定語(yǔ)as指代整個(gè)主句或主句的一部分主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)等關(guān)系副詞when時(shí)間名詞時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)where通常是地點(diǎn)名詞地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)Exploringtherules注意:asweallknow/asisknowntoallasisoftenthecaseaswasexpected/aswehadexpectedashasbeensaidaboveExploringtherulesInourclassthereare46students,of_____halfwearglasses.Thebuildinghadbeenrepaired,_______roofwasdestroyedagaininabigfire.whomwhose=theroofofwhich=ofwhichtheroofApplyingtherulesMyparentswentonatourofJapanwith20people,someofwhomhadneverbeenabroadbefore.MyfavouriteplacetovisitisalittlevillagenearShanghai,wheremygrandmawasborn.DrLuo,whoisanexpertinChinesehistory,willgiveusatourofBeijing.I’drathervisitEuropeinsummer,whentheweatherisatitsbest.I’mreadingaguidebooktoRome,whichisreallyfascinatingandhelpful.ApplyingtherulesB2:c,a,d,bGrammar定語(yǔ)從句
根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間關(guān)系的密切程度,我們將定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。一限制性定語(yǔ)從句
限制性定語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)修飾和限定先行詞,與主句的關(guān)系非常密切,不用逗號(hào)和主句隔開(kāi)。它說(shuō)明先行詞的性質(zhì)、身份、特征等;如果去掉,就會(huì)影響句子意思的完整性。Adoctorisaperson
wholooksafterpeople’shealth.醫(yī)生就是負(fù)責(zé)照管人們健康的人。Thisistheschool
whereTomstudied.這就是湯姆學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)的學(xué)校。Istillrememberthetime
whenIfirsttraveledbyplane.
我仍然記得第一次坐飛機(jī)旅行的時(shí)候。Thisisthediamondring
(that/which)shereferredto.這就是她提到過(guò)的那枚鉆石戒指。二非限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,顧名思義,就是對(duì)先行詞沒(méi)有特別限制的定語(yǔ)從句。除了that和why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句之外,其他所有關(guān)系詞如who,whom,which,whose,as,when,where等均可引導(dǎo)。1.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的特點(diǎn)
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主句的關(guān)系不像限制性定語(yǔ)從句那樣緊密,只是對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行說(shuō)明,即使去掉,主句的意思依然清楚完整。它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。翻譯時(shí)常常不譯作定語(yǔ),而是譯成與主句并列的句子,或者狀語(yǔ)從句。LastnightIsawaverygoodfilm,whichwasabouttheSecondWorldWar.昨晚我看了一部非常好的電影,是關(guān)于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)的。Myparentsliveinmyhometown,whichisabout30kilometersfromhere.我的父母住在我的家鄉(xiāng),離這里大約30千米。Milla,whoisadistantrelativeofmine,studiesatYalenow.米拉是我的一位遠(yuǎn)房親戚,她現(xiàn)在在耶魯大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)。Thehouse,wherethefamouswriteroncelived,hasgotalovelygarden.那棟房子有一個(gè)漂亮的花園,這位知名作家曾經(jīng)在那里住過(guò)。2.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的使用情況(1)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞指代整個(gè)主句內(nèi)容時(shí),用(which或as引導(dǎo)的)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。Theboywasbadlyill,whichworriedhisparentsverymuch.那個(gè)男孩病得很厲害,這讓他的父母很擔(dān)心。Theheavyrainlastedforhalfamonth,whichcausedtheflood.大雨持續(xù)了半個(gè)月,引起了水災(zāi)。Thefilmisveryinstructive,asmostaudiencesay.正如大多數(shù)觀眾所說(shuō),這部電影很有教育意義。(2)當(dāng)先行詞指的是世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物或?qū)S忻~時(shí),用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。Themoon,whichisabout384,400kilometersawayfromtheearth,createsmanybeautifulstories.月球,這個(gè)離地球大約384400千米遠(yuǎn)的星球,創(chuàng)造了很多美好的故事。WeallhonorandrespectAlbertEinstein,whoisoneofthegreatestphysicistsintheworld.我們都尊敬阿爾伯特·愛(ài)因斯坦,他是世界上最偉大的物理學(xué)家之一。(3)先行詞指某人的親屬,具有唯一性和確定性時(shí),如son,daughter,father,mother,wife等,用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。Myfather,whoisanexcellentviolinist,isleavingforCanadaforperformances.我爸爸是一名出色的小提琴手。他正準(zhǔn)備去加拿大演出?!咎貏e提示】MyeldersisterwhoworksinShanghaisendsmeanemailalmosteveryday.我在上海工作的姐姐幾乎每天都給我發(fā)一封電子郵件。(除了在上海工作的姐姐外,“我”可能還有其他姐姐)Myeldersister,whoworksinShanghai,sendsmeanemailalmosteveryday.我姐姐在上海工作。她幾乎每天都給我發(fā)一封電子郵件。(“我”只有一個(gè)姐姐)(4)當(dāng)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞為some/many/few/afew/little/alittle/none/much/most/halfofwhich(whom)等時(shí),多用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。Iknowthreeforeignteachers,twoofwhomarefromCanada.我認(rèn)識(shí)三名外籍老師,其中兩名來(lái)自加拿大。Heearnsonly1,200yuanamonth,halfofwhichisgiventohissonatcollege.他一個(gè)月僅賺1200元,其中一半給他上大學(xué)的兒子。Thereistoomuchinformation
ontheInternet,someofwhichisunreliable.因特網(wǎng)上信息太多,其中一些不可靠。三限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
區(qū)別從句與整個(gè)句子的關(guān)系限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句逗號(hào)的運(yùn)用密切;若去掉會(huì)影響句子意義的完整性松散;只是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,去掉后不影響句子意義的表達(dá)that和why可用that或why引導(dǎo)不可用that或why引導(dǎo)which和who在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可否省略可省略不可省略whom和who在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可否用that或who替代可替代不可替代可否修飾整個(gè)句子不可可修飾整個(gè)句子,用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),which或as引導(dǎo)翻譯時(shí)的區(qū)別常譯作定語(yǔ)常譯為并列句,或狀語(yǔ)從句Inourcompanytherearetwoexperts
whocomefromGermany.我們公司有兩位來(lái)自德國(guó)的專(zhuān)家。(還有其他不是來(lái)自德國(guó)的專(zhuān)家)Inourcompanytherearetwoexperts,whocomefromGermany.我們公司有兩位專(zhuān)家,他們都來(lái)自德國(guó)。四as與which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別關(guān)系代詞as與which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,其先行詞都可以是整個(gè)主句。但as和which具有不同的詞義和用法。1.as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,表示說(shuō)話人的看法、態(tài)度、解釋或評(píng)論引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),as仍具有“正如,像,由……可知”等意思,這些字眼翻譯時(shí)可不必譯出。as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中常含有see,know,hear,watch,remember,say,tell,show,expect,guess等動(dòng)詞,這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞與as連用幾乎成了一種固定搭配。as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以置于句首、句中或句尾。Respectingtheold,asweallknow,isagoodChinesetradition.眾所周知,尊重老人是中國(guó)的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)。Thereisanetbararoundhere,asIremember.我記得這兒附近有一家網(wǎng)吧。Asisoftenthecase,girlslikedollswhileboyslikeguns.女孩子喜歡玩具娃娃而男孩子喜歡槍?zhuān)@是常見(jiàn)的情況。2.which引導(dǎo)的從句對(duì)主句所敘述的事情進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,表明事物的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果此時(shí)which指前面主句所提到的這件事,常譯為“這一點(diǎn),這件事”等。這時(shí)它所引導(dǎo)的從句與主句之間常表示并列意義或狀語(yǔ)意義。注意它引導(dǎo)的從句位置不像as引導(dǎo)的那樣靈活,它只能位于主句的后面。Hechangedhismindagain,which(=andit)madeusallangry.他又改變了主意,這使我們大家都很生氣。Shetoreupmyphotos,which(=andit)upsetme.她撕碎了我的照片,這使我很生氣。3.在從句中作定語(yǔ)或介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),要用whichJennymightcome,inwhichcaseI’llaskher.詹妮可能會(huì)來(lái),要是那樣的話,我就問(wèn)問(wèn)她。Shegraduatedfromalocalmiddleschool,afterwhichshewenttoPekingUniversity.她畢業(yè)于當(dāng)?shù)氐囊凰袑W(xué),之后她去了北京大學(xué)。4.當(dāng)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否定形式或含著一個(gè)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)時(shí),一般用which而不用asHepretendednottoknowme,whichIdidn’tunderstand.他假裝不認(rèn)識(shí)我,這是我搞不明白的。Headmireseveryoneinhisclass,whichIfindquitestrange.他欽佩班里的每個(gè)人,我認(rèn)為這太奇怪了。五定語(yǔ)從句表達(dá)狀語(yǔ)從句的意義
Howcananyonehopetobeaqualifiedteacher,whodoesn’tknowwhatthestudentsarethinkinganddemanding?一個(gè)人如果不知道學(xué)生在想什么,需要什么,怎么能指望自己成為一名合格的教師呢?前面指出,定語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)候可以按照并列句理解,還可以按照狀語(yǔ)從句理解。這要求我們準(zhǔn)確判斷定語(yǔ)從句和主句之間的關(guān)系,并充分考慮漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,做到翻譯通順流暢。就本句而言,盡管句中沒(méi)有if,但定語(yǔ)從句確實(shí)表達(dá)了條件句的意義,所以才按照條件狀語(yǔ)從句翻譯。從結(jié)構(gòu)上看,它是某個(gè)先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句;但從意義上看,它實(shí)際上修飾主句謂語(yǔ)或整個(gè)主句,起到了狀語(yǔ)從句的作用。所以,為了理解方便,我們稱(chēng)之為“定語(yǔ)從句的形式,狀語(yǔ)從句的意義”。這樣的表達(dá)在英語(yǔ)中是很常見(jiàn)的。1.定語(yǔ)從句的形式,條件狀語(yǔ)從句的意義Thesamething,whichhappenedtwentyyearsago,wouldleadtodisasters.(=Thesamethingwouldleadtodisastersifithappenedtwentyyearsago.)
同樣一件事情,如果發(fā)生在20年前,將會(huì)導(dǎo)致災(zāi)難。2.定語(yǔ)從句的形式,原因狀語(yǔ)從句的意義Heisakindman,whoisalwaysreadytohelpothers.(=Heisakindmanbecauseheisalwaysreadytohelpothers.)
他是一個(gè)好人,因?yàn)樗偸菢?lè)于助人。3.定語(yǔ)從句的形式,讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的意義Smithinsistedonbuildinganotherhousewhichhehadnousefor.(=Smithinsistedonbuildinganotherhousethoughhehadnouseforit.)史密斯堅(jiān)持再蓋一座房子,盡管他無(wú)此需要。4.定語(yǔ)從句的形式,目的狀語(yǔ)從句的意義Hewishestowriteanarticlethatwillattractpublicattentiontothematter.(=Hewishestowriteanarticlesothatitwillattractpublicattentiontothematter.)他想寫(xiě)篇文章,以便引起公眾對(duì)此事的關(guān)注。5.定語(yǔ)從句的形式,結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的意義Mycarbrokedownhalfway,whichcausedmetocomelate.(=Mycarbrokedownhalfwaysothatitcausedmetocomelate.)我的車(chē)在半路上出了故障,結(jié)果我來(lái)晚了。6.定語(yǔ)從句的形式,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的意義IsawMr.Wangwhowaswanderingonthestreet.(=IsawMr.Wangwhenhewaswanderingonthestreet.)王先生在街上散步的時(shí)候,我見(jiàn)到了他。六特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的定語(yǔ)從句除了限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句外,還有一些其他形式的定語(yǔ)從句。在實(shí)際運(yùn)用過(guò)程中,定語(yǔ)從句具有較強(qiáng)的靈活性,因此其結(jié)構(gòu)也較為復(fù)雜,現(xiàn)將常見(jiàn)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的定語(yǔ)從句歸納分析如下。1.嵌入式定語(yǔ)從句Heistheonlypersonwho
weexpect
willwin.他是唯一一個(gè)我們預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)獲勝的人。Shehadabookwhich
shebelieved
wasboughtbyherfatheratahighprice.她有一本書(shū),她認(rèn)為是她父親花了大價(jià)錢(qián)買(mǎi)來(lái)的?!扒度胧健?,相當(dāng)于在定語(yǔ)從句中加了一個(gè)“主謂結(jié)構(gòu)”(位置在關(guān)系詞之后),讓定語(yǔ)從句作其賓語(yǔ)。例句中,whowillwin作了weexpect的賓語(yǔ)。whichwasboughtbyherfatheratahighprice作了shebelieved的賓語(yǔ)?!扒度胧健睂?shí)際就是在一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句中加了一個(gè)插入成分,讓定語(yǔ)作其賓語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的嵌入語(yǔ)有Ithink/believe/guess/expect以及Iamsure,theysay等。2.并列式定語(yǔ)從句Parisisagoodplacewhereartissopopularandwhichmanypeopleappreciate.巴黎是一個(gè)藝術(shù)非常受歡迎的好地方,也是許多人贊賞的好地方。IfindithardtoleavethelandwhereIhavelivedfor30yearsandwheretherearesweetmemoriesofmychildhood.我發(fā)現(xiàn)很難離開(kāi)這片土地,我在這里生活了30年,而且這里有我甜美的童年記憶?!安⒘惺健保莾蓚€(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的定語(yǔ)從句相互并列,中間由and或or連接,共同修飾一個(gè)先行詞,相互之間不包含,不修飾,不重疊,各行其是。3.多重式定語(yǔ)從句Isthereanything
you’dlikethatyoudon’tseeontheshelves?有沒(méi)有你想要的,但現(xiàn)在貨架上還沒(méi)有的東西?Ilikethetie
youwearwhichyoursistergavetoyouasabirthdaygift.我喜歡你佩戴的你姐姐送你作生日禮物的那條領(lǐng)帶?!岸嘀厥健?,是指兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句按先后順序和不同層次修飾先行詞。第二個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞不可省略,而第一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞一般都省略,中間不能用and連接。再如:Thesearethingswe’redoingthatdon’tmakesense.這些都是我們正在做的但沒(méi)有意義的事情。4.省略式定語(yǔ)從句在含將來(lái)意義的定語(yǔ)從句中,我們可以省略主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的一部分(主要是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞),而代之以“介詞+關(guān)系代詞+不定式”的形式,這種定語(yǔ)從句叫作省略式定語(yǔ)從句。Ihavesavedasumofmoneywithwhichtobuyanewcarformyself.我已經(jīng)攢了一筆錢(qián),要用這些錢(qián)為自己買(mǎi)一輛新車(chē)。本句的完整形式為:IhavesavedasumofmoneywithwhichI’dliketobuyanewcarformyself.Iwastryingtofindaplaceinwhichtolaythenewpiano.我在設(shè)法找一個(gè)能放這架新鋼琴的地方。本句的完整形式為:IwastryingtofindaplaceinwhichIcouldlaythenewpiano.【特別提示】
在這類(lèi)句子里,主句的主語(yǔ)必須與不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)一致,否則不可改為省略式定語(yǔ)從句。試比較:
Iwastryingtofindaplaceinwhichtolive.我在設(shè)法找一個(gè)我可以住的地方。Iwastryingtofindaplaceinwhichmyyoungerbrothercouldlive.我在設(shè)法找一個(gè)我弟弟可以住的地方。5.分隔式定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在被它修飾的先行詞之后,但有時(shí)候它和先行詞之間會(huì)插入其他成分,使得它與先行詞分隔開(kāi)來(lái),這種定語(yǔ)從句叫作分隔式定語(yǔ)從句。文章中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)這種情況,在閱讀時(shí)要注意識(shí)別從句修飾的對(duì)象。一般說(shuō)來(lái),定語(yǔ)從句被分隔開(kāi)來(lái)大致有以下三種情況:(1)先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句被一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)分隔。Therearequiteafewstudents
inourschoolwholikethisathleteverymuch.在我們學(xué)校有不少學(xué)生非常喜歡這位運(yùn)動(dòng)員。Thefilmbroughtthehours
backtomewhenIwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage.這部電影使我回想起我在那個(gè)遙遠(yuǎn)的村莊受到良好照顧的那些時(shí)光。(2)先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句被另一個(gè)定語(yǔ)分隔。Mygrandpahasapicture
byafamouspainterwhichwassenttohimforhisbirthday.我爺爺有一幅別人送給他作生日禮物的著名畫(huà)家的畫(huà)作。Aftergraduationshereachedapoint
inhercareerwhereshehadtodecidewhattodo.畢業(yè)后,她在職業(yè)生涯中到了一個(gè)必須決定做什么的時(shí)刻。(3)先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句被謂語(yǔ)分隔。此時(shí),先行詞通常是句子的主語(yǔ),因定語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng),主句謂語(yǔ)較短,為使句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡,常將定語(yǔ)從句移至謂語(yǔ)之后。Theprofessor
enteredthehallwhohadjustpresentedseverallectures.剛剛做完幾場(chǎng)報(bào)告的教授進(jìn)了大廳。Thedays
aregonewhenweChinesewerebulliedbytheinvaders.我們中國(guó)人受侵略者欺負(fù)的日子一去不復(fù)返了。七語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練Ⅰ.用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞完成下列句子。1.Hisnieceisadynamicgirl,
likestotravelinminorityareasorterritoriesoffthebeatentrack.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]2.Theycrossedthestraitandarrivedatasplendidvalley,
theycouldenjoythedistinctscenery.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]3.Thecouple,
weretiredofurbanlife,decidedtoliveinthesuburbsforsometime.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]4.Thissortofthing,
youhavealreadyexperiencedbefore,shouldcomeasnosurprise.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]5.Myfather,
hobbywascarvingstatues,boughtalotofpreciousstones.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]6.Thetouristscametoabotanicalgarden,
theysawtheflowersblooming.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]who
where
who
which
whose
where
7.Aglacierisalargemassofice
movesveryslowly,oftendownamountainvalley.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]8.Avalleyisanareaoflowlandbetweenmountains,especiallyone
hasariverflowingthroughit.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]9.Astraitisanarrowpassageofwater
connectstwoseasorlargeareasofwater.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]10.We’regoingtohostanationalfoodfestival,
youcansampleeverykindofdeliciouscuisine.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]11.Theancestorisapersoninyourfamily
livedalongtimeago.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]12.Thescenewaslikeabigblanket
unfoldedbeforeoureyes.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]13.InChinathereistheMid-AutumnFestival,
peopleadmirethemoonapartfromenjoyingmooncakes.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]14.Thiscreaturelivesinthedepthsoftheocean,
itissafe.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]that/which
that
that/which
when
that/who
that/which
when
where
15.Theyfoundaccommodationonthemountain,
theycouldgetagoodviewofthecountryside.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]16.Theoldmanlivesinasurroundingvillage,
youcanfindhishome.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]17.TouristsusuallygotoantiqueshopsinChinatown,in
theycanbuyelegantvases.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]18.Theymadetheirwaytothethemeparknearthechurch,around
stoodalotofstatues.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]19.Hisnieceisalovelygirl,
alwaysspeakstotheguestsinapolitemanner.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]20.Achurchisabuildingin
Christiansgotoworship.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]21.Astatueisalargesculptureofapersonorananimal,
ismadeofstoneormetal.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]22.Weshouldtrytoliveinharmonywithwildanimals,
arehumans’friends.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]where
where
which
which
who
which
which
which
23.Thecustomhascomedowntousfromourancestors,
developeditalongtimeago.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]24.Putthisitemoffurnitureinanunimportantpositioninthehouse,
itwon’tgetintheway.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]25.Agoatisafarmanimalorawildanimal
isaboutthesizeofasheep,whilealambisayoungsheep.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]26.Acamelisalargeanimal
livesindesertsandisusedforcarryinggoodsandpeople.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]27.Thefox,
hadwatchedthemfightingatadistance,raninbetweenthemandseizedthelamb.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]28.Theymadearesolutiontogoonahiketoaplace
therewasneithernoisenorpollution.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]who
where
that/which
that/which
which
where
29.Thesun’sraysbeatdownonthegrainsofsand,on
thecamelscouldnotwalk.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]30.Theyhavebuiltaparkinglotneartheneighborhood,
thereisachargeforparking.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]31.Aborderistheline
dividestwocountriesorareas.Bycontrast,aterritoryistheland
iscontrolledbyaparticularcountry.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]32.Hewenttothelittlehutandfetchedsomesausage,hamandabottle
containedliquid.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]33.Winterwasanawesometime
ancientpeoplewouldstarveiffoodwasdifficulttofind.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]34.Seaice,
polarbearsspendmuchoftheirlives,ismeltingfasterthanexpertspredicteditwould.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]35.Snowfellinthepolarregions,
itdidn’tmeltbutcollectedtogreatdepths.[詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)]which
where
that/which
that/which
that/which
when
where
where
Ⅱ.定語(yǔ)從句組合訓(xùn)練。根據(jù)所給的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)完成每個(gè)句子。1.(1)Tomwasoneoftheboys
praisedbytheheadmasteryesterday.(2)Tomwastheonlyoneoftheboys
praisedbytheheadmasteryesterday.A.whowasB.whowereC.whomwasD.whomwere2.(1)Thisisthehouse
mygrandfatherbuilthimself.(2)Thisisthehouse
mygrandfatheroncelived.(3)Thisisthehouse
mygrandfatheroncelivedin.(4)Thisisthehousein
mygrandfatheroncelived.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.不填3.(1)I’llneverforgetthewonderfuldays
wespentinthecountryside.(2)I’llneverforgetthewonderfuldays
weworkedinthecountryside.(3)I’llneverforgetthewonderfuldaysin
weplayedinthecountryside.A.whenB.thatC.whichD.不填B
A
A、C、D
B
A、C、D
C
B、C、D
A
C
4.(1)Isthisthereason
heexplainedforhisbeinglate?(2)Isthisthereason
hewaslateforclass?(3)Isthisreason
hegaveforhisbeinglate?A.whyB.whichC.theoneD.不填5.(1)Doyouunderstand
theteacherspokeaboutatthelecture?(2)Doyouunderstandall
theteacherspokeaboutatthelecture?(3)Doyouunderstand
thattheteacherspokeaboutatthelecture?A.thatB.whatC.allD.不填6.(1)Shehastwosons,
arecollegestudents.(2)Shehastwosons,and
arecollegestudents.A.bothofthemB.bothofwhomC.ofwhombothD.bothofwhoB、D
A
C
B、C
A、D
C
B、C
A
7.(1)Theoldmanstilllivesinthehut,
windowsfacenorth.(2)Theoldmanstilllivesinthehut,thewindows
facenorth.(3)Theoldmanstilllivesinthehut
liesinthenorthofthevillage.(4)Theoldmanstilllivesinthehut
hehaslivedformorethanfiftyyears.A.whichB.whoseC.whereD.ofwhich8.(1)
leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.(2)
wholeavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.(3)
wholeavetheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.A.AnyoneB.WhoC.ThoseD.Whoever9.(1)Itisalongtime
hiselderbrotherjoinedthearmy.(2)Itwillnotbealongtime
hereturnshome.(3)Itwasabouteightyearsago
thewomanmadeagreatdiscovery.(4)Ithappenedthreemonthsago
Iwasstillstudyinginamedicalcollege.A.thatB.beforeC.whenD.sinceB
D
A
C
D
A
C
D
B
A
C
10.(1)
iswellknownthatChinaisrichinnaturalresources.(2)
iswellknown,Chinaisrichinnaturalresources.(3)Chinaisrichinnaturalresources,
iswellknown.A.Which/whichB.As/asC.It/itD.That/thatC
B
A、B
Languagepoints1Theseindustries,inturn,givejobstothelocalpopulation,whosewelfaredependsontourism.
這些產(chǎn)業(yè)反過(guò)來(lái)又為當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裉峁┝司蜆I(yè)機(jī)會(huì),當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦母@蕾?lài)于旅游業(yè)。welfare
n.幸福,福祉;福利Thesearemattersthatbearonthewelfareofthecommunity.這些都是關(guān)系到社會(huì)福利的事情?!驹~塊背誦】welfareofmankind人類(lèi)的幸福thecommunitywelfare社會(huì)福利onwelfare依靠福利救濟(jì)的完成句子(1)Thewelfareoftheindividualisboundupwith
(社會(huì)福利).(2)Mostofthefamiliesinthisneighborhoodare
(靠福利救濟(jì)的).thecommunitywelfare
onwelfare
2Thepricesoftouristessentialssuchastransport,accommodationandfoodusuallyincreasetoo,whichbringsevenmorewealthtothesurroundingcommunity.交通、住宿和食物等旅游必需品的價(jià)格通常也會(huì)上漲,這給周邊社區(qū)帶來(lái)了更多的財(cái)富。accommodation
n.住處;住宿,膳宿Theseaccommodationsareafarcryfromwhatshe’sbeenusedto.這些膳宿供應(yīng)與她所習(xí)慣了的相差甚遠(yuǎn)?!就卣埂縜ccommodatev.提供住宿;容納;給……提供方便;適應(yīng)(新情況)搭配:accommodateto適應(yīng)Hereyestookawhiletoaccommodatetothedarkness.過(guò)了一會(huì)兒,她的眼睛才適應(yīng)了黑暗。單句語(yǔ)法填空(1)Youshouldsoonaccommodateyourself
thenewcircumstance.(2)Youmaywellneedtolookoutsideyourpreferredareatofindaffordable_________________
(accommodate).to
accommodation
surrounding
adj.周?chē)?,附近的Thesurroundingvillageshavebeenabsorbedintothegrowingcity.周?chē)拇迩f已經(jīng)并入了那個(gè)不斷擴(kuò)展的城市?!就卣埂浚?)surroundingsn.周?chē)氖挛铮h(huán)境
Shewasinunfamiliarsurroundingswithstrangepeople.她周?chē)悄吧沫h(huán)境和陌生的人。(2)surroundv.圍繞,環(huán)繞搭配:besurroundedby/with...被……環(huán)繞/包圍Thescientistwasimmediatelysurroundedbystudents.那位科學(xué)家立即被學(xué)生們圍住了?!颈嫖觥縮urroundings與environmentsurroundings指周?chē)沫h(huán)境;environment可指自然環(huán)境,也可指影響人或事物的行為或發(fā)展的環(huán)境。單句語(yǔ)法填空(1)Thehouse
(surround)byalargegardenwitharockery.(2)Foxesstartedcominginfromthe
(surround)countryside.(3)Thereisscientificevidencetosupportourinstinctthatbeingsurrounded
plantsisgoodforhealth.(4)Helivesinahouse
(surround)bytrees.
is/wassurrounded
surrounding
with/by
surrounded
3However,boomingbusinessisnotalwaysabedofroses.但是,蓬勃發(fā)展的商業(yè)并非總是十全十美。(not)abedofroses/(not)allroses(并非)輕松的境況,(并非)令人愉快的情況Theirlifetogetherhasn’texactlybeenabedofroses.他們?cè)谝黄鸬纳畈⒉皇中腋?。Iknowlifeisnotallroses,butstill,that’sjusttoomuch.我知道人生并不總是康莊大道,可困難也太多了?!驹~塊背誦】undertherose秘密地完成句子(1)Weallknewthatlifewasnotlikelytobe
(輕松的境況)backinEngland.(2)Dowhatyoulike
(秘密地),butdon’tgiveasignofwhatyou’redoing.allroses/abedofroses
undertherose4...manandnatureliveinharmony...……人與自然和諧相處……h(huán)armonyn.融洽,和睦;和諧搭配
inharmonywith與……和諧outofharmony不和諧;不協(xié)調(diào) Yoursuggestionsarenotinharmonywiththeaimsofthisproject.你的建議與本項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)不符。Theviolinwasoutofharmonywiththerestoftheinstruments.小提琴拉得與其他樂(lè)器不諧調(diào)?!就卣埂縣armonizev.(和某事物)和諧;為(主調(diào))配和聲搭配:harmonizewith與……協(xié)調(diào)Thecarharmonizeswithyouexactly.這車(chē)與你真相稱(chēng)。單句語(yǔ)法填空(1)Peopleneedtolive
harmonywithnatureandconservetheenvironment.(2)Therewasnotmuch
(harmonize)ininternationalaffairsduringthoseyears.(3)Oneofthepleasuresofsingingistoharmonize
theothervoices.inharmonywith5Asresourcesareusedmorerapidlythantheycanbesustained...由于資源的利用速度快于其可持續(xù)性……sustain
vt.使保持,使穩(wěn)定持續(xù);維持Recoverycan’tbesustainedunlessmorejobsarecreated.除非創(chuàng)造更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì),否則復(fù)蘇無(wú)法持續(xù)?!驹~塊背誦】sustainlife維持生命
sustainablegrowth/development可持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)/發(fā)展單句語(yǔ)法填空(1)I
(sustain)bylettersofsupportandwhatpeoplesaytomeinordinarydailylife.(2)Intheirnation,they’vejuststartedtotakeafreshlookatour
(sustain)developmentstrategy.amsustainedsustainable6Whilethephysicalcharacteristicsofthelandmaybeatriskfromtourism,theculturalaspectsofthedestinationarealsoputinharm’sway.在土地的物理特性可能受到旅游業(yè)威脅的同時(shí),旅游目的地的文化方面也會(huì)受到損害。while引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句WouldyoulookafterthechildrenwhileIdotheshopping?我買(mǎi)東西時(shí)你能不能照看一下孩子們?【說(shuō)明】(1)while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。意為“雖然;盡管”,相當(dāng)于though/although。WhileIunderstandwhatyousay,Ican’tagreewithyou.雖然我理解你說(shuō)的話,但我不能同意。(2)while意為“當(dāng)……時(shí)”,引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的。WhileMarywaswritingaletter,thechildrenwereplayingoutside.瑪麗寫(xiě)信時(shí),孩子們?cè)谕饷嫱嫠?。?)while意為“而,卻”,作并列連詞,位于句中,連接分句,表示前后意義上的對(duì)比或轉(zhuǎn)折。There’splentyofraininthesoutheast,whilethere’slittleinthenorthwest.東南部雨量充足,而西北部則很少下雨?!菊`區(qū)警示】while,when,as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別:while表示一段時(shí)間和某一過(guò)程,必須與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用;when既可以表示時(shí)間段,也可以表示時(shí)間點(diǎn),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是終止性的,也可以是持續(xù)性的;
as表示兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行,有時(shí)有伴隨意味,可譯為“一邊……一邊……”。單句語(yǔ)法填空(1)
Iadmithisgoodpoints,Icanseehisbadpoints.(2)Thefirsttwoservicesarefree,
thethirdcosts£35.辨析填空:while/when/as(3)Hewasstillstudying
theothersweresleeping.(4)
Iwaswalkingdownthestreet,Inoticedapolicecarinfrontofthestore.(5)Iwaswanderingthroughthestreet
Icaughtsightofashop.完成句子(6)
(雖然我承認(rèn)這些問(wèn)題很難),Idon’tagreethattheycannotbesettled.While/Though/Althoughwhilewhile
When/While/AswhenWhile/Although/ThoughIadmittheproblemsaredifficult7Itisimportanttotravelinanenvironmentallyfriendlymanner.以環(huán)保的方式旅行是很重要的。manner
n.方式,方法;舉止;(manners)禮貌;禮儀;習(xí)俗;規(guī)矩搭配
ina(n)...manner以……方式/方法Itisgood/badmannerstodosth.做某事是有/沒(méi)有禮貌的。 【詞塊背誦】havegood/badmanners有/沒(méi)有禮貌tablemanners餐桌禮儀【說(shuō)明】“用這種方式”的譯法Inthisway/mannerbythismeans
withthismethod單句語(yǔ)法填空(1)Theworkshouldhavebeendone
amoresatisfactorymanner.(2)Hebelievedinthestudentsbeingtaught
thetranslati
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