2021年全國(guó)碩士研究生招生考試英語(yǔ)二試題

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2021年全國(guó)碩士研究生招生考試

英語(yǔ)（二）試題

（科目代碼：202）

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SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)fbreachnumberedblankandmarkA.B,C

orDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Ifsnotdifficulttosettargetsfbrstaff.Itismuchharder,1.tounderstandtheirnegative

consequences.Mostwork-relatedbehaviorshavemultiplecomponents.2_oneandtheothers

becomedistorted.

TravelonaLondonbusandyou'll3seehowthisworkswithdrivers.Watchpeopleget

onandshowtheirtickets.Aretheycarefullyinspected?Never.Dopeoplegetonwithout

paying?Ofcourse!Arethereinspectorsto4thatpeoplehavepaid?Possibly,butveryfew.

Andpeoplewhorunfbrthebus?Theyarc5.Howaboutjumpinglights?Busesdosoalmost

asfrequentlyascyclists.

Why?Becausethetargetis6.Peoplecomplainedthatbuseswerelateandinfrequent.7,

thenumberofbusesandbuslaneswereincreased,anddriverswere8_orpunished

accordingtothetimetheytook.Anddrivershitthesetargets.Butthey9hitcyclists.Ifthe

targetwaschangedto10,youwouldhavemoreinspectorsandmoresensitivepricing.Ifthe

criterionchangedtosafety,youwouldgetmore11driverswhoobeyedtrafficlaws.Butboth

thesecriteriawouldbeattheexpenseoftime.

Thereisanotherj_2:peoplebecameimmenselyinventiveinhittingtargets.HaveyouB

thatyoucanleaveonaflightanhourlatebutstillarriveonlime?Tailwinds?Ofcoursenot!

Airlineshavesimplychangedthetimea14ismeanttotake.Aone-hourflightisnowbilled

asatwo-hourflight.

The15ofthestoryissimple.Mostjobsaremultidimensional,withmultiplecriteria.

Chooseonecriterionandyoumaywell16others.Everythingcanbedonefasterandmade

cheaper,butthereisa17Settingtargetscananddoeshaveunforeseennegativeconsequences.

Thisisnotanargumentagainsttarget-setting.Butitisanargumentforexploring

consequencesfirst.Allgoodtargetsshouldhavemultiplecriteria18criticalfactorssuchas

time,money,qualityandcustomerfeedback.Thetrickisnotonlyto19justoneoreventwo

dimensionsoftheobjective,butalsotounderstandhowtohelppeoplebetter20theobjective.

英語(yǔ)（二）試題.1.（共14頁(yè)）

1.[A]therefore[B]however[C]again[D]moreover

2.[A]Emphasize[B]Identify[C]Assess[D]Explain

3.[A]nearly[B]curiously[C]eagerly[D]quickly

4.[A]claim[B]prove[C]check[D]recall

5.[A]threatened[B]ignored[C]mocked[D]blamed

6.|Ajpunctuality|B]hospitality[C]competition[D]innovation

7.[A]Yet[B]So[C]Besides[D]Still

8.[A]hired[B]trained[C]rewarded[D]grouped

9.[A]only[B1rather[C]once[D1also

10.[A]comfortB]revenueIC]efficiency[DJsecurity

11.[A]friendly[B]quiet[C]cautious[D]diligent

12.[Apurpose[B]problem[C]prejudice[D]policy

13.[A]reported[B]revealedIC]admittedID]noticed

14.[A]break[B]trip[C]departure[D]transfer

15.[A]moral[B]background[C]style[D]form

16.[A]interpret(B|criticize[C]sacrifice[D]tolerate

17.[AJtask[B]secretICJproduct[D]cost

18.[A]leadingto[B]callingfbr[C]relatingto[D]accountingfbr

19.[A]specify[B]predict[C]restore[D]create

20.[A]modify[B]review[C]present[D]achieve

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,Cor

D.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

英語(yǔ)（二）試題.2.（共14頁(yè)）

“Rcskilling"issomethingthatsoundslikeabuzzwordbutisactuallyarequirementif

weplantohaveafuturewherealotofwould-bcworkersdonotgetleftbehind.Wcknowwc

arcmovingintoaperiodwherethejobsindemandwillchangerapidly,aswillthe

requirementsofthejobsthatremain.ResearchbytheWorldEconomicForumfindsthaton

average42percentofthe**coreskills'*withinjobroleswillchangeby2022.Thatisavery

shorttimeline.

Thequestionofwhoshouldpayfbrreskillingisathornyone.Forindividualcompanies,

thetemptationisalwaystoletgoofworkerswhoseskillsarenolongerindemandandreplace

themwiththosewhoseskillsarc.Thatdoesnotalwayshappen.AT&Tisoftengivenasthe

goldstandardofacompanywhodecidedtodoamassivereskillingprogramratherthango

withafire-and-hircstrategy.OthercompaniesincludingAmazonandDisneyhadalsopledged

tocreatetheirownplans.Whentheskillsmismatchisinthebroadereconomythough,the

fbcususuallyturnstogovernmenttohandle.EffortsinCanadaandelsewherehavebeen

arguablylanguidatbest,andhavegivenusasituationwherewefrequentlyhearofemployers

beggingfhrworkers,evenattimesandinregionswhereunemploymentishigh.

Withthepandemic,unemploymentisveryhighindeed.InFebruary,at3.5percentand

5.5percentrespectively,unemploymentratesinCanadaandtheUnitedStateswereat

generationallowsandworkershortageswereeverywhere.AsofMay.thoserateshadspiked

upto13.3percentand13.7percent,andalthoughmanyworkershortageshaddisappeared,

notallhaddoneso.Inthemedicalfield,totakeanobviousexample,thepandemicmeantthat

therewerestillclearshortagesofdoctors,nursesandothermedicalpersonnel.

Ofcourse,itisnotlikeyoucantakeanunemployedwaiterandtrainhimtobeadoctor

inafewweeks,nomatterwhopaysfbrit.Butevenifyoucannotclosethatgap.maybeyou

cancloseolhers,anddoingsowouldbetothebenefitofallconcerned.Thatseemstobethe

caseinSweden:Whenforcedtofurlough90percentoftheircabinstaff,Scandinavian

Airlinesdecidedtostartupashortretrainingprogramthatreskillcdthelaid-offworkersto

supporthospitalstaff.Theeffortwasacollectiveoneandinvolvedothercompaniesaswell

asaSwedishuniversity.

21.ResearchbytheWorldEconomicForumsuggests

[Aanincreaseinfull-timeemployment

[B]anurgentdemandfbrnewjobskills

[C]asteadygrowthofjobopportunities

[DIacontroversyaboutthe"coreskills"

英語(yǔ)（二）試題3（共14頁(yè)）

22.AT&Tiscitedtoshow.

[A]analternativetothefire-and-hirestrategy

[B]animmediateneedforgovernmentsupport

[C]theimportanceofstaffappraisalstandards

[D]thecharacteristicsofrcskillingprograms

23.EffortstoresolvetheskillsmismatchinCanada

[Ahavedrivenuplabourcosts

[B]haveprovedtobeinconsistent

[C]havemetwithfierceopposition

IDhaveappearedtobeinsufficient

24.WccanIcamfromParagraph3thattherewas

[A]acallfbrpolicyadjustment

IBIachangeinhiringpractices

[C]alackofmedicalworkers

[D]asignofeconomicrecovery

25.ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedto.

[Ajcreatejobvacanciesfbrtheunemployed

[B]preparetheirlaid-ofTworkersfbrotherjobs

[C]retraintheircabinstafffbrbetterservices

[D]financetheirstaffscollegeeducation

Text2

Withtheglobalpopulationpredictedtohitcloseto10billionby2050,andforecaststhat

agriculturalproductioninsomeregionswillneedtonearlydoubletokeeppace,foodsecurity

isincreasinglymakingheadlines.IntheUK,ithasbecomeabigtalkingpointrecentlytoo.

foraratherparticularreason:Brexit.

BrexitisseenbysomeasanopportunitytoreversearecenttrendtowardstheUK

importingfood.Thecountryproducesonlyabout60percentofthefooditeats,downfrom

almostthree-quartersinthelate1980s.Amovebacktoself-sufficiency,theargumentgoes,

wouldboostthefarmingindustry,politicalsovereigntyandeventhenation'shealth.Sounds

great—buthowfeasibleisthisvision?

英語(yǔ)（二）試題.4.（共14頁(yè)）

AccordingtoareportonUKfoodproductionfromtheUniversityofLeeds,UK,85per

centofthecountry'stotallandareaisassociatedwithmeatanddairyproduction.Thatsupplies

80percentofwhatisconsumed,soevencoveringthewholecountryinlivestockfarms

wouldn'tallowustocoverallourmeatanddairyneeds.

Therearemanycaveatstothosefigures,buttheyarestillgrave.Tobecomemuchmore

self-sufficient,theUKwouldneedtodrasticallyreduceitsconsumptionofanimalfoods,and

probablyalsofarmmoreintensively—meaningfewergreenfieldsandmorefactory-style

production.

Butswitchingtoamainlyplant-baseddietwouldn'thelp.Thereisagoodreasonwhythe

UKisdominatedbyanimalhusbandry:mostofitsterraindocsn,thavetherightsoi1orclimate

togrowcropsonacommercialbasis.Just25percentofthecountry'slandissuitableforcrop-

growing,mostofwhichisalreadyoccupiedbyarablefields.Evenifwcconvertedallthe

suitablelandtofieldsoffruitandveg—whichwouldinvolvetakingoutallthenaturereserves

andremovingthousandsofpeoplefromtheirhomes—wewouldachieveonlya30percent

boostincropproduction.

Just23percentofthefruitandvegetablesconsumedintheUKarecurrentlyhome-grown,

soevenwiththemostextrememeasureswecouldmeetonly30percentofourfreshproduce

needs.Thatisbeforewelookfbrthespacetogrowthegrains,sugars,seedsandoilsthat

provideuswiththevastbulkofourcurrentcaloricintake.

26.Somepeoplearguethatfoodself-sufficiencyintheUKwould

[A]behinderedbyitspopulationgrowth

B]contributetothenation'swell-being

[C]becomeapriorityofthegovernment

D]poseachallengetoitsfarmingindustry

27.ThereportbytheUniversityofLeedsshowsthatintheUK

[A]farmlandhasbeenineftkientlyutilized

B]factory-styleproductionneedsreforming

[C]mostlandisusedformeatanddairyproduction

[D]moregreenfieldswillbeconvertedfbrfanning

28.Crop-growingintheUKisrestricteddueto

[A]itsfarmingtechnology

英語(yǔ)（二）試題.5.（共14頁(yè)）

B]itsdietarytradition

[C]itsnaturalconditions

[DIitscommercialinterests

29.ItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatBritishpeople

[A]relylargelyonimportsfbrfreshproduce

[Blenjoyasteadyriseinfruitconsumption

[C]areseekingeffectivewaystocutcalorieintake

[D]arctryingtogrownewvarietiesofgrains

30.Theauthorsattitudetofoodself-sufficiencyintheUKis

[A]defensive

[B]doubtful

[C]tolerant

[D]optimistic

Text3

WhenMicrosoftboughttaskmanagementappWunderlistandmobilecalendarSunrise

in2015,itpickedtwonewcomersthatwereattractingconsiderablebuzzinSiliconValley.

Microsoft'sownOfficedominatesthemarketfbr“productivity“software,butthestart-ups

representedanewwaveoftechnologydesignedfromthegroundupfbrthesmartphoneworld.

Bothapps,however,werelaterscrapped,afterMicrosoftsaidithadusedtheirbest

featuresinitsownproducts.Theirteamsofengineersstayedon,makingthemtwoofthemany

acqui-hires"thatthebiggestcompanieshaveusedtofeedtheirgreathungerfbrtechtalent.

ToMicrosoft'scritics,thefatesofWunderlistandSunriseareexamplesofaremorseless

drivebyBigTechtochewupanyinnovativecompaniesthatlieintheirpath.**Theybought

theseedlingsandclosedthemdown,"complainedPaulArnold,apartneratSanFrancisco-

basedSwitchVentures,puttinganendtobusinessesthatmightonedayturnintocompetitors.

Microsoftdeclinedtocomment.

Likeotherstart-upinvestors,Mr.Arnold'sownbusinessoftendependsonsellingstart-

upstolargertechcompanies,thoughheadmitstomixedfeelingsabouttheresult:**Ithink

thesethingsaregoodibrme,ifIputmyselfishhaton.ButarctheygoodfbrtheAmerican

economy?Idon'tknow."

TheUSFederalTradeCommissionsaysitwantstofindtheanswertothatquestion.This

英語(yǔ)（二）試題.6.（共14頁(yè)）

week,itaskedthefivemostvaluableUStechcompaniesfbrinformationabouttheirmany

smallacquisitionsoverthepastdecade.Althoughonlyaresearchprojectatthisstage,the

requesthasraisedtheprospectofregulatorswadingintoearly-stagetechmarketsthatuntil

nowhavebeenbeyondtheirreach.

Giventheircombinedmarketvalueofmorethan$5.5trillion,riflingthroughsuchsmall

deals—manyofthemmuchlessprominentthanWunderlistandSunrise—mightseembeside

thepoint.Betweenthem,thefivebiggesttechcompanieshavespentanaverageofonly$3.4

billionayearonsub-$1billionacquisitionsoverthepastfiveyears—adropintheocean

comparedwiththeirmassivefinancialreserves,andthemorethan$130billionofventure

capitalthatwasinvestedintheUSlastyear.

However,criticssaythebigcompaniesusesuchdealstobuytheirmostthreatening

potentialcompetitorsbeforetheirbusinesseshaveachancetogainmomentum,insomecases

aspartofa,*buyandkill"tactictosimplyclosethemdown.

31.WhatistrueaboutWunderlistandSunriseaftertheiracquisitions?

[A]Theirengineerswereretained.

'BJTheirmarketvaluesdeclined.

"C]Theirtechfeaturesimproved.

D]Theirproductswerere-priced.

32.Microsoft'scriticsbelievethatthebigtechcompaniestendto

[A]exaggeratetheirproductquality

IB]eliminatetheirpotentialcompetitors

[CJtreatnewtechtalentunfairly

[DIignorepublicopinions

33.PaulArnoldisconcernedthatsmallacquisitionsmight.

[A]weakenbigtechcompanies

IB]worsenmarketcompetition

[C]harmthenationaleconomy

D]discouragestart-upinvestors

34.TheUSFederalTradeCommissionintendsto.

A]limitBigTech*sexpansion

B]encourageresearchcollaboration

[C]examinesmallacquisitions

英語(yǔ)（二）試題.7.（共14頁(yè)）

D]supervisestart-ups*operation

35.Forthefivebiggesttechcompanies,theirsmallacquisitionshave

:A]broughtlittlefinancialpressure

B]raisedfewmanagementchallenges

[C]setanexamplefbrfuturedeals

[D]generatedconsiderableprofits

Text4

WeYefairlygoodatjudgingpeoplebasedonfirstimpressions,thinslicesofexperience

rangingfromaglimpseofaphototofive-minuteinteraction,anddeliberationcanbenotonly

extraneousbutintrusive.Inonestudyoftheabilityshecalled**thinslicing,"thelate

psychologistNaliniAmbadyaskedparticipantstowatchsilent1O-secondvideoclipsof

professorsandtoratetheinstructorsoveralleffectiveness.Theirratingscorrelatedstrongly

withstudents*cnd-ofAscmcstcrratings.Anothersetofparticipantshadtocountbackward

from1.000byninesastheywatchedtheclips,occupyingtheirconsciousworkingmemory.

Theirratingswerejustasaccurate,demonstratingtheintuitivenatureofthesocialprocessing.

Critically,anothergroupwasaskedtospendaminutewritingdownreasonsfortheir

judgment,beforegivingtherating.Accuracydroppeddramatically.Ambadysuspectedthat

deliberationfocusedthemonvividbutmisleadingcues,suchascertaingesturesorutterances,

ratherthanlettingthecomplexinterplayofsubtlesignalsformaholisticimpression.Shefound

similarinterferencewhenparticipantswatched15-secondclipsofpairsofpeopleandjudged

whethertheywerestrangers,friends,ordatingpartners.

Otherresearchshowswe'rebelteratdetectingdeceptionfromthinsliceswhenwcrely

onintuitioninsteadofreflection.**Ifsasifyou'redrivingastickshift/*saysJudithHall,a

psychologistatNortheasternUniversity,**andifyoustartthinkingaboutittoomuch,you

can'trememberwhatyou'redoing.Butifyougoonautomaticpilot,you'refine.Muchofour

sociallifeislikethat."

Thinkingtoomuchcanalsoharmourabilitytoformpreferences.Collegestudents'

ratingsofstrawberryjamsandcollegecoursesalignedbelterwithexperts'opinionswhenthe

studentsweren'taskedtoanalyzetheirrationale.Andpeoplemadecar-buyingdecisionsthat

werebothobjectivelybetterandmorepersonallysatisfyingwhenaskedtofocusontheir

feelingsratherthanondetails,butonlyifthedecisionwascomplex—whentheyhadalotof

informationtoprocess.

Intuition'sspecialpowersarcunleashedonlyincertaincircumstances.Inonestudy,

participantscompletedabatteryofeighttasks,includingfourthattappedreflectivethinking

英語(yǔ)（二）試題8（共14頁(yè)）

(discerningrules,comprehendingvocabulary)andfourthattappedintuitionandcreativity

(generatingnewproductsorfiguresofspeech).Thentheyratedthedegreetowhichtheyhad

usedintuition("gutfeelings."**hunches/***myheartM).Useoftheirguthurttheir

performanceonthefirstfourtasks,asexpected,andhelpedthemontherest.Sometimesthe

heartissmarterthanthehead.

36NaliniAmbady'sstudydealswith.

[A]thepowerofpeople'smemory

[B]thereliabilityoffirstimpressions

[C]instructor-studentinteraction

[D]people'sabilitytoinfluenceothers

37.InAmbady'sstudy,ratingaccuracydroppedwhenparticipants

[A]focusedonspecificdetails

[B]gavetheratinginlimitedtime

[C]watchedshortervideoclips

[D]discussedwithoneanother

38.JudithHallmentionsdrivingtoshowthat.

[A]reflectioncanbedistracting

[B]memorymaybeselective

[C]socialskillsmustbecultivated

[DIdeceptionisdifficulttodetect

39.Whenyouaremakingcomplexdecisions,itisadvisableto

[A1collectenoughdata

[B]listyourpreferences

[C]seekexpertadvice

[D]followyourfeelings

40.WhatcanweIcamfromthelastparagraph?

[A]Generatingnewproductstakestime.

IB]Intuitionmayaffectreflectivetasks.

[ClVocabularycomprehensionneedscreativity.

[D]Objectivethinkingmayboostintuitiveness.

英語(yǔ)（二）試題.9.（共14頁(yè)）

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheading

fromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(4145).Therearctwoextrasubheadings

whichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Staycalm.

[B]Stayhumble.

[C]Decidewhethertowait.

[D]Berealisticabouttherisks.

[E]Don'tmakejudgements.

[FjIdentifyasharedgoal.

[G]Askpermissiontodisagree.

Howtodisagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyou

Yourbossproposesanewinitiativeyouthinkwon'twork.Yourseniorcolleagueoutlines

aprojecttimelineyoubelieveisunrealistic.Whatdoyousaywhenyoudisagreewithsomeone

whohasmorepowerthanyoudo?Howdoyoudecidewhetherit'sworthspeakingup?And

ifyoudo,whatexactlyshouldyousay?Here*showtodisagreewithsomeonemorepowerful

thanyou.

41.

Youmaydecideit'sbesttoholdoffonvoicingyouropinion.Maybeyouhaven'tfinished

thinkingtheproblemthrough,oryouwanttogetaclearersenseofwhatthegroupthinks.If

youthinkotherpeoplearcgoingtodisagree,too,youmightwanttogatheryourarmyfirst.

Peoplecancontributeexperienceorinformationtoyourthinking—allthethingsthatwould

makethedisagreementstrongerormorevalid.Itsalsoagoodideatodelaytheconversation

ifyouareinameetingorotherpublicspace.Discussingtheissueinprivatewillmakethe

powerfulpersonfeellessthreatened.

42.

Beforeyoushareyourthoughts,thinkaboutwhatthepowerfulpersoncaresabout-it

maybethecredibilityoftheirteamorgettingaprojectdoneontime.You'remorelikelyto

beheardifyoucanconnectyourdisagreementtoahigherpurpose.Whenyoudospeakup,

don'tassumethelinkwillbeclear.You'llwanttostateitovertly,contextualizingyour

statementssothatyou'reseennotasadisagreeablesubordinatebut英語(yǔ)(二)試題,11.(共

14頁(yè))

asacolleaguewho'stryingtoadvanceacommonobjective.Thediscussionwillthenbecome

morelikeachessgamethanaboxingmatch.

43.

Thisstepmaysoundoverlydeferential,butifsasmartwaytogivethepowerfulperson

psychologicalsafetyandcontrol.Youcansaysomethinglike,**Iknowwcseemtobemoving

towardafirst-quartercommitmenthere.Ihavereasonstothinkthatwon'twork.I'dliketolay

outmyreasoning.WouldthatbeOK?”Thisgivesthepersonachoice,allowinghimto

verballyoptin.And,assuminghesaysyes,itwillmakeyoufeelmoreconfidentaboutvoicing

yourdisagreement.

44.

Youmightfeelyourheartracingoryourfaceturningred,butdowhateveryoucanto

remainneutralinbothyourwordsandactions.Whenyourbodylanguagecommunicates

reluctanceoranxiety,itundercutsthemessage.Itsendsamixedmessage,andyour

counterpartgetstochoosewhatsignalstoread.Deepbreathscanhelp,ascanspeakingmore

slowlyanddeliberately.Whenwefeelpanicky,wetendtotalklouderandfaster.Simply

slowingthepaceandtalkinginaneventonehelpstheotherpersoncooldownanddocsthe

samefbryou.Italsomakesyouseemconfident,evenifyouaren't.

45.

Emphasizethatyou'reonlyofferingyouropinion,notgospeltruth.Itmaybeawell-

informed,well-researchedopinion,butit'sstillanopinion,sotalktentativelyandslightly

understateyourconfidence.Insteadofsaying:**Ifwesetanend-of-quarterdeadline,wewill

nevermakeit,"say,"Thisisjustmyopinion,butIdon'tseehowwewillmakethatdeadline."

Havingassertedyouropinion(asaposition,notasafact),demonstrateequalcuriosityabout

otherviews.Remindthepersonthatthisisyourpointofview,andtheninvitecritique.Be

opentohearingotheropinions.

英語(yǔ)（二）試題』2.（共14頁(yè)）

SectionIDTranslation

46.Directions:

TranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWER

SHEET.(15points)

Wetendtothinkthatfriendsandfamilymembersarcourbiggestsourcesofconnection,

laughter,andwarmth.Whilethatmaywellbetrue,researchershavealsorecentlyfoundthat

interactingwithstr