考研英語一真題-答案詳解

2012年考研英語一真題及答案詳解SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust.Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,convincingaslaw.1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable20.[A]byallmesns[B]atallcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresultSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Comeon–Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas[A]asupplementtothesocialcure[B]astimulustogroupdynamics[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers[B]learnfromadvertisers’experience[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis[A]harmful[B]desirable[C]profound[D]questionable

Text2Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove.Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement–especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.26.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.1)isclosestinmeaningto[A]condemning.[B]reaffirming.[C]dishonoring.[D]securing.27.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.[B]seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.28.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits[A]managerialpractices.[B]technicalinnovativeness.[C]financialgoals.[D]businessvision29.Intheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewilltest[A]Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitspromises.[B]thematureofstates’patchworkregulations.[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.[D]thelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearissues.30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.[D]Vermont’sreputationmightbedamaged.Text3Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim–aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits[A]uncertaintyandcomplexity.[B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness.[C]logicalityandobjectivity.[D]systematicnessandregularity.32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires[A]strictinspection.[B]sharedefforts.[C]individualwisdom.[D]persistentinnovation.33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit[A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.34.AlbertSzent-Gy?rgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat[A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.[C]EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.Text4IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain’sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate’sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers’unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers’unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.36.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat[A]Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.[B]JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.[C]unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.[D]thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.37.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?[A]Public-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.[B]Educationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.[D]Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectoris[A]illegallysecured.[B]indirectlyaugmented.[C]excessivelyincreased.[D]fairlyadjusted.39.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.[B]canchangepeople’spoliticalattitudes.[C]maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.[D]aredominantinthegovernment.40.JohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,themailaswellasthemailcarrier.(41)Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproduction,meansofdistribution,siteofreception,andplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculturemachine.Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsotreadwithcaution.(42)Icallitasecretwarfortworeasons.First,mostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.Second,themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyaredoing.Allanimalsdownload,butonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yetforthemostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods-paintings,sculptureandarchitecture-andsuperfluousexperiences-music,literature,religionandphilosophy.(43)Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuckindownloadmode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,withasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.(44)Televisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.(45)Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof"stickiness"-creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.[A]Ofcourse,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimatelywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.[B]Applicationslike,whichallowuserstocombinepictures,wordsandothermediaincreativewaysandthensharethem,havethepotentialtoaddstickinessbyamusing,entertainingandenlighteningothers.[C]Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.[D]Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploading-betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation-whoseoutcomewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.[E]ThechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.[F]Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-century,muchoftheworld'smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium-television-andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading.[G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreversetheflow,toencouragethoughtfuldownloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,meaningfuluploading.PartCDirections:[NxtPage]SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:Someinternationalsstudentsarecomingtoyouruniversity.WritethemanemailinthenameoftheStudents’Unionto1)extendyourwelcomeand2)providesomesuggestionsfortheircampuslifehere.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress(10points)PartB52.Directions:writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould1)describethedrawingbriefly2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)SectionIUseofEnglish1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A10.B11.A12.C13.C14.D15.A16.C17.A18.C19.D20.DSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA21.D22.B23.A24.C25.D26.C27.D28.A29.D30.A31.A32.B33.B34.D35.C36.C37.D38.B39.C40.APartB41.C42.D43.A44.F45.GPartC在物理學(xué)領(lǐng)域，有一種研究方法將這種尋找普遍原則的沖動發(fā)揮到極致，它尋求一種萬物理論，即用一個生成公式解釋我們看到的一切事物。在此，達(dá)爾文主義似乎提供了一種合理解釋，因為如果人類擁有共同起源，那么似乎我們就有理由認(rèn)為文化多樣性同樣可以追溯到更為單一的源頭。如果將特殊性從共性中剔除，我們也許能夠理解復(fù)雜的文化行為的起源，以及其產(chǎn)生的進化和認(rèn)知因素。做出又一嘗試是的喬舒亞?格林伯格，他對普遍性進行了更為實證性的研究，識別出眾多語言的共有特征（尤其是語序上的特征），而人們認(rèn)為這些特征代表了因受認(rèn)知所限而產(chǎn)生的偏見。50.喬姆斯基的語法應(yīng)該表明語言變化的模式，這些模式獨立于語系或語系間交織的路徑，而格林伯格的普遍性理論則預(yù)測了特定語序關(guān)系間存在緊密的共存關(guān)系。SectionⅠUseofEnglish2012年的完型填空是有關(guān)美國司法官倫理和政治關(guān)系的一篇文章，出自NewYorkTimes,June,30th,2011的“Ethics,PoliticsandtheLaw”一文。選材回歸了2000年完型曾出過的法律類文章，而且和當(dāng)年一樣，也是包含幾個小段落，不像以往的文章，三段或者四段論，脈絡(luò)比較清晰，結(jié)構(gòu)容易把握。而且，較去年比較“平易近人”的文章，這篇法律類文章背后有一定的背景知識，比較關(guān)注時事或者對這一塊兒有所了解的同學(xué)，會相應(yīng)得心應(yīng)手一些。另外，20道題目中，多達(dá)13題都是在考查動詞，雖然選項中基本不存在干擾項，除了15題一道考查兩詞的辨析之外，其他的選項含義都差別甚遠(yuǎn)，按理說值得高興。但是這些考查動詞的題目中，許多都考查對于熟詞僻義的掌握情況，往年就是08年出現(xiàn)了3處，今年也出現(xiàn)3處。僅有2道題考查邏輯詞，而且這兩道題是送分題，不需要考慮太多。一向是命題人偏愛的以“able”作后綴的形容詞依然出現(xiàn)(19題)。下面就真題作一個詳細(xì)解析。和以往一樣，第一句話不設(shè)空，幫助同學(xué)們理解全文探討的話題：美國高等法庭司法官的倫理道德問題。1.【答案】B【解析】從空后信息可以看出，這句表達(dá)的是“__法官表現(xiàn)得像政治家”的情況下，法庭就不能保持其作為法律法規(guī)的合法衛(wèi)士的形象，所以應(yīng)該選C,maintain“維持，保持”，其他顯然語義不通。2.【答案】A【解析】從第三段可以看出，文章認(rèn)為法院和政治之間應(yīng)該是有界限的。所以這里應(yīng)該是當(dāng)法官像政治家一樣行事，模糊了二者之間的區(qū)別時，就失去了其作為法律衛(wèi)士的合法性。只有B，when表示這個意思?！敬鸢浮緽【解析】第二段給的具體事例說明，法官出現(xiàn)在政治活動中會使法官形象受損，影響他們獨立、公正的名聲。只有B，weaken能表示這個意思。【答案】D【解析】空前信息顯示，法官出席政治活動會讓法院的審判收到影響，人們就會認(rèn)為其審判不公正，所以選D，beacceptedas...“被認(rèn)為是”?！敬鸢浮緾【解析】空所在的語境為：產(chǎn)生這樣的問題，部分原因在于“法官沒有__道德規(guī)范”。后一句話說，至少法院應(yīng)該遵守行為規(guī)范，這顯然是進一步說明上一句話。所以上一句是說法官沒有受到道德規(guī)范的約束，選C，bound?！敬鸢浮緽【解析】根據(jù)解析5可以看出，這里應(yīng)該是說遵守行為規(guī)范，subject與to連用，表示“服從某物，受…支配”。故本題選B?！敬鸢浮緿【解析】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，這里是由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾說明前面的行為規(guī)范，是說法院也應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守適用于其他聯(lián)邦司法部的行為規(guī)范。applyto“適用于”符合題意。resortto“求助于”;stickto“堅持(原則等)”語意不通?！敬鸢浮緽【解析】空所在的語境為，類似這樣的案例提出了這樣一個問題：法院和政治之間是否還存在著界限。提出問題，產(chǎn)生問題用只能選raise?！敬鸢浮緼【解析】根據(jù)第8題可知，空內(nèi)應(yīng)填line，“界限”。barrier“障礙”，similarity“相似性”，conflict“沖突”都不合題意?！敬鸢浮緽【解析】根據(jù)句意，憲法的起草者們預(yù)想的是將司法從政治中分出來，讓其享有獨立的權(quán)力。envisionas“將…想象成…”。所以選B?！敬鸢浮緼【解析】本題考察邏輯搭配。本選項答案的確定需結(jié)合前句意思，制憲者旨在使法律不受政治的任何影響，這樣一來，法官就可以免受掌權(quán)者的影響了。此空就是考察由此所帶來的結(jié)果，故選[A]。【答案】C【解析】此題承接上題，可知法律不受政治的影響，從而法官也不用擔(dān)心掌權(quán)者(thoseinpower)?！敬鸢浮緾【解析】此題承接上題,結(jié)合句意,可知該半句主要表達(dá)“法官也無需政治支持了?！边x項C最符題意?！敬鸢浮緿【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。原句表達(dá)“我們的法律體系是法律完全不受政治的影響，是因為這兩者是緊密。。?！?。結(jié)合句意思，[D]最合題意.【答案】A【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。文中說“憲法具有政治性，是因其的選擇都是植根于諸如自由，財產(chǎn)之類的基本社會。。。中?！弊杂桑敭a(chǎn)是西方社會的一些基本社會理念或概念，故選[A]?！敬鸢浮緾【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。首先分析該句，可知空白處添加上一動詞可構(gòu)成一定語從句，限定“thelaw”。其次，文中語境表達(dá)“當(dāng)法律處理社會政策決策問題時，。。。的法律不可避免的具有政治性。四個選項中，[C]為最佳答案?！敬鸢浮緼【解析】此題考察詞意辨析?？捎晌闹姓Z境得知，該半句主要表達(dá)“這也就解釋了為何背離思想路線的決策被看作是不公正的，從而被輕易的….”。結(jié)合語境，以及四個選項的意思，可知[A]最佳。【答案】C【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。由文中語境可知該句主要表達(dá)“法官必須。。。有關(guān)法庭(裁決的)公正合理的質(zhì)疑?！彼膫€選項中，僅[C]符合題意?！敬鸢浮緿【解析】本題考察短語搭配及相似短語辨析。四個選項均可與連用，其中accessibleto易接近的;可歸屬的;可得到的可歸因的amiableto可親，多指人和藹可親，易于接近agreeableto欣然同意的;適合的，適宜的accountableto對…負(fù)責(zé)此題的理解需承接整個句,首先此空所在后半句乃一方式狀語，承接前半句說明法官怎樣來解決有關(guān)法庭(裁決的)公正合理的質(zhì)疑。將此四個選項分別代入，可得出正確答案[D]，法官只有對對行為準(zhǔn)則負(fù)責(zé)，也即是遵循一定的行為準(zhǔn)則才可確保其裁決的公正與合理?！敬鸢浮緿【解析】此題考察邏輯搭配。此句承接上句，旨在說明由此帶來的結(jié)果，也即是文中所說的“。。。使得裁決看起來完全不受政治的影響，如法律一般令人信服?！苯Y(jié)合四個選項意思，可知選[D]。SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartAText121.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas根據(jù)第一段，同齡人的壓力通常以什么樣的狀態(tài)出現(xiàn)：[A]asupplementtothesocialcure對于社會治療的補充[B]astimulustogroupdynamics對團隊活力的刺激[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress學(xué)校進步的阻礙[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors一些不良行為的原因解析：答案為D。細(xì)節(jié)題：選項：acauseofundesirablebehavio