遼寧省本溪高中2024-2025學(xué)年高二英語(yǔ)下學(xué)期期末考試試題

PAGEPAGE12遼寧省本溪中學(xué)2024-2025學(xué)年高二英語(yǔ)下學(xué)期期末考試試題考生留意：1.本試卷分選擇題和非選擇題兩部分。滿分150分，考試時(shí)間120分鐘。2.答題前，考生務(wù)必用直徑0.5毫米黑色墨水簽字筆將密封線內(nèi)項(xiàng)目填寫清晰。3.考生作答時(shí)，請(qǐng)將答案答在答題卡上。選擇題每小題選出答案后，用2B鉛筆把答題卡上對(duì)應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號(hào)涂黑；非選擇題請(qǐng)用直徑0.5毫米黑色墨水簽字筆在答題卡上各題的答題區(qū)域內(nèi)作答，超出答題區(qū)域書(shū)寫的答案無(wú)效，在試題卷、草稿紙上作答無(wú)效。4.本卷命題范圍：高考范圍。第一部分聽(tīng)力第一節(jié)聽(tīng)下面5段對(duì)話。每段對(duì)話后有一個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽(tīng)完每段對(duì)話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來(lái)回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對(duì)話僅讀一遍。1.Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?A.Hotweather. B.Theweekendplan. C.Hobbies.2.Whatadvicedoesthemangive?A.BuyingMayapresent.B.LettingMaychooseapresent.C.HoldingasurprisepartyforMay.3.Whyisthemanunhappy?A.Hegotaticket. B.Hehurthiswife. C.Hegotintoatrafficjam.4.What’sthewoman’sopiniononplayingvolleyballwithfriends？A.It’sbeboring. B.It’stiring. C.It’sbeneficial.5.What’stheprobablerelationshipbetweenthespeakers？A.Colleagues. B.Bossandemployee. C.Teacherandstudent.其次節(jié)聽(tīng)下面5段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽(tīng)每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽(tīng)完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍聽(tīng)第6段材料，回答第6、7題。6.Whatdoesthemansuggestthewomando？A.Gohomeandhaveagoodrest.BPaymoreattentiontoherwork.C.Spendmoretimewithherfamily.7.Howmanydaughtersdoesthewomanhave？A.One. B.Two. C.Three.聽(tīng)第7段材料，回答第8至10題。8.Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace？A.Inaclinic. B.Overthephone. C.Inacanteen.9.WhenwillDrGuptahaveanopening?A.At4:30pmonMarch2.B.At10:30amonMarch4.C.At10:25amonMarch18.10.WhatdidDr.Guptaliketodo？A.Getuplate. B.Goonholidays. C.Playmorninggolf.聽(tīng)第8段材料，回答第11至13題。11.Whatisthegirldoing？A.Buildingatelescope. B.Meetingscientists. C.Writingareport.12.Whatwasthemanespeciallygoodat？A.Physics. B.Astronomy. C.Design.13.What’stheman’sattitudetohisdaughter’sfinalidea？A.Supportive. B.Doubtful. C.Disapproving.聽(tīng)第9段材料，回答第14至17題。14.Whatdoesthemanlike？A.Thebeach. B.Mountains. C.Musiccamps.15.Whathavetheman’schildrenbeendoingeveryevening？A.WatchingtigersonTV.BHavingaFrenchlesson.C.Practicingplayingthepiano.16.Whomadethemanpracticetheviolin？A.Histeacher. B.Hismother C.Hisfather.17.Whatdoesthemanthinkbeingagoodparentdependson？A.Education. B.Pressure. C.values聽(tīng)第10段材料，回答第18至20題。18.WhatdoesRobdo？A.Ascientist. B.Alistener. C.Ahost.19.What’stheadvantageofeatingbeforebed？A.Contributingtosleep.B.Keepingbloodsugarlevelsdown.C.Providingtheenergyfortomorrow.20.Whatwillthespeakerprobablytalkaboutnext？A.Someproperfoods. B.Somegoodreasons. C.Sometroublesomefeelings.其次部分閱讀第一節(jié)閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。AThefollowingareafewplacesrecommended（舉薦）bytourists.PololuvalleyLyingalongtheNorthKohalaCoast,itishometotheisland’smostbeautifulsandybeacheswithpleasantweather.HeadeastontheAkoniPuleHighwayanddrivetotheendoftheroadbeforeparkingatthePololuValleyOverlookwherethetrail（小徑）begins.Thehike（步行）isshortat2.5milesround-trip,butithasacoupleofverysteepsectionsthatwillgetyourheartbeatingfast.PapakoleaBeachThehiketoPapakoleaBeachwilltakeyou2.5mileseachwaytooneoftheworld’sonlygreensandbeaches.DrivealongSouthPointRoadandlookfor“GreenSandBeach”signs,thenfollowtheroadonfoottothebeachbelow.Thehikewilltakeatleastonehoureachwaywithnoshade,sodon’tforgetyourwater,hikingfootwearandsunscreen!HawaiiTropicalBotanicalGardensTaketheself-guidedhikethroughthegardensforamileortwo,passingbymorethan2,000differentspeciesofnativeHawaiianplants,flowersandtrees.Thegardensareonlyopenfrom9:00amto5:00pm,withadmissionendingat4:00pm.Also,entrycosts$20foradults,$5forchildrenages6to16,andfreeforchildrenundersix.MaunaLoalookoutTheMaunaLoaTrailbeginsan18-mileuphilltothetopofthevolcano—butdon’tworry,you’llonlyneedtohikeacoupleofmilestogetthere.Thisisthelargestvolcanoonearthandtheweatherhereischangingrapidly.Snowordrivingrainarepossibleatanytimeofyear.Highaltitudestormscanoccurwithoutwarning.You’dbetterpayattentiontothelocalweatherforecastorweatherinformationonthewebsitebeforehiking.21.Whatdothefirsttwoplaceshaveincommon？A.Thebeachesareattractive. B.Theweatherisunique.C.Thehikeisdangerous. D.They’refitforcycling.22.WhoareinterestedinHawaiiTropicalBotanicalGardens？A.Animallovers. B.Birdhunters. C.Plantlovers. D.Journalists.23.WhatareyouadvisedtodotovisitMaunaLoaLookout？A.Cover18milestothevolcano. B.Hikewithexperiencedvisitors.C.Trytoavoidvisitingthevolcano. D.Gettheweatherinformationinadvance.BErinandCalebFunknowliveinToledo,Ohio,andhavea16-year-oldson,aseniorinhighschool,whohasalreadyregisteredinavocational（職業(yè)的）schoolforthisschoolyear.TheideathattheirsonmightattendavocationalschoolworriedtheFunksatfirst.“Vocationalschoolsseemedtobereservedforpeoplewhoweren’tmakingitin‘real’schools,soweweren’tcompletelysurewhetherweshouldsupportoursonattendingone,”Erinsays.BothErinandCalebworkedhardtobethefirstintheirfamiliestoobtaincollegedegrees,andwantedthesameopportunityfortheirthreechildren.Aftertouringthevideo-production-designprogramatPentaCareerCenter,though,theycouldseethedrawfortheirson.Despitetheirinitialworries,afterlearningmoreabouttheprogramandseeinghowexcitedtheirsonwasaboutit,theythrewtheirsupportbehindhisdecision.ButnoteveryoneintheFunks’livesunderstandsthisdecision.Erinsays,“WhenImentionedittoafriendrecentlythatmyeldesthaddecidedtogotothevocational-technicalschoolinourcity,herfirstreactionwas,‘Oh,ishehavingproblemsatschool？’Thereisanattitudeouttherethattheonlyreasonyouwouldgotoavo-techisthatyouhavesomekindofproblematatraditionalschool.”Buttheirsonhasa3.95GPA,averygoodscore.HewassimplymoreinterestedintheprogramatPentaCareerCenter.Hejustdoesn’tcarewhatanyoneelsethinks.TheFunksarenotaloneintheirmisunderstandingsandmisgivingsabouttheideaofvocationalandtechnicaleducation.Negative（負(fù)面的）attitudesandparentalworriesarestillthereeveninthefaceofthepromisingfutureforthesemiddle-skillstudents.“Itisconsideredasecondchoice,second-class.Wereallyneedtochangehowpeopleseevocationalandtechnicaleducation,”saidPatriciaHsieh,thepresidentofPentaCareerCenterinToledo,Ohio.24.Whatcanwelearnaboutthefunks？A.Theywanttheirchildrentoreceivetechnicaleducation.B.Theycomefromrichandwell-educatedfamilies.C.Theydecidedtosupporttheirson’sdecisioneventually.D.Theyfeltashamedoftheirson’schoiceatfirst.25.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“misgivings”inparagraph6mean？A.Worries. B.Shames. C.Mistakes. D.Refusals.26PentaCareerCenterdiffersfromatraditionalcollegeinthat______.A.itprovideslessinterestingcurricular B.itcanonlygetsecond-classstudentsC.itmainlyfocusesonmiddle-skilltraining D.itismoresensitivetojobmarketchanges27.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext？A.ShouldWeSupportOurChildren’sChoiceofVo-tech?B.NegativeAttitudestoTechnicalEducation.C.BetterJobMarketforVocationalStudents.D.IsVocationalEducationaNewTrend？CThisyear’sUnitedNationsPrizeforResearchintheLifeSciences（UNPRLS）goestoaChinesescientist,TuYouyou,forthediscoveryofartemisinin（青蒿素）anditsuseinthetreatmentofmalaria（瘧疾）—amedicaladvancethathassavedmillionsoflivesacrosstheglobe,especiallyinthedevelopingworld.Tu’spioneeringworkonmalariabeganonMay23,1967whentheChinesegovernmentstartedaprogramaimedatfindingacureforthedeadlydisease.TucombedtheChinesetraditionalmedicinetextsforpossibletreatments,andby1972,hadmade380extracts（提取物）from200herbs.Herteamthentestedtheextractsonebyoneonthemalaria-infectedmice.OneoftheextractsfromQinghao—orsweetwormwood—sharplyreducedmalariagrowthintheanimals.AtaMarch1972meetingoftheproject’skeyparticipants,Tureportedthatthenaturalplantextractwipedoutthemalariainmiceandmonkeys.Laterthatyearitprovedeffectiveintreatinghumanpatients.ThefirstEnglish-languagescientificjournal（期刊）mentioningsuccessfulclinicaltrialsforartemisininappearedinlate1979andtwoyearslater,TupresentedherdiscoveryataninternationalmeetingattheWorldHealthOrganization（WHO）anditwasimmediatelyrecognizedasabreakthrough.In2024,shewasfinallyawardedtheNobelPrizeforherdiscovery.Artemisininisstillthemostpowerfulanti-malarialdrugpresentlyavailable,andanartemisinin-baseddrugcombinationisnowthestandarddrugforthedisease.TheWHOlistsartemisininandrelateddrugsinitscatalogof“EssentialMedicines”“ItisclearthatTu’sworkhassavedmillionsoflives,particularlyinthedevelopingworld,andcontinuestobringaboutlong-termmedicalbenefitsintheongoingfightagainstthisdeadlydisease,”theEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization（UNESCO）prizecommitteewritesinastatementpublishedtoday.28.WhathasservedasthemajorinspirationforTu’sdiscovery？A.TheEnglish-languagescientificjournals.B.Exchangeswithscientistsatinternationalmeetings.C.Hermalaria-fightingexperienceinthedevelopingcountries.D.HerextensivereadingoftheChinesetraditionalmedicinebooks.29.HowlonghasittakenTutogetherfirstofficialinternationalrecognitionofherachievement?A.About6years. B.About7years. C.About9years. D.About43years.30.Whatcanweknowabouttheartemisinin？A.IthastobetakenfromthenaturalplantsinChina.B.Itisstillthemosteffectivedrugincuringmalaria.C.Itmustbecombinedwithotherdrugsfortreatment.D.Itistheonlyanti-malarialmedicineusedintheworld.31.WhywasTugiventhisyear’sUNPRLSaccordingtotheUNESCOprizecommittee？A.Herpioneeringworkhasridtheworldofmalaria.B.Herdrughaspromotedtheuseofnaturalherbs.C.Herteamdiscoveredartemisininandtesteditsuccessfully.D.Herdiscoveryhashelpedtosavemillionsoflivesintheworld.DOxfordDictionarieshasnamed“climateemergency”asits2024WordoftheYear,choosingitfromanall-environmentalshortlistthatalsoincluded“climateaction”“climatedenial”“eco-anxiety”and“extinction”.TheWordoftheYearisintendedtohighlightawordorexpressionshownthroughlanguageusageevidencetoreflectthepublicconcernofthepassingyear,andhasalastingpotentialasatermofsocialsignificance.Previouswinnersincluded“toxic”“youthquake”and“post-truth”.Normally,theshortlistincludesavarietyofdifferentwordsthatshownewtrendsinlanguageusageevidence.Whilethechoiceswereoftenrelatedtopoliticaltrends,KatherineConnorMartin,aneditoratOxfordDictionaries,saidtheunusualtrendtofocusonclimate-relatedtermsreflectedanincreasingpublicconcerninthelanguagearoundclimate.“Whenwewerelookingthroughtheevidence,itwasjustclearthattopicsrelatingtotheclimatewererunningthroughallthedifferenttextswewereworkingwith,”shesaid.“ItreflectsitwasarealconcernoftheEnglish-speakingworldin2024.”Theuseoftheterm“climateemergency”increasedbyonehundredtimessince2024,accordingtodatacollectedintheOxfordCorpus,adatabasecontaininghundredsofmillionsofwordsofwrittenEnglish.Infact,itwasthemostcommoncompoundinvolving（涉及）“emergency”,occurringthreetimesasoftenasthenextmost-common,healthemergency.Inpart,Ms.Martinnoted,thisreflectsadeliberatedecisionbysomenewsorganizationsincludingTheGuardian,touseclimateemergencyorclimatecrisis（危機(jī)）insteadofclimatechange,tobetterconveytheurgencyofthesituation.Oxfordschoiceofanall-environmentalshortlist,Ms.Martinsaid,didnotreflectadeliberatedecisiontofocuspeople’sattention,butareading,ifanecessarilysubjectiveone,oftheevidenceinlanguageusage.“Whenweconsideredallthepossibilities,wefoundahugeamountoflanguageusageevidencethisyearwasconcernedwithecology,”shesaid.32.WhyistheWordoftheYearsignificant？A.Itisabouttheculturalhottopics.B.Itforecaststheeconomicdevelopments.C.Itisrelatedtotheecologicalmovements.D.Itreflectsthemajorsocialconcernsandtrends.33.Whichexpressionismostprobablyrelatedtoapoliticaltrendaccordingtothetext？A.Youthquake. B.Climateaction. C.Eco-anxiety. D.Extinction34.OxfordDictionarieshasselecteditsWordoftheYearfrom______.A.newspaperssuchasTheguardian. B.allthepublishedarticlesintheworldC.thewholedatabaseoftheOxfordCorpus. D.thewrittenEnglishtextsofthepassingyear.35.WhatdidMsMartinthinkoftheOxford’sall-environmentalshortlist？A.Itisintentionallychosentocatchpeople’sattention.B.Itisbasedontheeditors’subjectiveselectionoflanguagedata.C.Itismorereliablethanthenewsreportfromthenewsorganizations.D.Itshowsthelatesttrendsinlanguageusagethroughouttheworld.其次節(jié)依據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。Greentourism,aformofecotourism,islow-impact（環(huán)保的）tourismwithaneyetowardprotectingtheenvironmentandcultureofanarea.36,butgreentourismcancoverawiderangestandardsandconditions,fromfullycompliant（遵守）tolessstressfulontheenvironmentthanstandardtourism.Therearemanyopportunitiesforgreentravelavailableworldwide.37,whichmakesgreentourismnotonlypreferablebutanecessityinsomeareas.Itmightseemwiserofsomepeopletoprotectnaturalhabitats（棲息地）andfragileenvironmentbybanningvisitorscompletelytotheseareas,butmanyareasdependontheincomefromtourismtosupportthelocaleconomy.Green,sustainable（可持續(xù)的）tourismisconsideredofferingthebestofbothworlds.Greentourismdoesn’tnecessarilymeanavacationspentroughingitwithlittleornocomforts.Onthecontrary,manypeoplebelievethatitcanbeawonderfuladventure.Ecotourismresorts（度假勝地）andecologiesexistinalmosteverystyleandtaste.38,therearemanyvacationingchoices.Therearealsotripsavailableinwhichvacationerstakeanactivepartinimprovingthelocalareabyworkingtopreservethenaturalhabitat,helpingtobuildaschoolorperformingotherservicesthatbenefitthearea.Thesevacationscanbealotofwork.39.Asgreentourismbecomesmorepopular,therearelikelytobemorevacationingchoicesavailable.Moreresortareaswilllikelytakestepstohavelessofanimpactonthesurroundingenvironment.40.Localeconomiesmightbeabletotakefulladvantageoftheboomingtouristtradewithoutdoingharmtothelocalenvironment,allowingtouriststoenjoythebeautythattheseareashavetoofferformanyyearstocome.A.GreentourismisverypopularB.Therefore,weshouldmakethebestofthemC.However,manypeoplefindthemveryrewardingD.SustainabletourismcouldeasilybecomethestandardE.FromrecyclingandgraywatersystemtotentsontreehousesF.ThenumberoftouriststravelingtheworldhasbeenincreasingG.TheUnitedNationshassetupcertainstandardforecotourism第三部分語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用第一節(jié)Formorethan25years,JanKaronhasbeendelightingmillionsofreaderswithherbestsellingMitfordseries.Atage10sheknew41shewasboundtobeawriter.Butitwasn’tuntilhermid-fortiesthatshebeganfollowingherchildhooddream.“Ikepta42veryfaithfullyfortwoyears,”Karonsaid.“I43allmyfears,myhighexpectations,mydeterminationtodothingsIwantedtodointothejournal（日志）.”Ittookyears,butKaronwasdetermined.She’dnever44anovelbefore.Ittookmonthsof45startsbeforeshefoundFatherTim,theleadcharacterinherseries.Shefeltunqualifiedtowritethecharacter.So46didshedoit？Itwasdeterminationthatkepther47.Karonhadherleadcharacterandsetting,butthe48wasjustbeginning.ShebeganwritingFatherTim’sstoryinthelocalpaper.Attheendoftwoyears,shehadanovel.However,ittookanothertwoandahalfyearsafterthatto49apublisher.Karon’sfirstbookwasasurprise50.Shewentontowrite13novels51inthetownofMitford.AsherjourneyinMitford52anend,Karonis53yetanothercareer（事業(yè)）change.She’snot54aboutstartingover.Herdeterminationgivesherconfidencethatit’snevertoolatetofollowherdream.Agedoesn’t55.41.A.naturally B.certainly C.frequently D.normallyA.diary B.book C.novel D.word43.Aturned B.burst C.broke D.put44.A.read B.written C.designed D.published45.Aharmless B.early C.false D.similar46.A.where B.when C.whether D.how47.Awalking B.going C.running D.marching48.A.journey B.discovery C.period D.program49.A.approach B.sponsor C.find D.welcome50.A.effect B.hit C.beat D.knock51.A.set B.absorbed C.lost D.caught52.A.givesoff B.bringsabout C.comesto D.resultsin53.A.covering B.affording C.following D.offering54.A.delighted B.disappointed C.interested D.worried55.A.challenge B.matter C.exist D.disppear其次節(jié)閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Thissummer,haveyoubeensurprisedbywomenwearinghanfu,orHan-styleclothing,atsubwaystations,shoppingmallsorscenicareas？In2024,theCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistYouthLeagueofChinasetthe56（three）dayofMarchintheChineselunarcalendar,57（traditional）thebirthdayoftheYellowEmperor,astheannualTraditionalChineseGarmentDay.Sincethen,58beautyofhanfuhasgainedmoreandmorerecognitionandacceptancebycommonpeople.Generally,hanfurefers59traditionalChineseclothingwornbytheHanethnic（民族的）groupbeforetheQingDynasty（1644-1911）.Historically,HanChineseclothinghasalsoinfluencedsomeofitsneighboringculturalclothing,60（include）theJapanesekimono,Koreanhanbok,andclothingofMongolia,VietnamandBhutan.Hanfuappearselegantandbeautiful,61isnotonlyduetothethousandsofyearsofculturebehinditsbeautifuldesign,butalsobecauseofitsextraordinarycraftsmanship（工藝）andaesthetics（美學(xué)）.Hanfuincludesmorethan3062（example）ofChina’sintangible（非物質(zhì)的）culturalheritageaswellasChineseartsandcraftsunder63（preserve）.Hanfu64（represent）anaestheticforlivingandacontinuationoftraditionalChineseculture.Nowadays,moreandmorefashiondesignslooktohanfuforinspiration65（create）theirownbrand.第四部分寫作第一節(jié)假定你是李華，你8月12日從網(wǎng)上買了一款新手機(jī)，結(jié)果剛用一天，就發(fā)覺(jué)由于手機(jī)電池緣由待機(jī)時(shí)間短且屏幕部分受損。請(qǐng)就此向網(wǎng)店店主Steve寫一封投訴信，要點(diǎn)如下：1.介紹購(gòu)物狀況；2.反映存在的問(wèn)題；3.提出解決方案。留意：1.詞數(shù)80左右；2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；3.開(kāi)頭和結(jié)束語(yǔ)已為你寫好Dearsteve,__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yourssincerely,LiHua其次節(jié)（滿分25分）閱讀下面材料，依據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)續(xù)寫兩段，使之構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的故事。續(xù)寫的詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右。IhadmovedtoArizonaabouttwoweeksbeforethestartofmyjunioryearschool,sonotonlywasthisanewschoolforme,butalsoanewstateandIdidnotknowanyone.Onthefirstdayofschoolatlunchaftergettingmymeal,Isatdownatanemptytableinthecourtyard.AsIbegantoeatIlookedaroundattheothertablesandsawagirlsittingalone,soIdecidedwhynotgositwithher.Anywaytherewasnoreasonformetohaveawholetabletomyself,andwhoknewmaybeIcouldmakeafriend.Iwalkedtothegirlquicklytocheckwhethermyguesswasright.WhenIstoodbeforeher,Isaid,“Excuseme,doyoumindifIsitwithyou？”Shewassurprisedatfirst,butthensmiledandsaid“Sure！”Wechattedhappilywhileeating.ItoldherIwasanewcomerandIhadnofriend.Iexpressedmyintentiontomakefriendswithher.Shesaidbecauseofherbodysize,noonewantedtogetclosetoher,soshewasgladtohaveafriend.Webecameclosefriendsthroughoutthenexttwoyears.Towardstheendofoursenioryearshetoldmethatshe’dbeenacceptedtoanoutofstatecollegeandwouldbemovingawayaftergraduation.IwassadthatIwouldmissherbutatthesametimewasreallyhappyforher.Shethensharedwithmesomethingverymoving.“Doyourememberthefirstdayofschoolwhenyoucameoverandsatdownwithmeduringlunch？”sheasked.“Ofcourse！whydoyouask？”Ireplied.Shecontinued,“Iwanttoletyouknowhowspecialyouareandthatyoumakeadifference.”Iwantedtoknowthereasonforthat.Paragraph1:Hertearsrolleddownfromhereyes._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________