版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)
文檔簡介
UnlockingNewOpportunities
forCarbonNeutralityinChina’sBuildingSector
ExecutiveSummary
ES/September2024
hRMl
AboutRMI
RMIisanindependentnonprofit,foundedin1982asRockyMountainInstitute,thattransformsglobal
energysystemsthroughmarket-drivensolutionstoalignwitha1.5°Cfutureandsecureaclean,
prosperous,zero-carbonfutureforall.Weworkintheworld’smostcriticalgeographiesandengage
businesses,policymakers,communities,andNGOstoidentifyandscaleenergysysteminterventionsthatwillcutclimatepollutionatleast50percentby2030.RMIhasofficesinBasaltandBoulder,Colorado;NewYorkCity;Oakland,California;Washington,D.C.;Abuja,Nigeria;andBeijing,People’sRepublicofChina.
UnlockingNewOpportunitiesforCarbonNeutralityinChina’sBuildingSector/2
AuthorsandAcknowledgments
Authors
TingLiWeiLi
DengfengLiaoGuangxuWangMengWang
OtherContributors
YihanHao
Authorslistedalphabetically.AllauthorsfromRMIunlessotherwisenoted.
Contacts
WeiLi,wli@
MengWang,mwang@
CopyrightsandCitation
WeiLi,MengWang,andGuangxuWang,UnlockingNewOpportunitiesforCarbonNeutralityinChina’sBuildingSector,RMI,2024,
/insight/unlocking-new-opportunities-for-carbon
-
neutrality-in-chinas-building-sector/
RMIvaluescollaborationandaimstoacceleratetheenergytransitionthroughsharingknowledgeand
insights.Wethereforeallowinterestedpartiestoreference,share,andciteourworkthroughtheCreativeCommonsCCBY-SA4.0license.
/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
.
AllimagesusedarefromiSunlessotherwisenoted.
Acknowledgement
Wewouldliketoexpresssincerethankstothefollowingexpertsfortheirinsightandcomments:
CongxiaoLi,DeputyDirector,DualCarbonLeadershipOffice,ChinaStateConstructionGroupBorongLin,ProfessorandViceDean,SchoolofArchitecture,TsinghuaUniversity
BinHao,DeputyChiefEngineer,ShenzhenAcademyofBuildingResearch
HaixiaShi,DeputySecretaryGeneral,ChinaConcreteandCementProductsAssociation
SpecialthankstotheQuadratureClimateFoundation’ssupportofthisreport.
Thecontentincludedinthisreportdoesnotrepresenttheviewsoftheaboveexperts,theirinstitutions,andprojectsupporters.
UnlockingNewOpportunitiesforCarbonNeutralityinChina’sBuildingSector/3
TowardaSystematicandEquitableEnergyTransition:The
BuildingSectorasaPillarofChina’sCarbonNeutralityGoals
SinceChinaproposedits“dualcarbon”goalsin2020,whichaimtopeakcarbonemissionsby2030and
achievecarbonneutralityby2060,thebuildingsectorhasbeenaprimaryfocusarea.Thesector’stotalCO2emissionsreached3.7billiontonsin2022,accountingfor32%ofthenation’stotal.iOfthis,about2.2billiontonswereemittedduringbuildingoperations,whereas1.5billiontonswereemittedduringtheproduction
andtransportationofbuildingmaterialsandduringconstruction,whicharereferredtoasembodied
carbon(seeExhibit1).Since2014,totalCO2emissionsfromChina’sbuildingsectorhaveplateaued(seeExhibit2).However,aslivingstandardsimprove,Chinastillhasroomforgrowthinbuildingfloorareaand
residentialenergyconsumptiononapercapitabasis.Therefore,anurgenttaskistodecouplethisgrowthfrombuildingemissions.
Exhibit1CO2emissionsbreakdownfromChina’sbuildingsectorin2022
RMIGraphic.Source:InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),
/reports/co2-emissions-in-2023/
;BuildingEnergyResearchCenterTsinghuaUniversity,AnnualReportonBuildingEnergyEfficiencyDevelopmentinChina2024;BuildingEnergyResearchCenterTsinghuaUniversity,ChinaAssociationofBuildingEnergyEfficiency,2023ChinaBuildingandUrbanInfrastructureCarbonEmissionsReport
iIn2022,China’snationalCO2emissionstotaled11.48billiontons,accordingtodatafromtheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)
/reports/co2-emissions-in-2023/
.
UnlockingNewOpportunitiesforCarbonNeutralityinChina’sBuildingSector/4
Exhibit2CO2emissionsfromChina’sbuildingsectorfrom2010to2022
RMIGraphic.Source:BuildingEnergyResearchCenterTsinghuaUniversity,AnnualReportonBuildingEnergyEfficiencyDevelopmentinChina2024
Becausebuildingsdemandsignificantenergy,anet-zerobuildingsectoriscriticaltoChina’senergy
transition.Ononehand,buildingsaccountfor21%oftotalfinalenergyconsumptionandaquarterof
electricityconsumptioninChina.Moreover,thebuildingsector’selectrificationratehasreached44.9%,thehighestamongenergy-usingsectors.Thismeansbuildingscanserveasanimportantflexibleresourceinthenewenergysystem.Ontheotherhand,buildingsarethebiggestuserofindustrialrawmaterials,
accountingfor37%oftotalsteelconsumptionand55%oftotalcementconsumptioninChina.Reducingembodiedcarboninthebuildingsectorwillleadtoemissionsreductionsinupstreamindustrialsectorsandnurtureamarketforlow-carbonproducts.
Anet-zerobuildingsectorisalsocriticaltopeople’squalityoflifeandanequitableenergytransition.Decarbonizationmeasuresinthissectorcanbringmoreefficient,smarter,andhealthierliving
environmentstoabroaderpopulation.Chinaalreadyhasalargeaffordablehousingprogram,thelargeststockofexistingbuildingsofanycountryintheworld,andasignificantnumberofruralbuildings,totalingnearly35billionsquaremeters(m2)andhousingapproximately750millionpeople.Implementingcarbon-neutraltechnologiesinthesebuildingswillimproveenergyaccessandqualityoflifeforvulnerable
populationsandpromotesocialequity.
Thenext5–10yearswillbecriticalforguidingChina’sbuildingsectortowardcarbonneutrality.The
buildingsectormustrealizehigh-qualitycarbonpeakingandcontrolandstabilizeitscurrentemissionsplateauevenasmorebuildingsarebuilt.Atthesametime,itisnecessarytolaythefoundationforanet-zerobuildingsectorbypromotingtheapplicationandintegrationofcarbon-neutraltechnologiesassoonaspossibleandsolvingkeyissuesrelatedtothesupplychain,cost,andmarketacceptance.
UnlockingNewOpportunitiesforCarbonNeutralityinChina’sBuildingSector/5
DecarbonizingBuildingOperations:EnergyFlexibilityandZero-CarbonHeating
Buildingoperationsaccountforapproximately59%ofthelife-cycleCO2emissionsofbuildingsinChina.
Theseemissionscomefromtwomainsources:directemissionsfromburningfossilfuelsforheating,
hotwater,andcooking,andindirectemissionsfromelectricityuseanddistrictheating.In2022,China’sbuildingsconsumed34.25exajoules(EJ),accountingfor21%ofthecountry’stotalenergyconsumption
and19.1%ofChina’stotalCO2emissions.
Withcontinuedeconomicdevelopmentandimprovinglivingstandards,thedemandforbuildingenergyisexpectedtocontinuetorise.Electricityconsumptioninbuildingshasbeenincreasingrapidly,withthe2021levelbeingnearly2.5timesthe2010level(seeExhibit3).Meanwhile,theshareofbuildingelectricityloadduringpeakdemandhasbeenincreasing,withair-conditioningloadsaccountingfor40%to50%
ofthepeakelectricitydemandincertainprovinces,includingZhejiang,Hubei,andSichuan.Althoughbuildingfossilenergyconsumptionhaspeaked,iidirectfossilfueluseinurbanresidentialbuildingsanddistrictheatingcontinuestogrow.
Exhibit3Buildingelectricityandfossilenergyconsumptionduringtheoperationalphase
RMIGraphic.Source:ChinaAssociationofBuildingEnergyEfficiency,ChinaBuildingEnergyandEmissionsDatabase,
/#/database
ii"Buildingfossilenergyconsumption"doesnotincludethefossilenergyconsumptionassociatedwithelectricityusedinbuildings.
UnlockingNewOpportunitiesforCarbonNeutralityinChina’sBuildingSector/6
ChallengestoDecarbonizingBuildingOperations
Theincreasingelectricityconsumptionandpeakloadsofbuildingsareputtingpressureonthepowersystemsupplyandpeakshaving,butbuildings’potentialasflexibleresourceshasnotyetbeenfully
tapped.Mostbuildingshavelimitedflexibilitytomanagetheirenergydemandandgeneration.Duringpeakdemandperiods,powergenerationstillresortstofossilfuels,delayingthedecarbonizationofthepowersystem.Thisalsoaffectsindustrialactivities,leadingtocertaineconomiclosses.
Theheavyrelianceonfossilfuel–basedheatingpresentsadecarbonizationchallengeduetothehigh
costofreplacingexistingsystems.Northerndistrictheatingreliesoncoal/gascombinedheatandpower(CHP)plantsandboilers.Thankstoitswell-establishedinfrastructureandcostefficiency,districtheatinglackseconomicallyviableandtechnicallymatureheatsourcereplacementsolutions.Insouthernregionswithhotsummersandcoldwinters,demandforhomeheatinghasbeenincreasingduetorisingliving
standards.ManyresidentsinregionssuchastheYangtzeRiverDeltausegasboilersforheating.Withoutadditionaleconomicincentivestoreplaceexistingheatingequipment,thescaleupoflow-carbonheatingalternativessuchasheatpumpswillcontinuetobedelayedbecauseoftheso-calledlock-ineffect.
DevelopingBuildingsasFlexibleResourcesintheNewPowerSystem
Thenewpowersystemrequiresmoreflexibilitytoensurefunctioninggridswithahighshareofrenewableenergy.Giventhelimitedavailabilityofflexibleresourcesonthegenerationside,thedevelopmentof
flexibleresourcesonthedemandside,especiallyinbuildings,hasbecomeanimperative.Buildingloadsofferhighflexibility,economicefficiency,andamplespacefordistributedenergyresources.Enhancing
buildingenergyflexibilityinvolvesimprovingefficiency,distributedgeneration,andshiftingload.Effectivecombinationofthesemeasureswithsmartcontrolcansignificantlyboostbuildingenergyflexibility
(seeExhibit4).Improvingbuildingenergyflexibilityhassignificantpotentialforcarbonreductionand
economicbenefitsinChina.RMIestimatesthatfullyharnessingthepotentialofbuildingloads'flexibilitycouldreducepeakgridloadbyatleast10%nationwide.ThiswouldhelpChinaavoidapproximately500billionyuaninadditionalinvestmentinpowersysteminfrastructureandachieveatleast200milliontonsofannualCO2reductions.
UnlockingNewOpportunitiesforCarbonNeutralityinChina’sBuildingSector/7
Exhibit4Changesinbuildingelectricalloadresultingfromflexibilitytechnologies
PowerDemand
PowerDemand
PowerDemand
Efficiency+Generate+Shed/ShiftNetLoad
HouroftheDay
Efficiency
Efficiency+Generate
EfficiencyNetLoad
HouroftheDay
HouroftheDay
Shed/Shift
Generate
SolarPV
Baseline
MeasuresAdopted
BuildingEnvelopeEnhancement
HeatRecoveryTechnology
EquipmentEfficiencyImprovement
BuildingEnvelopeEnhancement
HeatRecoveryTechnology
EquipmentEfficiencyImprovement
DistributedPhotovoltaics(PV)
BuildingEnvelopeEnhancement
HeatRecoveryTechnology
EquipmentEfficiencyImprovement
DistributedPhotovoltaics(PV)
Energy/ThermalStorage
IncreasingDemandforSmartControl
RMIGraphic.Source:USDepartmentofEnergy,Grid-interactiveEfficientBuildingsTechnicalReportSeries,
https://www.energy
.gov/eere/buildings/articles/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-technical-report-series-overview
UsingWasteHeat+HeatPumpstoAchieveZero-CarbonHeating
DecarbonizingdistrictheatinginnorthernChinaliesprimarilyintheuseofwasteheatresources.More
than200EJofusablewasteheatisavailablefromsourcessuchasCHPplants,nuclearpower,industrial
processes,datacenters,andwastewatertreatmentplants.Theheatingdemandforurbanbuildingsin
northernChinaisabout54EJ,andmostnorthernChinesecitiesalreadyhavewell-developeddistrict
heatingnetworks.Thedecarbonizationstrategyincludesreplacingcoal-firedboilerswithCHPintheshorttermandtransitioningtobiomassCHPandwasteheatrecoveryinthelongterm,aswellasdeploying
technologiessuchasseasonalthermalstorage,long-distanceheattransmission,andheatpumpstoachieveazero-carbontransition(seeExhibit5).
Heatpumpsofferthebestopportunityfordecarbonizingheatinginsouthernregionswithhotsummers
andcoldwinterswheredistrictheatinginfrastructureislackingduetotheshortwinterseasonand
intermittentheatingdemand.Thedemandforheatingintheseregionshasincreasedsignificantlyinrecentyears.By2030,morethan20millionresidentsintheYangtzeRiverDeltawillhavenewheatingsystems,
increasingheatingdemandbyabout40%comparedwith2020.Heatpumpsareidealfordeploymentin
theseregionsbecausetheyarehigh-efficiency,low-emissions,andcost-savingdualheating-and-coolingequipment.Inthenearterm(before2030),heatpumpsshouldbeusedinnewbuildings,whileinthelongterm,effortsshouldfocusonlow-carbonretrofitsofexistingbuildingsandtheeventualphaseoutofgasinresidentialheatingsystems.
UnlockingNewOpportunitiesforCarbonNeutralityinChina’sBuildingSector/8
Exhibit5Zero-carbontransitionpathwaysfornortherndistrictheating
systemsandhotsummerandcoldwinterclimatezones
RMIGraphic.Source:RMIanalysis
UnlockingNewOpportunitiesforCarbonNeutralityinChina’sBuildingSector/9
TacklingEmbodiedCarbon:Low-CarbonProcurementandBio-BasedMaterials
EmbodiedCO2emissionsareanothercriticalfocusfordecarbonizingthebuildingsector,accounting
forapproximately41%ofabuilding’slife-cycleCO2emissions.In2022,totalembodiedCO2emissionsinChina’sbuildingsectorwereapproximately1.5billiontonsofCO?,accountingfor13%ofthecountry’s
total.Structuralmaterialscontributemorethan60%oftheembodiedcarboninbuildingsandmorethan
12%ofthetotalCO2emissionsinthebuildingsector.
Optimizingdesignandstructuralsystemsiscriticaltoreducingembodiedcarbon.InChina,reinforced
concretestructuresarethemostcommonbuildingtype,accountingforover80%ofcivilbuildings'
structure,whilewoodandsteelstructuresarelesscommon,withsteelstructuresaccountingforonly
about5%ofbuildings(seeExhibit6).Amongallbuildingmaterials,steelandcementaccountfor36%and53%ofCO2emissions,respectively,makingthemthemostsignificantsourcesofembodiedcarbon(seeExhibit7).
Exhibit6ComparisonofbuildingstructuretypesinChinaandinothercountries
RMIGraphic.Source:DatafromChinaBuildingMaterialFederation
UnlockingNewOpportunitiesforCarbonNeutralityinChina’sBuildingSector/10
Exhibit7CO2emissionsfrommajorbuildingmaterialsindustriesin2020
RMIGraphic.Source:DatafromChinaBuildingMaterialsFederation
ChallengestoDecarbonizingEmbodiedCarboninBuildings
Thesteelandcementindustriesfacechallengesinreducingemissionsduetotechnologicalmaturity,cost,andlackofinvestment.Atthesametime,steelandcementremainthemostimportantbuildingmaterials.ThedominanceofreinforcedconcretestructuresinChinaislikelytocontinueduetofactorssuchashighbuildingandpopulationdensity,structuralrequirements,technicalmaturity,fireresistance,anddurabilityrequirements.Thispresentsthreechallengesthatneedtobeaddressedtoreduceembodiedcarbonin
buildings:improvingthedurabilityandextendingthelifeofexistingstructures,increasinginvestmentindecarbonizingindustrialsectorssuchassteelandcement,andpromotingtheuseoflow-carbonconcreteandsteelinconstruction.
Bio-basedmaterialssuchasbambooandwoodareunderdevelopedaszero-carbonbuildingmaterials.
Bambooandwoodoffernear-zeroemissionsaswellasfasterconstructiontimesthantraditionalbuildingmaterials.However,theirstrength,durability,andfireresistancestillneedtobeimprovedthroughmodernprocesses.Thereislimitedawarenessandacceptanceofbambooandwoodstructuresintheconstructionsector,andtheiruseisgenerallylimitedtosmallbuildings.Issuessuchasthelimitationsofmodern
bamboocomponentsinlarge-span,large-sectionbuildingsandconcernsabouttheirdurabilityandfireresistanceneedtobeaddressed.
ScalingUpLow-CarbonMaterialswithPublicandPrivateGreenProcurementPrograms
Greenpublicprocurementandprivateprocurementprogramsareimportantdriverstopromotethe
useoflow-carbonbuildingmaterialssuchaslow-carbonsteelandconcrete.In2024,China’snational
governmentlaunchedthethirdbatchofpilotcitiesinitsGreenBuildingMaterialPromotionProgram,
covering100citiesand100productcategories,anditlaunchedanothernationalprogramtoexpanduseofgreenbuildingmaterialsinruralareas.Leadingconstructionandrealestatecompaniesarejoiningforcestoformagreenprocurementalliancetosupportgreensupplychains.
UnlockingNewOpportunitiesforCarbonNeutralityinChina’sBuildingSector/11
However,itisimportantforthesegreenprocurementschemestoincludeemissionsmetricsintheir
definitionsof“green.”ItisalsoimportanttodevelopCO2emissionsaccountingrulesandemissions
databasestoquantifylowcarboninprocurementpractices.ThisareaisbecomingincreasinglyurgentasChinaacceleratestheestablishmentofaproductCO2emissionsmanagementsystem,ascalledforinpolicyfromlate2023,andplanstoestablishaccountingrulesfor200keyproductsby2030.
Leveragingthebuildingindustrytopromotelow-carbonmaterialscanleadtohugecarbonreduction
potentialandnurtureamarketforfirstmoversoflow-carbonindustrialmaterials.RMIestimatesthat
China’sbuildingindustryconsumesapproximately350milliontonsofsteeland960milliontonsofcementannually.Considerlow-carbonconcrete:Iflow-carbonconcretewithsupplementarycementitious
materialsofnolessthan30%werewidelyusedingovernmentconstructionprojects,thecarbonintensityofconcretecouldbereducedby22.5%,resultinginanannualreductionof190milliontonsofCO?
emissions.Inaddition,nationwidepromotionoflow-carbonconcretecouldpotentiallyreduceannualCO?emissionsby590milliontonsby2035.
PromotingModernBambooandWoodStructurestoDiversifyApplications
Bambooandwoodstructureshavesignificantlylowerlife-cycleCO2emissionsandenvironmentalimpactsthansteelandconcretestructures.ModernwoodstructurescanreducematerialCO2emissionsby48.9%to94.7%andlife-cycleCO2emissionsby8.6%to13.7%comparedwithsimilarstructuresusingsteelandconcrete.Chinahaspublishednationalandindustrystandardsforengineeredwoodproducts,includingglulamandcross-laminatedtimbercomponentsuseddomesticallyandinternationallyinwoodstructures.
However,inChina,mostwoodbuildingsaresmalltouristbuildings,andthewoodstructurebuildingmarketislessthan20billionyuan.Bycontrast,theglobalwoodstructurebuildingmarketreached
150billionyuanin2022.ThisislargelyduetoChina’sunderdevelopedstandardsystemsforlarge-spanbuildingsandtheneedformoreinnovationsandtestingtoexpandmodernbio-basedstructures.
Inthefuture,bambooandwoodstructuresareexpectedtobecomemorepopularinnewruralhouses,culturalandtourismbuildings,commercialcomplexes,andhigh-endresidences.Theconstruction
offacilitiesinthefivemajornationalparksisexpectedtocreatesignificantopportunitiesforwood
structures,withanestimatednewconstructionfloorareaofabout4millionm2.Approximately760,000villagesand5millionruralhomesarebuiltorrebuilteachyearinChina.RMIestimatesthatif10%ofthenewruralhousesbuilteachyearweremodernwoodstructures,itwouldcreateamarketofabout150
billionyuanforwoodbuildingmaterial.Inaddition,usingwoodstructuresforthesehousescouldreduceembodiedcarbonbyapproximately18.24tonsperhouse,potentiallyavoiding4.56milliontonsofCO?emissionsannuallyacrossthecountry.
UnlockingNewOpportunitiesforCarbonNeutralityinChina’sBuildingSector/12
DrivingaNewGrowthModel:TechnologyIntegrationandBusinessModelInnovation
Overthenextdecade,China’sbuildingindustrywillbedrivenbybothnewgreenbuildingsandlow-carbonretrofitsofexistingbuildingsaspartofitscarbonneutralitygoals.RMIestimatesthatnewconstruction
willgrowatarateof3%peryear,reachingapproximately1.38billionm2by2035.Allnewbuildingswill
meet100%greenbuildingstandards,85%ofwhichwillbeprefabricatedbuildingsand20%ofwhich
areexpectedtobeultra-low-energybuildings.Existingbuildings,especiallythosebuiltbefore2015,willrequireenergy-savingandlow-carbonrenovations,estimatedat1billionm2peryearby2035.Overall,the
totalfloorareaofnewandrenovatedbuildingsinChinawillreachnearly2.4billionm2annuallyby2035,withtheshareofexistingbuildingrenovationsincreasingto42%,highlightingthegrowingimportanceofretrofittinginthebuildingsector(seeExhibit8).
Exhibit8Buildingfloorareasunderconstructionperyear,newbuildingsandretrofits,2015–35
RMIGraphic.Source:RMIanalysis
ScalingandIntegratingDecarbonizationTechnologiesBecomesaNewGrowthDriver
Decarbonizingthebuildingsectorrequiresthewidespreaduseoflow-carbontechnologiesandproducts.RMIhasidentifiedeightkeytechnologycategoriestodecarbonizetheentirebuildingsector:building
materials,construction,passiveenergy-saving,equipmentenergy-saving,renewableandenergystorage,digitization,recycling,andcarbonsequestration.RMIanalysisshowsthatwithintheseeightcategories,
the76mostrepresentativebuildingtechnologieshaveanaveragetechnologyreadinesslevel(TRL)of4.8
UnlockingNewOpportunitiesforCarbonNeutralityinChina’sBuildingSector/13
sectorinChina
Exhibit9Maturityanalysisofcarbonreductiontechnologiesinthebuilding
Note:Thetechnologyreadinesslevels(TRLs)aresimplifiedbasedontheIEA’sclassificationforcleanenergytechnology
maturity,dividedintosixlevels:(1)concept,(2)smallscaleprototype,(3)largescaleprototype,(4)demonstration,(5)earlycommercialization,and(6)fullcommercialization.
RMIGraphic.Source:RMIanalysis
UnlockingNewOpportunitiesforCarbonNeutralityinChina’sBuildingSector/14
outof6(seeExhibit9).Morethanhalfofthesetechnologiesarealreadyincommercialuse,andover90%havereachedtheearlycommercializationlevelorhigher.Therefore,thestrategyfordecarbonizationtechnologydeploymentinthebuildingsectorshouldfocusbothonscalinguptechnologiesatcommercialscaleandonintegratingtechnologiesasasystem,whichwillrequirebothmarketpowerandpublicsupport.
Exhibit10Projectedmarketgrowthoffourkeylow-carbontechnologies,2023–35
RMIGraphic.Source:RMIanalysis
RMIalsoanalyzedthemarketpotentialforfourkeytechnologies:low-carbonbuildingmaterials,energy-efficientwindows,high-efficiencyairconditionersandheatpumps,andbuildingphotovoltaics(see
Exhibit10).Themainopportunitiesforscalinguplow-carbonsteelandconcreteremainincertification
andmarketschemes,suchaslargegreenprocurementprograms.Themarketforhigh-efficiencyair
conditionersandheatpumpswillbemainlydrivenbythetrade-inpolicythatreplacesoldequipmentwithnew,moreefficientequipment,asexplicitlymentionedinthe2024NationalMeasurestoPromoteLarge-ScaleEquipmentReplacementandTrade-inofConsumerGoods,aswellastheincreasingdemandfor
residentialheatinginsouthernChina.Buildingphotovoltaictechnologieswillbedrivenmainlybyprogressinnationwidephotovoltaicpoliciesandcontinuedcostreductionsinbuildingphotovoltaicproduction.
BusinessModelandInstitutionalInnovation:ValueChainIntegration,SmartManagement,Standardization,andBeyond
Thedevelopmentofnewbusinessmodelsandinstitutionalmechanismsiscriticalforthelarge-scale
deploymentoflow-carbonproductsandtechnologies.Valuechainintegration,smartmanagement,
andstandardizationacrossindustriesarekeytrendsthatarepowerfulenablersforreducingemissions
acrosstheentirebuildingindustryvaluechain.Valuechainintegrationinvolvesconnectingsupplychainplayersforconsistentactionandimplementinglife-cycledesignandmanagementapproaches.Smart
management,enhancedbydigitalizationandartificialintelligence,willsupportoptimalandreal-time
energymanagementandimproveprocessefficiency.Buildingstandardizationistheprovisionofmodularcomponentstoimproveconstructionefficiencyandreducewaste,aswellasproduct,design,andrating
UnlockingNewOpportunitiesforCarbonNeutralityinChina’sBuildingSector/15
systemstandardization.Inthecontextofcarbonneutrality,newbusinessmodelsforthebuildingsectorwillrequirethesynergisticactionofvariousactorsalongthevaluechain,includingbuildingmaterial
manufacturers,designers,constructioncompanies,developers,operationandmaintenanceserviceproviders,retrofitters,andbuildingwasterecyclers(seeExhibit11).
Exhibit11Stakeholderactionsinthebuildingindustryvaluechain
RMIGraphic
Atthesametime,innovativemarketmechanismscaneffectivelymobilizecorporateactionsbyleveragingcapitalandinvestment.Chinaisgraduallyexploringtheopeningupofthecarbontradingmarketinthebuildingindustry,internalizingthecostofCO2emissionsbytradingCO2emissionsrights,andprovidingincentivesforconstructionenterprisestoaccelerateemissionsreduction.Innovativegreenfinancing
systems,suchasgreencredit,greenbonds,greenfunds,greeninsuranc
溫馨提示
- 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
- 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
- 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
- 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
- 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
- 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- 《 基于聲發(fā)射檢測方法的混凝土損傷評價(jià)研究》范文
- 小產(chǎn)權(quán)過戶合同模板
- 統(tǒng)編版語文三年級上冊第五單元達(dá)標(biāo)檢測卷(含答案)
- 《 Zr-Al合金顯微組織等軸化研究》范文
- 《 低密度高強(qiáng)度石油支撐劑的制備》范文
- 《 人類基因組序列8-mer頻譜的內(nèi)在規(guī)律和各類8-mers的生物功能》范文
- 《 錳基非均相類芬頓催化劑的制備及其降解四環(huán)素廢水的研究》范文
- 人教新課標(biāo)高中地理必修二 第四章 工業(yè)地域的形成與發(fā)展問題研究 煤城焦作出路何在 教案地理
- 《2024年 王家衛(wèi)電影研究》范文
- 工作世界探索
- 蘇科版八年級上冊生物第15章《人體內(nèi)平衡的維持》 知識點(diǎn)講義
- 體育與健康教學(xué)策略
- (2024版)小學(xué)語文新課標(biāo)解讀:更加注重閱讀與寫作
- 公司全面預(yù)算管理實(shí)施細(xì)則樣本
- 關(guān)于推動(dòng)預(yù)制菜產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展的幾點(diǎn)建議
- 全球血液腫瘤學(xué)檢測行業(yè)調(diào)查報(bào)告2024-2030年
- (歌曲寫作)課程教學(xué)大綱
- 小學(xué)生讀書筆記方法指導(dǎo)課件
- 大學(xué)美育(第二版) 課件 第七單元:設(shè)計(jì)藝術(shù)
- 醫(yī)療質(zhì)量安全管理培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容
- 科研成果產(chǎn)業(yè)化轉(zhuǎn)化商業(yè)計(jì)劃書
評論
0/150
提交評論