2024年全球包容性語言文化指南報告

為全球首屈一指的由技術(shù)賦能的語言、內(nèi)容在為中國企業(yè)出海提供無偏見、包容性的英語風(fēng)格指南和敏感詞匯表等和包容性(DEI)角度出發(fā)，重新審視并規(guī)范了英文敏感詞匯的使用。通過推薦使用“人本語言”、避免偏見與冒犯性詞匯、摒棄委婉語、尊重個體偏好4.年齡、外貌與社會經(jīng)濟地位Age,AppearaAccessibility&Health本章節(jié)旨在提高公眾對無障礙環(huán)境與健康議題中語言使用的敏感度。其中在描述殘障或疾病時），?以人為本的語言：推薦使用“人本語言”（people于首位，強調(diào)人的主體性和多樣性，如使用“personwithadisability”而非“disabledperson”?避免偏見與冒犯：如“addict”、“AIDSvictim”、“brain-damaged”等存在偏見或冒犯性，建議替換?避免委婉語：在談?wù)摎埣矔r，應(yīng)避免使用委婉語，因為這可能會被視為居高臨下、冒犯或回避談?wù)摎埣驳囊环N方式，如“handicapped”、“hearing-impaired?特定術(shù)語的正確使用：如“l(fā)ate-termabortion”和“partial-birthabort?尊重個體偏好：強調(diào)在不確定受眾偏好時，應(yīng)傾向于使用更加普遍接受的術(shù)語，同時鼓勵尊重個體的自我認方式，它鼓勵我們在談?wù)撍藭r，始終將“人”放在首位，尊重他們的獨特Accessibility&HealthTermNotesUseInsteadaddictThistermcanbereclaimedbytheindividual,butotherwiseprefer"personwithasubstanceusedisorder“可能帶有偏見personwithasubstanceusedisorderAIDSvictimThistermcanimplythatapersonispowerless,withnocontrolover可能暗示一個人無能為力，無法控制自己的生活。HIVpositive;personlivingwithHIV;personwithHIVAvoiddescribingagrouponlyintermsoftheirdisabilitiesandnotaspeople.NotethatmanyindividualsintheBlindcommunityidentifyasblind/Blind(notethatthistermissometimescapitalized).However,becarefulaboutusing"blind"asacollectivenounforagroupofpeople,ortodescribethingsandsituationsinapejorativemanner.不要將“blind”用作一群人的集合名詞，或以貶損的方式描述事物和情況。Defertothepreferencesofthepersonorpeoplewithdisabilitiesyouaretalkingabout.Ifyoudonotknowthepreferencesofyouraudience,prefer"personwhoisblind/Blind".bonkersThisisderogatorylanguagethatcontributestonegativeattitudesandstigmasurroundingmentalillness.一種貶損性語言，會助長對精神疾病的消極態(tài)度和污名化。personwithamentalhealthconditionbrain-damagedpersonwithanintellectualdisability;personwithatraumaticbrainmittedsuicideAvoidframingsuicideasanachievement(successful/unsuccessful)oracrime(committed).避免將自殺描述為完成（successful/unsuccessful）或罪行（committed）。Accessibility&HealthTermNotesUseInsteadcrazy;crazed;insaneThisisderogatorylanguagethatcontributestonegativeattitudesandstigmasurroundingmentalillness.這是一種貶損性語言，會助長對精神疾病的消極態(tài)度和污名化。personlivingwithmentalillness;withmentalhealthconditions.Iftosituationsandthings,removerewrite.personreferringandcripple;crippled;cripThesetermsareoffensivetopeoplewithphysicaldisabilities.對身體有殘疾的人來說是具有冒犯性。personwithaphysicaldisabilitythedeafAvoiddescribingagrouponlyintermsoftheirdisabilitiesandnotaspeople.ManyindividualsintheDeafcommunityidentifyasdeaf/Deaf(notethatthistermissometimescapitalized).However,becarefulaboutusing"deaf"asacollectivenounforagroup,ortodescribesthingsandsituationsinapejorativemanner.不要將“thedeaf”用作一群人的集合名詞，或以貶損的方式描述事物和Defertothepreferencesofthepersonorpeoplewithdisabilitiesyouaretalkingabout.Ifyoudonotknowthepreferencesofyouraudience,prefer"personwhoisdeaf/Deaf".deaf-mutePeoplecanexpressthemselvesthroughwriting,signlanguage,vocaldevicesandotherways.Generallypeoplewithhearinglosshavefunctioningvocalcords,so"mute"isinappropriateandoffensive.人們可以通過書寫、手語、發(fā)聲裝置和其他方式來表達自己。一般來說，聽力受損的人聲帶是正常的，所以“mute”這一說法是不恰當?shù)?。Defertothepreferencesofthepersonorpeoplewithdisabilitiesyouaretalkingabout.Ifyoudonotknowthepreferencesofyouraudience,prefer"personwhoisdeaf/Deaf","personwithahearingdisability","personwhousesadevicetocommunicate",etc.Accessibility&HealthTermNotesUseInsteaddeformedThiscanbeusedtodescribeobjects,butneverpeople.可以用來描述物體，但不能用來描述人RemoveandrewritedisabledpersonIngeneral,preferpeople-firstlanguageunlessthepeopleyouaretalkingaboutpreferotherwise.一般來說，除非你所談?wù)摰娜擞刑貏e的偏好，否則最好使用以人為本的語言。避免使用冒犯性語言personwithadisabilityfreakAvoidoffensivelanguage,evenasajoke.避免使用冒犯性的語言，即使是開玩笑。Removeandrewritehandi-capableAvoideuphemismswhenspeakingaboutdisability,asitcanbeperceivedascondescending,offensiveorawayofavoidingtalkingaboutdisability.Usepeople-firstlanguage.在談?wù)摎埣矔r，應(yīng)避免使用委婉語，因為這可能會被視為居高臨下、冒犯或回避談?wù)摎埣驳囊环N方式。請采用“人本語言”來表達。personwithadisabilityhandicappedaccessible(whenspeakingaboutinfrastructure);withadisability(withspeakingaboutaperson)handicappedparking/bathroomAvoidusing"handicapped"torefertoaccessibleinfrastructure.避免使用“handicapped”來指代無障礙基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施accessibleparking/bathroomThistermisoffensiveasitimpliesthemedicalconditionmakessomeoneresembleahare.具有冒犯性，因為它暗示了某種醫(yī)療狀況使人看起來像一只兔子。Accessibility&HealthTermNotesUseInsteadAvoideuphemismswhenspeakingaboutdisability,asitcanbehardofhearing;personwithahearingdisabilityhearing-impairedperceivedascondescending,offensiveorawayofavoidingtalkingaboutdisability.Usepeople-firstlanguage.Theword“impaired”focuseshardofhearing;personwithahearingdisabilityhearing-impaired在談?wù)摎埣矔r，避免使用委婉語，因為這可能被視為居高臨下、冒犯或避免談?wù)摎埣驳姆绞?。使用以人為本的語言?！癷mpaired”這個詞關(guān)注的是一個人不personwithadisabilityusescrutches;walkswithacaneWhenusedmetaphorically,removeandrewrite.Thiscanpersonwithadisabilityusescrutches;walkswithacaneWhenusedmetaphorically,removeandrewrite.Avoidoffensivelanguage,evenasajoke.Donotusethiswordtomean"boring"or"uncool.“避免使用冒犯性語言。不要用這個詞來表示“boring”或“uncool”。Thistermhasnomedicalvalidityandiscontroversial.Ifnecessary,refertothetrimesterinwhichtheprocedureisoccurring.Removeandrewritelate-termabortionRemoveandrewrite終止妊娠）的時間點并沒有一個全球統(tǒng)一、明確界定的“晚期”標準。如有必要，請?zhí)峒笆中g(shù)發(fā)生的具體孕期。personlivingwithmentalillness;personwithmentalhealthconditionslunaticpersonlivingwithmentalillness;personwithmentalhealthconditionslunatic貶損性語言，會助長對精神疾病的負面態(tài)度和污名化。Accessibility&HealthTermNotesUseInsteadmaimedThisisaderogatorytermwhenappliedtopeople.這個詞用于人時是貶義詞RemoveandrewritePrefer“personwithmentalhealthconditions”unlessyouraudienceprefersotherwise.除非當事人另有偏好，否則請優(yōu)先考慮使用"personwithmentalhealthconditions”personwithmentalhealthconditionmidget"Midget"isalwaysoffensive.Peoplewithdwarfismmayormaynotconsiderthemselvestohaveadisability.Usethetermtheypreferanddonotrefertotheirstatureunlessnecessary.帶有冒犯性?；加匈灏Y的人可能認為自己有殘疾，也可能不這么認為。請使用他們喜歡的術(shù)語，除非必要，否則不要提及他們的身personwithdwarfism,littleperson雖然"littleperson"在某些情況下可能被誤解為帶有貶義，但在當今的語境中，它更多地被用作一種無冒犯性的、描述身高異常矮小個體的方式。特別是在關(guān)注殘障人士權(quán)益和避免使用冒犯性語言的背景下，"littleperson"成為了比"midget"等舊有詞匯更為合適的選擇。mongoloidThisisaderogatorytermforpeoplewithDownsyndromeand這是對唐氏綜合癥患者的貶義詞，應(yīng)該杜絕使用。personwithDownsyndromeThingscanbemute(d),suchastrumpets.Peopleshouldneverbedescribedasmute.可以用來描述物品，不適合描述人Focusonhowthepersoncommunicates,whetherthat'ssignlanguage,usingadevice,orotherwise.Itisrecommendedtoaskthepersonhowtheywantyoutorefertotheirdisability.normalpersonThiscanimplythatpeoplewithdisabilitiesaretheabnormalexception.Use“normal”onlyinmedical/scientificcontextsuchas“normaltestresult”or“normalgrowth.”這可能暗示有殘疾的人是異常的例外。僅在醫(yī)學(xué)/科學(xué)背景下使用“normal”一詞，如“normaltestresult”或“normalgrowth”personwithoutadisability;personwithoutvisibledisabilitiesAccessibility&HealthTermNotesUseInsteadpartial-birthabortionThistermhasnomedicalvalidityandiscontroversial.Refer,ifnecessary,to"dilationandextraction"procedures.該術(shù)語沒有醫(yī)學(xué)上的有效性，并且具有爭議性。如有必要，請使用“dilationandextraction”手術(shù)來指代。RemoveandrewriteretardedAvoidoffensivelanguage,evenasajoke.具有冒犯性，應(yīng)避免使用，即使是開玩笑。personwithanintellectualdisability;personwithalearningdisability;personwithmentalillness.shortbusAvoidableistlanguagetorefertoindividualeducationservices.避免使用帶有歧視殘障人士色彩的語言來指代個別教育服務(wù)。RemoveandrewritespecialneedsAvoideuphemismswhenspeakingaboutdisability,asitcanbeperceivedascondescending,offensiveorawayofavoidingtalkingaboutdisability.Usepeople-firstlanguage.在談?wù)摎埣矔r，應(yīng)避免使用委婉語，因為這可能會被視為居高臨下、冒犯或回避談?wù)摎埣驳囊环N方式。請采用“人本語言”來表達。functionalneeds;supportforintellectualdisabilitiesspeciallyabledRemoveandrewritewheelchairboundAvoidpassivewordsthatpaintpeoplewithdisabilitiesasvictims.避免使用將殘障人士描繪成受害者的消極詞匯。wheelchairuser;personwhousesawheelchairsanitycheckThisisderogatorylanguagethatcontributestonegativeattitudesandstigmasurroundingmentalillness.貶損性語言，會導(dǎo)致對精神疾病的負面態(tài)度和污名化。quickcheckspirituality,Religion,Belief宗教信仰一直是跨文化交流中一個敏感且復(fù)雜的話題。主動學(xué)習(xí)和了解不同宗教、文化和族禁忌，對于促進相互理解和尊重至關(guān)重要。本章節(jié)列舉了多個與宗教、信仰及族群相關(guān)的敏感詞匯更中性、更尊重的替代詞匯，提醒我們在溝通中應(yīng)避免使用這些可能引發(fā)冒犯或不快的用語，從而?宗教信仰：“Bible-thumper”等詞匯對信奉基督教的宗教人士具有貶損意味，建議使用“Chr?種族與族群：“Kaffir”在南非歷史中是對非洲人的種族侮辱，應(yīng)被完全避免。其他如“ragh?特定語境：“pow-wow”和“spiritanimal”等詞匯應(yīng)僅在?地域與文化差異：某些詞匯的貶義性質(zhì)在不同地域和文化背景下可能存在差異，如“Mullah”在印度對穆斯UseInsteadChristiansTermBible-thumperNotesThisisaUseInsteadChristiansTermBible-thumperNotesThisisaderogatorytermtorefertoreligiouspeoplewhofollowChristianity.貶義詞，用于指代信奉基督教的宗教人士。Avoidusingaspecificreligiousholidaytoindicateatimeofyearorseasonalbreak,aseveryonedoesnotobservethesameholidays.避免使用特定的宗教節(jié)日來表示一年中的某個時間或季節(jié)性假期，因為并非每個人都會慶祝相同的節(jié)日。Thisisaderogatorytermtorefertosomeonewithoutareligiousaffiliation.貶義詞，用來指代沒有宗教信仰的人。ThisisaderogatorytermtorefertoJews.貶義詞，用來指代猶太人。Thisisaderogatorytermtorefertosomeonewithoutareligiousaffiliation.貶義詞，用來指代沒有宗教信仰的人。ThisisaderogatorytermtorefertoMormonsthatdonotstrictlyobservereligiousdoctrine.貶義詞，用來指代不嚴格遵守宗教教義的摩門教徒。ThisisaderogatorytermtorefertoJewishmen.貶低猶太男性的貶義詞。Christmasholiday;merryChristmasheathenHeebyinfidelholidays;happyholidayspersonwithoutareligiousaffiliationRemoveandrewrite.personwithoutareligiousaffiliationRemoveandrewrite.Removeandrewrite.JackMormonjewboyspirituality,Religion,BeliefTermNotesUseInsteadThisisaderogatorytermforpeoplewithAfricandescent.RacialslurinSouthAfrica.在南非及其歷史中，這個詞被用作貶低和歧視非洲人的詞語，與種族隔離制度和種族歧視緊密相連，被視為不恰當和不尊重的用語。Removeandrewrite.ThesearederogatorytermstorefertoJews.貶義詞，用來指代猶太人。Removeandrewrite.InIndia,thisisareligiousslurforMuslim在印度，這是對穆斯林的宗教侮辱。Removeandrewrite.pow-wow;powwowThistermshouldonlybeusedintheappropriateIndigenouscontextorbyanIndigenousspeaker.這個詞只能在適當?shù)脑∶裾Z境中使用，或者由原住民使用。huddle;meeting;meetupragheadThisisaderogatorytermforArabs,IndianSikhs,etc.這是對阿拉伯人、印度錫克教徒等的貶義詞。Removeandrewrite.spiritanimalThistermshouldonlybeusedintheappropriateIndigenouscontextorbyanIndigenousspeaker.這個詞只應(yīng)在適當?shù)脑∶裾Z境中使用，或者由原住民使用。totempolehierarchyVoodooRemoveandrewrite.sexualorientation,GenderIdentity,GenderRelations性戀者、跨性別者等及其相關(guān)群體）的權(quán)益日益受到重視。在構(gòu)建包容平等社會時，更新蘊含性別偏見?告別舊詞：放棄如“dyke”等可能帶有冒犯性的詞匯，改用自我認同的積極表達，如“queer”（注意在正?尊重個人選擇：當提及他人性取向時，盡量使用他們自我認同的詞匯，或采用中性描述?自我肯定：對于跨性別者，避免使用“sexchange”等過時且可能引發(fā)誤解的詞匯，改用“gender-?非二元性別：拓展性別認同的邊界，認識到性別不僅限于男女二元，可以使用“differentsex/gendersexualorientation,GenderIdentity,GenderTermNotesUseInsteadbimboThisisasexistterm.帶有性別歧視的詞。Removeandrewrite.businessman;businesswomanUsegender-neutralterms.建議使用性別中立的術(shù)語。business-person;executivechairman,chairwomanchair;chairpersonSometimesconsideredoffensive;canbereclaimedbytheindividual.Generally,donotuseunlessquotingsomeonewhoidentifiesassuch.可能被認為具有冒犯性，可以被個人重新定義。除非當事人自稱，否Whendescribingpeople,usetheirlanguage,orreferto"membersoftheLGBTQIA+community."female-to-maletransgenderperson;transmangayTobeavoidedwhenusednegatively,tosaysomethingisbad,foolish,excessive,etc.Canbeusedasadescriptionofsexualorientation,especiallywhenself-identified.當用于負面含義，比如形容某物不好、愚蠢、過度等時，應(yīng)避免使用。它可以作為性取向的描述，特別是當自我認同時。Removeandrewritewhenusedinapejorativesense.guysAvoidgenderednounsthatfavoronegenderovertheotherwhenspeakingtoamixedgroup,e.g."Higuys.“在與混合性別群體交談時，避免使用帶有性別偏見的名詞，比如“Hieveryone;folks;people;teamssexualorientation,GenderIdentity,GenderRelationsTermNotesUseInsteadhermaphroditeThisisanoutdatedandderogatoryterm.過時且?guī)в匈H義。intersexperson;intersex(adj)homoThisispejorativetogaymen.對男同性戀者具有冒犯性。Removeandrewrite.homosexualThistermcanbeusedinaneutral,scientificcontext,especiallytodescribeabehavior(forexample,thehomosexualmatingpatternsofbonobos).Thistermshouldnotbeusedwhenreferringtopeople,unlesstheychoosethattermthemselves.Ingeneral,prefer"gay"orothermorespecificterm.這個詞可以在中性、科學(xué)的語境中使用，特別是用來描述一種行為（例如，倭黑猩猩的同性戀交配模式）。但在指代人時，除非當事人自稱，否則應(yīng)避免使用。一般來說，更傾向于使用“gay”或其他更具體的術(shù)語。Whendescribingpeople,usetheirlanguage,orrefertocommunity."Thisisaderogatoryterm,traditionallyreferringtoatransgenderwomanofThaiethnicity.這個詞帶有貶義的色彩，傳統(tǒng)上用來指代泰國裔的跨性別女性。Removeandrewrite.mailmanUsegender-neutraltermswheneverpossible,suchas"mailcarrier"or"postalworker.“盡可能使用性別中立的術(shù)語mailcarrier;postalworkermale-to-femaleSometimesconsideredoffensive;canbereclaimedbytheindividual.Generally,donotuseunlessquotingsomeonewhoidentifiesassuch.可能被認為具有冒犯性，可以被個人重新定義。除非當事人自稱，否則不建議使用。transgenderperson;transwomansexualorientation,GenderIdentity,GenderRelationsTermNotesUseInsteadUsegender-neutralterms.建議使用性別中立的術(shù)語workhoursmanpowerstaff;employeesThisisaderogatorytermtorefertogayman.這個詞帶有貶義的色彩，用來指代男同性戀者。Removeandrewrite.normalDonotuseinrelationtogenderorientationorsexualidentity.不要在與性別取向或性身份相關(guān)的語境中使用。cisgender;straightoppositesexUsenon-binarylanguage.建議使用非二元性別語言。differentsex/genderqueerThistermshouldneverbeusedinadisparagingmanner.However,itcanbeusedwhereitdescribesanidentitytowhichanindividualwillinglyascribes.不能以貶義的方式使用。在描述個人自我認同的身份時可以使用。說明：在適當?shù)恼Z境下，這個詞可以被用作正面的自我認同，但使用時需注意不會冒犯他人。salesman;saleswomanUsegender-neutralterms.建議使用性別中立的術(shù)語salesperson;salesassociatesexchangeThisisanoutdatedterm.Manytransgenderpeoplewhohavesurgeryseethemselvesasaffirmingtheirgender,notchangingit.這是一個過時的術(shù)語。許多接受手術(shù)的跨性別者認為自己是在肯定自己的性別，而transition;gender-affirmingcare;sexreassignmentTermNotesUseInsteadshe-maleUsegender-neutralterms.使用性別中立的術(shù)語。transgenderperson;transwomanspokesmanUsegender-neutraljobtitles.使用性別中立的職位名稱。spokesperson;representativestewardessflightattendantsuperstraightThistermshouldneverbeused,asitwastheproductofonlineanti-LGBTQIA+discourse.避免使用這個詞，它是網(wǎng)絡(luò)上反LGBTQIA+言論的產(chǎn)物。Removeandrewrite.trannyThisisanoutdatedandoffensiveterm;use"transgender"insteadunlessthepersoninquestionidentifiesotherwise.這些是過時且具有冒犯性的術(shù)語，除非當事人自己認同，否則應(yīng)使用“transgender”。transgenderperson;transpersontransexualtransgender(adj);transgenderperson;transpersontransgenderedtransgender(adj)tranvestitetransgenderperson;transpersonAge,Appearance,socioeconomicstatus?年齡不應(yīng)成為定義個人能力的界限，外貌也不應(yīng)成為評判價值的唯一標準，而社會經(jīng)濟地位更不應(yīng)成為阻礙公平與尊重的壁壘。通過增進對這些議題的理解與敏感性，我們努力營造一個環(huán)境，讓每個人都能?避免偏見與刻板印象?避免使用如“big-boned,chubby,plump”等對體型有貶損性的描述，以及“l(fā)ow-classpeople,thepoor”等對收入水平的貶低?年齡表述：用“olderadults,olderpersons”替代“theaged,theelderly”，以減少負面刻板印象?社會現(xiàn)象描述：避免使用“illegalalien,illegalimmigrant”，這些詞匯對非公民居民具有貶損性?住房狀況：將“ghetto,theprojects”替換為“l(fā)ow-incomehousing,low-incomeareas”?社會經(jīng)濟狀況：在描述社會經(jīng)濟狀況時，采用中性且準確的詞匯，避免任何可能引發(fā)誤解或偏見的表達?權(quán)力關(guān)系：在提及權(quán)力關(guān)系時，如非必要且非貶損性語境，避免使用“master”來暗示支配，改用其他更中性的詞匯?資源與能力：在交流中，更多地關(guān)注個體或群體所擁有的資源和能力，而非其缺乏之處，以激發(fā)正面能量和積極行動Age,Appearance,socioeconomicstatusTermNotesUseInsteadbig-bonedThiseuphemismisgenerallytobeavoided.應(yīng)避免使用。Removeandrewrite.childprostituteThislanguagesuggestschildrenhaveconsentinachoicetoengageinprostitution,whichtheydonot.這種表述暗示兒童在從事賣淫方面有同意權(quán)，而事實并非如此。childwhohasbeentraffickedchubbyThiseuphemismisgenerallytobeavoided.應(yīng)避免使用。Removeandrewrite.convictAvoidthistermwhenreferringtoapersonwhois/wasincarceratedorhasbeenconvictedofacrime.在提及被監(jiān)禁或定罪的人時，應(yīng)避免使用此詞。personwhois/wasincarcerateddropoutsInsteadofreferringtowhatpeoplelack,focusonwhattheyhave.Donotblameindividualsforsociodemographicobstacles.不要以人們?nèi)狈κ裁磥碇复麄?，而?yīng)關(guān)注他們所擁有的。不要將社會人口方面的peoplewithoutahighschooldiploma,or"peoplewhohadcompleted10thgrade"forinstance.FirstworldDonotusethistermtorefertonationsoftheworldthatareconsideredmoreeconomicallyandtechnologicallyadvanced.不要使用這個術(shù)語來指代世界上在經(jīng)濟和技術(shù)上被認為更發(fā)達的國家。developedcountriesgrandfatheredThistermshouldnotbeusedforhistoricalreasons,asitisderivedfrom"grandfatherclause"originatedinthe1890sasawaytodefythe15thAmendmentandpreventBlackAmericansfromvoting.出于歷史原因，這個術(shù)語不應(yīng)使用，因為它源自19世紀90年代的“祖父條款”，該條款用于抵制第15條修正案并阻止美國黑人投票。exempted;excused.NotesUseInsteadTermghettoThisisapejorativedescriptionofhousingstatus.這是對住房狀況的一種貶義描述。low-incomeNotesUseInsteadTermghettoThisisapejorativedescriptionofhousingstatus.這是對住房狀況的一種貶義描述。low-incomehousing;low-incomeareasUselanguagethatacknowledgescircumstancesorchallengesfaced.homelessperson在強調(diào)在描述某人或某群體時，應(yīng)使用能夠理解和尊重他們所面臨的實際情況和挑戰(zhàn)的語言。unhoused;personexperiencinghomelessnessorwithoutahomeillegalalien;alien；Dehumanizingtermstoreftoresidentswhoarenotcitizens.illegalimmigrant這些是對非公民居民的貶損性稱呼。noncitizen;personlackingdocumentationpeoplewhoseincomesarebelowthefederalpovertythresholdprimary/subordinate;primary/secondaryThisisapejorativedescriptionofincomelevel.這是對收入水平的一種貶損性描述。Neveruse"master"toimplydominance;othercontextsof"master"maybeappropriate("mastersommelier").不要使用“master”來暗示支配；其他語境下的“master”可能是恰當?shù)模ㄈ纭癿astersommelier”）。說明：這個詞在歷史和文化背景中，可能與奴隸制、殖民主義或其他形式的統(tǒng)治和壓迫相關(guān)聯(lián)。Thiseuphemismisgenerallytobeavoided.Avoidreferringtopovertyasanillnessorsocialill.避免將貧困描述為疾病或社會弊病。Thistermcanbereclaimedbytheindividual.這個術(shù)語可以被個人自行主張使用。low-classpeoplemaster/slaveplumppoverty-strickenprostitutepeoplewhoseincomesarebelowthefederalpovertythresholdsexworkerUseInsteadsecondarydevice;subordinatedeviceolderadults;olderpersonspeoplewhoseUseInsteadsecondarydevice;subordinatedeviceolderadults;olderpersonspeoplewhoseincomesarebelowthefederalpovertythresholdlow-incomehousing;low-incomeareasdevelopingcountries;emergingeconomiesFortheadjective,use"personlackingdocumentationorsomethingsimilar"instead.peoplewhoreceiveTANFbenefitsRemoveandrewrite.Termslavetheaged;theelderlythepoortheprojectsThirdworldNotesenslavement.這個術(shù)語在指稱實際存在的人類奴役情況時是恰當?shù)?。Thistermevokesnegativestereotypesofolderadults.帶有對老年人的負面刻板印象。Thisisapejorativedescriptionofincomelevel.這是對收入水平的貶損性描述Thisisapejorativedescriptionofhousingstatus.這是對住房狀況的貶損性描述。Donotusethistermtorefertonationsoftheworldthatareconsideredlesseconomicallyortechnologicallyadvanced.不要使用此術(shù)語來指代世界上被認為在經(jīng)濟或技術(shù)上較不發(fā)達的國家。Donotuseasanadjective(asin"undocumentedimmigrant").Itcanbeusedasapredicate(i.e.,apersonisundocumented).不要用作形容詞（如“undocumentedimmigrant”）。它可以作為謂語（即，“apersonisundocumented”）。DonotusetorefertothelowestoftheIndiancastes.不要用來指代印度種姓制度中的最低種姓。Thisisapejorativedescriptionofincomelevel.這是對收入水平的貶損性描述。Thistermisderogatorytowomen.這個術(shù)語對女性具有貶義。undocumenteduntouchablewelfarequeenwhoreEthnicity,Race,Nationality?本章節(jié)列舉民族、種族與國家身份等術(shù)語的使用，特別強調(diào)這些術(shù)語的文化敏感性、歷史背景以及潛在的文?“Black”和“African-American”在指代上存在細微差別，需考慮受眾偏好?！癆ryan”等詞與種族主義意識形態(tài)相關(guān)聯(lián)，應(yīng)避免在非歷史語境中使用?！癆sianvirus”錯誤關(guān)聯(lián)疫情與種族，違背事實且具偏見?！癇lacklist”強化了負面?“Chinaman”、“Gypsy”等詞存在貶損性，應(yīng)避免?“Negro”、“Nigger”等詞源于負面歷史背景，應(yīng)避免使用。“Slanteyes”、“SpadeEthnicity,Race,NationalityAboriginalAborigineForAustralia:"Aboriginals"or"Aborigines"aregenerallyconsideredtobeoutdatedterms,while"Aboriginal"aloneisnotinclusiveofthediversityofculturesandidentitiesacrossAustralia.Moreover,theterm"Aboriginalpeoples"isnotinclusiveofTorresStra對于澳大利亞而言，“Aboriginals”或“Aborigines”通常被認為是過時的術(shù)語，而僅使用“Aboriginal”一詞則不包括澳大利亞各地文化和身份的多樣性。此外“Aboriginalpeoples”一詞也不包括托雷斯海峽島民。建議使用“FirstNations”或“FirstPeoples”。在可能的情況下，使用更具體的群體、民族或部落名稱。"FirstNations"or"Firstspecificgroup,peopleortribenamewheneverpossible.African-AmericanPrefer"Black,"butdefertotheaudience.BlackandAfricanAmericandonotnecessarilymeanthesamethingandindividualsmaynotidentifywithonetermortheother.NeveruseAfrican-AmericantorefertopeopleofcolorwhoarenotAmerican.推薦使用“Black”，但也要考慮受眾的接受度。Black和AfricanAmerican不一定指同一類人，個人可能不認同其中一個或另一個術(shù)語。不要使用“African-American”來指代非美國的有色人種。AmericanAvoid,unlessthepersonorgroupusesthistermtoidentifythemselves.除非個人或群體使用此術(shù)語來表明自己的身份，否則應(yīng)避免使用。NativeAmericanorFirstNations(Canada)anchorbaby;anchorchildPejorativetermtorefertoachildborntoanoncitizenmotherinacountrythatgrantsautomaticcitizenshiptochildrenbornonitssoil.Donotuse.貶義詞，用于指代在一個國家出生即可自動獲得公民身份的非公民母親所生的孩子。RemoveandrewriteEthnicity,Race,NationalityAryanDuetoitsnegativeassociationswithsupremacistideologies,thistermshouldbeavoidedoutsideofhistoricalcontexts.由于該術(shù)語與種族主義意識形態(tài)有負面聯(lián)系，因此在歷史語境之外應(yīng)避免使用。如果你需要在學(xué)術(shù)語境中提及這一歷史人群，請使用“Indo-Iranian”。thehistoricalpeopleinanacademiccontext,use"Indo-Iranian."AsianvirusThistermwronglyequatestheCOVID-19pandemicwithAsiansandAsian-Americans.此術(shù)語錯誤地將COVID-19大流行與亞洲人和亞裔美國人等同起來。應(yīng)使用“COVID-19”或“novelcoronavirus”COVID-19;novelcoronavirusblacklist;Perpetuatesthestereotypeof"black"beingassociatedwithnegativetraits.這個詞使“black”與負面特征聯(lián)系在一起，應(yīng)避免使用。應(yīng)改為“blocklist”或“disallowedlist”。blocklist;disallowedlistblackhat;blackhathackerPerpetuatesthestereotypeof"black"beingassociatedwithnegativetraits.強化了“black”與消極特質(zhì)相關(guān)聯(lián)的刻板印象。unethicalhackerBushmanThistermisoutdatedandnowconsideredderogatory這個詞已經(jīng)過時，現(xiàn)在被認為具有貶義。應(yīng)使用“San”來指代這一族群。ThecollectiveethnicityCaucasianAvoidasasynonymforwhite,unlessusedindemographicdata.除非在人口統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)中使用，否則應(yīng)避免將其作為white的同義詞。whitecakewalkBecauseofitsassociationwithslavery,thiswordshouldbeavoided.由于與奴隸制相關(guān)，這個詞應(yīng)該避免使用。RemoveandrewriteEthnicity,Race,Nationalitycorrectnationalidentity.ChinamanOftenappliedtoanyoneofAsianheritage.Derogatorytermtocorrectnationalidentity.ChinamanChinesewhispers;Chinesewhisperer"ChineseWhisperer"referstotheTelephonegame,whereplayersChinesewhispers;Chinesewhisperergameoftelephonephrasetothepersonnexttothemuntilitreachesthelastpersoninline.Itimpliesgameoftelephone這個術(shù)語指的是“傳話游戲”，即玩家將一句話悄悄告訴下一個人，直到這句話傳到隊伍的最后一個人。這個詞暗示了漢語難以理解或翻譯。應(yīng)改為“agameoftelephone”。Inuit(usedinCanada);AlaskaNative(termusedUSfederallawssince2016)AlthoughcommonlyusedinAlaskatorefertoInuitandYupikpeople,Inuit(usedinCanada);AlaskaNative(termusedUSfederallawssince2016)colonizers.雖然在阿拉斯加州通常用來指代因紐特人和尤皮克人，但在許多其他地方，這個詞因被種族主義殖民者廣泛使用而具有貶義。ThistermisculturallysensitiveandshouldnotbeusedunlessreferringtothegestapoRemoveandrewrite.Removeandrewrite.Removeandrewrite.GermaninternalsecuritygestapoRemoveandrewrite.Removeandrewrite.Removeandrewrite.這個詞在文化上很敏感，除非是在指納粹政權(quán)下的德國國內(nèi)安全警察時用作歷史概念，否gooffthereservationgringoThistermisderogatorygooffthereservationgringoThistermisderogatorytowhitepeoplefromaLatinAmericanperspective.這個詞從拉丁美洲人的角度來看對白人有貶義。Ethnicity,Race,NationalitygypWhenusedasaverb"toshortchange"or"toswindle,"thiswordisderogatorytotheRomapeoplea