秘籍10閱讀理解（議論文和應用文）-2023年中考英語搶分秘籍

突破閱讀理解（2）議論文和應用文（一）題型分析閱讀理解是每年中考試題的“重中之重”。此題型的分值為3040分，約占整套試題總分的45%左右。閱讀理解主要考查考生通過閱讀短文獲取一定信息的能力。近幾年的中考試題考查的文體多為記敘文、說明文、應用文等，考查內(nèi)容比較廣泛。不僅如此，閱讀理解的文章在體裁方面也越來越多樣化，廣告、圖表等應用文是近年來中考試題的新體裁；在內(nèi)容方面，也更加體現(xiàn)了時代性和可讀性，題材包括科普、社會、文化、政治、經(jīng)濟等方面。（二）體裁簡析一、英語閱讀文體類型簡析中考英語閱讀常見的文體類型有：記敘文、議論文、說明文和應用文。01、記敘文。英語記敘文以描寫敘述為主，主要描寫人物、事件、地點、或過程。特點是，其主題往往潛伏在字里行間，沒有直接地表白出來；文章主旨要透過體察所揭示的人物、事件來進行提煉。描寫手法大多按時間跨度、空間順序、上下順序來展開。閱讀記敘文體應采取略讀和掃讀的方法，快速抓住文中描寫的主要內(nèi)容，從整體上去把握文章的連貫性，進而大體上揣測出作者的寫作意圖及情感主線。高考閱讀就記敘文設題大多以細節(jié)理解為主。02、說明文。英語說明文的總體結(jié)構(gòu)通常為三部份，說明對象、說明過程和歸納總結(jié)。常見的說明方法：就中考英語說明文的閱讀而言，首先要抓住文章說明的要點，也就是要抓住被說明對象的實質(zhì)性特征；弄清作者從哪個角度、哪個層面開始說明；并明白文章最后的說明結(jié)論。中考說明文閱讀材料通常介紹最新科技、重大成就、生活時尚、流行現(xiàn)象等。了解說明文的寫作手法、說明方法，理清短文結(jié)構(gòu)及段落中心思想是答題關(guān)鍵。03、議論文。英語議論文通常為三段式，即“論點、論據(jù)、結(jié)論”三部份組成。首先借助某一現(xiàn)象引出論點，然后通過一定論據(jù)從各個層面上加以推理論證，最后得出結(jié)論。議論文體主要考查學生對論點及論據(jù)的把握。因此，遇到議論文體時，應采取抓主題句的方法來把握文章主旨，弄清作者的觀點。一般來說，作者的論點通常在文章首段被引出，接著是對這一論點的邏輯推理和論證，最后為結(jié)論。還應注意的是：在對論點論證的過程中，每一段的首句都是該段的主題句。把握全文論點、弄清論證各段的主題句、理解文章層次、找出中心論點的位置是理解議論文的關(guān)鍵。04、應用文。英語應用文屬于實用型文體，如書信、通知、日記、廣告等。應用文閱讀要注意文中具體細節(jié)的把握與理解，弄清作者所傳達的實際信息及表達的具體內(nèi)容。閱讀時采取速讀與精讀相結(jié)合的方法，力求快速精確地查出試題所設置的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容。（三）解題技巧掌握中考英語閱讀理解題的應試技巧，正確地理解和分析問題，考生應從以下幾個方面入手：1．主旨題文章段落的首句和末句，一般表達文章的主題和段落的中心思想，其他句子只起補充、說明、解釋或引申的作用。因此，首先要搜索目標，找出文章及段落中的主題句，了解了它們的含義，就可以順著提供的主要線索去捕捉文章的相關(guān)信息，從而獲得解決問題的答案。最有效的辦法是找出主題句。主題句一般具有三個特點：（1）表述的意思通常是總結(jié)性的；（2）句子結(jié)構(gòu)較簡單，多數(shù)都不采用長、難句的形式；（3）段落中其他的句子必定是用來解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表述的主題思想的。2．推斷題推理是在既有信息的基礎(chǔ)上得出合乎文章內(nèi)容的內(nèi)涵意義，即某一問題、某一觀點沒有直接表述，而寓意在文章的字里行間，要求通過文中信息分析推出某種符合作者思想、符合文章邏輯的內(nèi)涵意義。推斷則是指通過對文章進行符合邏輯的綜合分析，推出文章未直接陳述的言外之意。推斷題推斷得正確與否，很大程度上取決于是否能正確把握作者潛隱在字里行間的語氣及觀點。（1）事實推斷。這種推斷常常針對某一個或幾個具體細節(jié)，是比較簡單的推斷。進行這種推斷，要首先在文章中找出據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行間的意思。（2）指代推斷。確定指代詞的含義和指代對象是閱讀理解題常見的題目。要確定指代詞所指代的對象，關(guān)鍵在于對上下文的正確理解。指代名詞的指代詞，其單復數(shù)形式應與被指代的詞一致，因此數(shù)的形式可作為識別指代對象的第一個輔助標志。（3）邏輯推斷。這類題目往往是要求根據(jù)文章所提供的背景、人物的表情、動作和語言來推斷出人物的態(tài)度或感受。（4）對作者的意圖和態(tài)度的推斷。這一類考題大都要求學生就作者對論述對象持什么樣的態(tài)度做出推斷，如作者對所陳述的觀點是贊同、反對，還是猶豫不定，對記述或描寫的人、物或事件是贊頌、同情、冷漠，還是厭惡。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出來，而往往隱含在字里行間。因此，進行這種推斷時，我們既要依靠短文的主題思想作為推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辭，尤其是形容詞一類的修飾語。總之，只要平時善于積累，并熟練運用上述解題技巧，初中閱讀理解題就將不再是難題。3．猜測詞義題閱讀短文時，常常會遇到一些生詞。這時，考生要沉著、冷靜，細心思考。首先要把整段、整篇文章看完。通過對全篇短文的理解，就有可能猜測出生詞的大意。另外，還可以從含有生詞句子的上下文，以及句子和段落之間的關(guān)系來判斷、理解生詞以求獲得其真正含義。猜測生詞的另一種方法是，根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法推測。遇到生詞后，可從構(gòu)詞法角度分析判斷生詞。例如：inexpensive一詞，其中詞根expensive的含義是“貴的”。前綴in是“不”的意思，因此可以猜測此詞詞義為“不貴的，便宜的”?？傊?，猜詞題可以用到以下技巧（1）.根據(jù)文中的解釋（2）.使用逗號、破折號和括號等（3）.根據(jù)同位語或根據(jù)同等關(guān)系（4）.根據(jù)語義的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系（5）.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系（6）.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識（7）.根據(jù)常識，上下文邏輯4．細節(jié)理解題。細節(jié)理解題要求考生對閱讀材料中的某一具體事實和細節(jié)進行理解。它們大都是根據(jù)文章中的具體信息如事實、例證、原因、過程、論述等進行提問的。有些問題可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些則需要我們在理解的基礎(chǔ)上將有關(guān)內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)化才能找到，比如計算、排序、是非判斷、圖形比較等。做細節(jié)理解題時，不必通篇細看原文，而常常可采取“帶著問題找答案”的方法.先從問題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語。然后以此為線索。要快速地辨認和記憶事實或細節(jié)，就要恰當?shù)剡\用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問題相關(guān)的段落、語句.仔細品味，對照比較.確定答案。有的細節(jié)理解題只要直接辨認不要求讀者對客觀的事實作出解釋或判斷，只要求從閱讀材料中直接獲取信息。同時還要求讀者記住重要細節(jié)，在必要的時候（做判斷、推斷或結(jié)論的時候）能夠準確而迅速地將他們回憶起來。5．利用常識解題多了解一些常識性知識有利于閱讀理解。如果對文章的相關(guān)背景有所了解，讀起文章來一定既省時又省力。因此，在學習過程中，了解各方面的背景知識是十分重要的。考生應了解下列知識：(1)著名作家、藝術(shù)家及其主要作品；(2)了解西方社會風土人情、社交活動、新年、圣誕節(jié)活動、宗教信仰、風俗習慣等；(3)多看新聞聯(lián)播、世界各地和各類英語講座等節(jié)目；(4)使用各種工具書，查閱各類名詞、術(shù)語、重大事件等；(5)熟記常用的縮略詞語。6．正確理解題干縱觀歷年中考試題，閱讀理解試題一般有以下幾種題型：一是直接回答who，whom，which，what，where，when，why，how等疑問詞引起的細節(jié)問題；二是猜測詞義題；三是推理判斷題；四是綜合概括題。在做閱讀理解題時，一定要仔細看完、看清楚試題要求再作答，特別要注意NOT，TRUE，EXCEPT等詞。有時，要先看題后閱讀文章，帶著問題去讀短文，可縮短閱讀時間，效果也許會更好?？傊?，閱讀理解題是中考試題中非常重要的一項內(nèi)容，占有舉足輕重的地位。如果學生按上述答題方法去做，再做些適當?shù)木毩?，一定會在閱讀理解題上取得比較理想的成績。下面就在考試如何有效搶分進行實列演練說明，請同學們根據(jù)示范進行訓練：演練2個篇章，03議論文04應用文03模擬演練：議論文Wecan’trememberclearlysincewhenwestartedtotakeourmobilestoadinnertable.Thishappensalot,especiallywhenweeatout.Onceadishes,insteadofliftingourchopsticks,wetakeoutourmobilesandclick.Later,wepostthephotosontoWeiboorWechat,waitingtobe“l(fā)iked”.Thenwecheckourmobilesfromtimetotimeduringthemeal,toseewhetherweget“l(fā)iked”ornot.Wejustcannotleaveourmobilesforonlyameal.Doesthatsoundfamiliartoyou?Doyoudothatoften?Ifnot,howdoyoufeelwhenothersdothatwhenhavingdinnerwithyou?Arecentstudysuggeststhatwhatweareusedtodoingisnotsogood.Spendingtimetakingphotosoffoodmakesthefoodlesspleasant.Totestthis,someresearchersdidanexperiment.Somepeoplewereaskedtotakephotosbeforetheycouldenjoyfood.Asaresult,itshowedthatthemorephotostheytook,thelessdeliciousthefoodseemedtothem.So,whynotstoptakingphotosandjustenjoythefoodinfrontofyou?Besidesthescientificresult,therearealsosomeotherbadinfluencesoftakingphotosoffoodbeforemeals.AfterpostingthephotosontotheInternet,onewillnotbeabletocontrolhimselfandcheckhismobilemanytimes.“Doeseveryonelikemyphotos?Ihopealotofpeoplelikethem!”Itseemsthatyourmobilesecretlycallsyournameallthetime,evenwhenyouarewithrealpeople.So,nexttimeyougoouttohavedinnerwithyourfamilyorfriends,howaboutnottakingphotosoffood?Letthefoodbedeliciousasitisandshareyourlifewithpeoplearoundyou.Trustme,itwillbeawonderfultime.1.Fromthepassage,whathappensalotatthedinnertablenowadays?A.PeopletalkabouttheirWeiboorWechat.B.Peopletakephotosoffoodandpostthembeforeeating.C.Peopleliketakingphotoswithfriendsorfamilies.D.Peoplelearnfromeachotherhowtocookdishes.2.Whatdoesthefourthparagraphtalkabout?A.Thereasonsforcheckingyourmobiles.B.ThewaysofpostingthephotosontotheInternet.C.Thetips(提示)ofmakingotherslikeyourphotosontheWeibo.D.Someotherbadinfluencesoftakingphotosoffoodbeforemeals.3.Whichofthefollowingisthewriter’sopinion?A.Wetakeoutourmobilesandclickwhenadishes.B.Wecheckourmobilesfromtimetotimeduringthemeal.C.Somepeoplewereaskedtotakephotosbeforetheycouldenjoyfood.D.Spendingtimetakingphotosoffoodmakesthefoodlesspleasant.4.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Takephotosoffoodinordertohaveawonderfullife.B.Takephotosofdeliciousfoodandsharethemwithothers.C.Enjoythelifewithpeoplearoundusinsteadoftakingphotosoffood.D.Remembertohavedinnerwithourfamilyandfriendsathome.【答案】BDDC【解析】本文是一篇議論文。介紹了一種社會現(xiàn)象，很多人吃飯前給食物拍照，然后發(fā)到微博或者微信上面，等著別人點贊，最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，給食物拍照不好，一方面花時間拍照，食物會變得沒有那么好吃；另一方面，眼前的人會被忽視，所以專家呼吁，讓食物美味如初，享受與眼前人的相聚時刻。1.細節(jié)理解題。由文中“Onceadishes,insteadofliftingourchopsticks,wetakeoutourmobilesandclick.”可知人們吃飯前喜歡拍照，故選B。2.主旨大意題。由本段的中心句“Besidesthescientificresult,therearealsosomeotherbadinfluencesoftakingphotosoffoodbeforemeals.”可知第四段主要講述的是吃飯前拍照的一些其他的壞的影響，故選D。3.主旨大意題。A項意為“我們拿出并且上菜的時候進行拍照”；B項意為“我們在一頓飯期間時不時地檢查”；C項意為“在他們享受食物之前一些人被要求拍照”；都是現(xiàn)象的描述，并非觀點，均不符合題意，而本文主要講述的是把帶到餐桌上進行拍照的現(xiàn)象，以及其不好的影響，故作者的觀點一定是花時間拍食物的照片使得食物不美味，只有D項符合題意，故選D。4.推理判斷題。由文中最后一段“Letthefoodbedeliciousasitisandshareyourlifewithpeoplearoundyou.Trustme,itwillbeawonderfultime.”可知讓食物保持它原本的美味，并與你周圍的人分享你的生活，將是美好的時光，可以推測出作者的寫作目的是享受與眼前人一起的生活，而不是飯前拍照，所以C項符合題意，故選C。議論文往往有觀點，有事實，邏輯性強，命題往往從事實的有關(guān)細節(jié)及文章的主旨或作者的表達意圖等方面著手，考查我們的思維能力和判斷能力。所以考生要培養(yǎng)根據(jù)上下文猜詞的能力，或者說根據(jù)情境能揣測作者的意圖。議論文的閱讀同其他體裁文章的閱讀理解一樣，可以有主旨大意、細節(jié)理解、推理判斷、詞義猜測等幾種出題方式。一、重視文章標題，找準全文主題句，把握文章主旨。議論文特別注意主題句，往往有總說和分說的關(guān)系，主題句往往出現(xiàn)在第一句或最后歸納總結(jié)句中。二、細讀文章，注意文章細節(jié)理解。與前面做題相同。三、理解整體語篇，掌握作者意圖。議論文一定有作者的觀點，要正確把握。比喻這篇文章就是“號召大家享受與眼前人一起的生活，而不是飯前拍照?！緦崙?zhàn)演練】議論文AInthepark,youseeagroupofpeople,alllookingupatthesky.Withoutthinkingaboutit,youlookupwards,too.Why?Intheconcert,someonebeginstoclapandsuddenlythewholeroomjoinsin.Youdo,too.Why?Sometimeswefeelweareactingcorrectlywhenwedothesameasothers.Themorepeoplefollowanidea,thebetterortruerwethinktheideais.It’sthesocialproof(社會認同感)thatworks.ThescientistAschcarriedoutanexperiment.Itshowshowsocialproofcaninfluenceus.Inaroom,amanisshownLine1,andnexttoitarethreelines(A,B,C).Aislonger,CisshorterandBisaslongasLine1.HemusttellwhichofthethreelinesisaslongasLine1.Whenthemanisalone,hegivesthecorrectanswerB.Then,fiveothermanentertheroom,andeachofthemgivestheanswerCastheyweretoldto.NowthemanchangeshisideaandgivestheanswerC.Aschgotthesameresultmanytimesamongdifferentsubjects(實驗對象).Whydoweactlikethis?Well,inthepast,followingotherswasawaytokeepawayfromdanger.Supposethat5000yearsagoyouwerehunting(打獵)withfriends.Suddenly,theyallranaway.Whatwouldyouhavedone?Wouldyouhavestayed?No,youwouldhaverun,too.Wearedescendants(后代)ofthosewhocopiedothers’action.Itissodeeplyplantedinourmindthatwestilluseitnow.Socialproofhasspecialpower.Theadvertisingindustry,forexample,oftenmakesuseofit.Sobecarefulwheneverapanysaysitsproductis“themostpopular”.1.Atthebeginningofthepassage,thewriterleadsinthetopicby____.A.tellingastory B.givingexamplesC.answeringquestions D.showingamap2.AccordingtoParagraph3,theexperimentbyAschshows____.A.followingothersisalwaysrightB.socialproofmaychangepeople’sideasC.it’sdifficulttocarryouttheexperimentD.peoplecanstudybetteriftheyarealone3.Theunderlinedword“It”inParagraph4refersto____.A.runningwithothers B.huntingwithfriendsC.copyingothers’action D.doingsomethingdifferent4.Accordingtothepassage,wecaninfer(推斷)that____.A.it’simportanttorunwithothersanytimeB.productsintheadvertisementarethebestC.wemustn’tcopyothers’actiontokeepsafeD.weneedtothinktwicebeforefollowingothers【答案】1.B2.B3.C4.D【解析】文章大意：本文主要通過一些社會現(xiàn)象以及科學家做的實驗，告訴大家不要盲目隨波逐流。1.B細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段可知，分別講了在公園和在音樂會上的兩種現(xiàn)象——別人抬頭看天空你也會不自覺地看天空，別人在音樂會上鼓掌，不一會兒整個屋子的人都會跟著鼓掌。通過這兩個例子引出本文主題，故答案選B。2.B細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文中第3段中的信息Itshowshowsocialproofcaninfluenceus.它說明了社會認同感是如何影響我們的；故答案選B。3.C詞義猜測題。根據(jù)上文Wearedescendants(后代)ofthosewhocopiedothers’action.我們是那些復制他人行為的人的后代。結(jié)合本句Itissodeeplyplantedinourmind它深深的植入了我們的思想中，“它”指的就是復制其他人的行為這件事；故答案選C。4.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章我們可以推斷，在追隨其他人之前，我們需要再三考慮．恰巧這也是整篇文章的主旨，不要盲目隨波逐流。故答案選D。B（2022年浙江中考）①Haveyouevershownyourphotosonyourfavoritesocialmedia（媒體）?Orhaveyouexpressedyourfeelingsandemotionsonyouronlinepage?Ifyes,doyouknowwhatyouhavepostedonthesocialmediascancauseproblemsyoucouldnotexpect?②Cathy,whoisgoingtobefifteen,postedonlineaninvitationtoherbirthdaypartywithheraddressinit.Andguesswhat!500peoplecametotheparty,andsomeevenbrokethewindowsandplants,makingatotalmessofthehouse.Thegirl’sbirthdaypartyturnedintoanightmare（噩夢）.③Manyteenagers（青少年）thinktheyknoweverythingaboutsocialmedia,andthatsuchathingcouldneverhappentothem.Studiesshowthateachyearmorethanthreemillionyoungpeopleintheworldgetintotroublebecauseoftheironlineactivities.④Sodoremembertheseifyoureallywanttosharesomethingonline.⑤Sharewithcare!Noteveryonewilllikewhatyouwriteonline.Thinkbeforeyoupostanything.Youneverknowwhoseesyourtexts,picturesorvideos.Beforeclicking“post”,youshouldaskyourself,“HowwillIfeelifmyfamilyorteachersseethis?”and“Howmightthispostbebadformeinfiveortenyearsfromnow?”⑥Bepolitewhenyouwrite!Imaginesomeoneisunfriendlyinreallife.Thesameistrueofonlinemunication.Noonelikesitwhenyou“shout”inyourmessages.Ifyoufeelangryorfrustratedwhileyou’rewritingamessage,waitabit.Readitagainlaterandthensendit.⑦Protectandrespect!Nevershareyourpasswordswithanyone.It’snotwisetopostyourhomeoremailaddressonline.Don’tsaybadthingsaboutpeople.Ifyougetmessageslikethatorseethemonline,talktoyourparentsoryourteachers.⑧I’dsaynoneofthesethingspromises100%onlinesafety,buteachwillhelpyoutobesafer.1.Thewriterstartstointroducethetopicby________.A.tellingstories B.givingexamples C.askingquestions D.sharingexperiences2.ThepartyturnedintoanightmarebecauseCathy________.A.madeatotalmessofthehouse. B.sharedthephotosofherhouseonlineC.invitedhundrendsofpeopletoherparty D.postedaninvitationwithheraddressonline3.Thewriterusesthemark“!”intheunderlinedsentencesofParagraphs5~7to________.A.drawthereaders’attention B.giveordersthatreadersshouldfollowC.expressthestrongfeelingsofworry D.givethedecisionsthathavebeenmade4.Whatdoesthewritermeanbysayingthelastsentence?A.Youshouldspendmuchlesstimeonline.B.It’snecessarytothinkbeforeyouactonline.C.Youhavetomakeapromisebeforeyougoonline.D.Ifyouwanttobesaferonline,doasthewritersuggests.【答案】1.C2.D3.A4.B【解析】本文以Cathy為例，介紹了在社交媒體上分享照片的危害，并介紹了如何在分享照片同時保護自己安全的建議。1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的三個問句可知，作者是通過問問題來引出主題，故選C。2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Cathy,whoisgoingtobefifteen,postedonlineaninvitationtoherbirthdaypartywithheraddressinit”可知，因為她在社交媒體上發(fā)布了這個派對的地址，而導致讓這場派對成為了一個噩夢，故選D。3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Sodoremembertheseifyoureallywanttosharesomethingonline”及下文介紹的內(nèi)容可知，以下是介紹了保護自己安全的建議，加這個符號的目的是為了吸引讀者的注意，故選A。4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)“I’dsaynoneofthesethingspromises100%onlinesafety,buteachwillhelpyoutobesafer”可知，作者提供的這些建議會讓你更安全，目的是為了讓你在社交媒體上發(fā)布照片之前要三思而后行，故選B。CThesedays,adultsareworriedaboutthegrowingnumberofkidswhoareoverweight,andguesswhat?Kidsrealizeit’saproblem,too.Mostkidswhoareoverweighthavetoomuchbodyfat,nomatterhowoldtheyareandhowtalltheyare.Thenumberoftheoverweightkidshasincreasedalotoverthelast30years.IntheUnitedStates,about20%ofthekidsaged2to19areoverweight.That’sbadnewsbecausebeingoverweightcanleadtohealthproblems.Overweightkidsalsomaybelaughedatbyotherkids,orfeelsadaboutthewaytheylook.Mostkidssaiditwasharderforoverweightkidstomakefriends.Solotsofkidssaidtheyhadtriedtoloseweight.Herearethewaystheytried.Eatinghealthyisusuallythebestwaystoloseweight,and70%ofthekidsknewthat.Ifkidsareworriedaboutweight,expertssuggesttheythinkaboutwheretheyshouldgoforanswers.Theycantalktoanurseoradoctorasthebesthelp.Doingsportsisanotherrightwaytoloseweight.Therearemanywaystostayactive:dancing,yardwork,running,swimmingorevenwalkingaroundthemallorplayingoutside.Makeexercisefunbychoosingactivitiesyoulike.1.Howmanychildrenunder20yearsoldinAmericaareoverweight?A.80% B.70% C.30% D.20%2.Whocangiveyouthebesthelpifyouareoverweight?A.Theteachers. B.Thenurses. C.Thedoctors. D.BothCandD.3.Whichisnottrueaccordingtothepassage?A.There’snoneedforlittlekidstoworryabouttheirweight. B.Thefatlookinfluencesachild’slife.C.Exercisecanhelpyoukeephealthyandslim. D.Toomuchbodyfatmayleadtodeathmoreeasily.4.Howmanywaysoflosingweightdoesthepassagetellus?A.1 B.2 C.3 D.45.What’sthemainideaofthepassage?A.Don’tworryaboutyourweight.B.Itisharderforoverweightchildrentomakefriends.C.Beseriousaboutoverweightandchoosethewaysyouliketoloseweight.D.Thenumberoftheoverweightkidshasincreasedalotoverthelast30years.【答案】1.D2.D3.A4.B5.C【解析】超重兒童的數(shù)量增加了很多，這也成為了會導致健康問題的一個原因。超重會帶來很多問題，超重的孩子也在嘗試不同的方法去減重。本文呼吁我們認真對待超重問題，選擇喜歡的減肥方式。1.D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“IntheUnitedStates,about20%ofthekidsaged2to19areoverweight.”可知，在美國，2至19歲的兒童中約有20%超重。故選D。2.D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Theycantalktoanurseoradoctorasthebesthelp.”可知，他們可以向護士或醫(yī)生尋求最好的幫助。故選D。3.A推理判斷題。A：小孩子沒有必要擔心他們的體重。根據(jù)“That’sbadnewsbecausebeingoverweightcanleadtohealthproblems.”可知，超重會導致健康問題，該項表述錯誤；B：胖胖的樣子影響著孩子的一生。根據(jù)“orfeelsadaboutthewaytheylook.”可知，胖胖的外表對孩子有影響，會讓他們感到傷心，該項表述正確；C：運動可以幫助你保持健康和苗條。根據(jù)“Doingsportsisanotherrightwaytoloseweight.”可知，運動也是減肥的正確方法，所以運動可以幫助你保持健康和苗條，該項表述正確；D：過多的體脂更容易導致死亡。根據(jù)“That’sbadnewsbecausebeingoverweightcanleadtohealthproblems.”可知，超重會導致健康問題，推測過多的體脂更容易導致死亡，該項表述正確。故選A。4.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Eatinghealthyisusuallythebestwaystoloseweight”和“Doingsportsisanotherrightwaytoloseweight.”可知，文中提到了兩種減肥的方法。故選B。5.C主旨大意題。A：不要擔心你的體重。B：超重的孩子更難交到朋友。C：認真對待超重問題，選擇你喜歡的減肥方式。D：在過去的30年里，超重兒童的數(shù)量增加了很多。分析全文內(nèi)容可知，超重會帶來很多問題，超重的孩子也在嘗試不同的方法去減重。本文呼吁我們認真對待超重問題，選擇你喜歡的減肥方式。故選C。DBackinBrisbane,Australia,fortheChristmasbreak,Ifoundmyselfinapublictransportdeadzone.Bikeless,7kilometersfromwhereIwasmeetingfriendsandunwillingtogetataxi,Idecidedtoborrowanelectricscooter.Thetriptookfarlongerthanitwouldhavebybike,mainlybecauseofamajorspillhalfwaythere.Arock,hitatspeed,isaterriblething:weekslater,Istillhadtheredkneesofaprimaryschooler.IntheUK,theyarelegal(合法的)onlyonprivateland,buttheDepartmentforTransportisdiscussinghowtocontrolthemonpublicroadsandpathways,withthepossibilityforlegalizationlaterthisyear.Othercitiesthathaveescooterrentalprogramshavehadproblemsintheearlyperiod.InParis,MayorAnneHidalgodescribedthesituationlastyearasmessy.Shehasannouncedthatthecityisreducingitsnumberofescootersto15,000andplanstocreatelawsforbiddingthemfrompavements(人行道).Francehasputintoforcelawslimitingescooterspeedsto25kilometresperhour.Similartodockless(無樁的)hirebicycles,escootersareparkedonpavementsandpeopleleavethemuptreesorthrowthemintorivers.Wildtreatmentshortenstheirlifetime,whichisbadforbothprofitability(盈利)andtheenvironment.Analysissuggeststhattheaverageescooter’slifetimeisjustthreemonths.Ithinkescootersareanbasicpartoftheefforttomakecitytransportgreener.Theyareseenasakeytothe“l(fā)astmile”problem—apotentialwaytoreducetransportjambyrapidlygettingsomeonetotheirfinalgoal.Carscantakeup28timesthespaceofapersonridingabicycle.Asfarastheenvironmentaleffectgoes,recentresearchsuggeststhatescootersarenotasgreenaswalkingorcycling,buttheyarestillbetterthancars.Andthoughtherearestillmanyreportsofseriousaccidents,scootingisaboutassafeascycling.StephenGosslingatLundUniversityinSwedenhassuggestedwebuildcarfree“micromobility”streets,wherecyclists,pedestrians(行人)andescooterscouldsharetheroad.Hethinksthiswillreduceaccidentrisksandinvitemorevulnerable(易受傷害的)trafficparticipants,suchaschildren,tobeeactivetransportusers.Ifmoreescootersmeanfewercarsonroads,animprovementinlocalairqualityisalsoalikelyresult.When20kilometersofroadsincentralLondonclosedforWorldCarFreeDaylastSeptember,theairqualitywasgreatlyimprovedaccordingtothereport.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“amajorspill”inParagraph1probablymean?A.Aseriousfall. B.Asuddenillness. C.Alegalreaction. D.Aterriblebreakdown.2.WhatdoweknowaboutescootersinParis?A.Theyareillegalonpavements. B.Theyarealreadyoutoffashion.C.Theyarefacingmorelimits. D.Theyaremoremononprivateland.3.Whatisthewriter’sopinionofescooters?A.Theyarenotassafeascycling. B.Theyalwayscausethetrafficjams.C.Theyareasgreenascyclingorwalking. D.Theyplayabigroleinthe“l(fā)astmile”problem.4.WhatisStephenGossling’ssuggestion?A.Tosetupmorecarefreedays. B.Toinvitemorecycliststouseescooters.C.Togetvulnerablepedestriansofftheroad. D.Toseparatecarsfromescootersontheroad.【答案】1.D2.C3.D4.D【解析】本文主要介紹了一些城市出現(xiàn)電動踏板車后出現(xiàn)的一些問題。但作者認為電動摩托車是城市交通綠化的重要組成部分。很多的電動滑板車意味著道路上汽車的減少，那么當?shù)氐目諝赓|(zhì)量可能也會改善。1.詞義猜測題。根據(jù)“Thetriptookfarlongerthanitwouldhavebybike”可知作者花費了比騎自行車更久的時間，再由“Arock,hitatspeed,isaterriblething:weekslater,Istillhadtheredkneesofaprimaryschooler.”可知電動車在路上出現(xiàn)了故障，作者撞到了石頭上，amajorspill意為“一個可怕的故障”。故選D。2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“InParis,MayorAnneHidalgodescribedthesituationlastyearasmessy.Shehasannouncedthatthecityisreducingitsnumberofescootersto15,000andplanstocreatelawsforbiddingthemfrompavements.”可知在巴黎電動踏板車受到了諸多限制。故選C。3.觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)“Ithinkescootersareanbasicpartoftheefforttomakecitytransportgreener.Theyareseenasakeytothe‘lastmile’problem—apotentialwaytoreducetransportjambyrapidlygettingsomeonetotheirfinalgoal.”可知作者認為電動踏板車在“最后一英里”問題中發(fā)揮重要作用。故選D。4.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“StephenGosslingatLundUniversityinSwedenhassuggestedwebuildcarfree‘micromobility’streets,wherecyclists,pedestriansandescooterscouldsharetheroad.”可知StephenGossling建議在路上把汽車和電動踏板車分開。故選D。E（江蘇徐州2023年一模試題）Freetimeisagoodchanceforteenagerstohavefun.Whataboutfreetimewithparentsaround?Someteenagerswantfreeplaywithoutparents’supervision(監(jiān)管)whileparentsandexperts(專家)maythinkdifferently.LinTao,amiddleschoolstudent,thinksteenagersshouldbefreetoplay.“LasttimeIplayedwithmyparentsaround,Iwasnervousandjustcouldn’tenjoymyselftothefullest,”Linsays.“AndmyfriendChenXiaoxinhassimilarexperiences.Once,hewentouttoplaywithhisclassmates.Everyonefeltunfortablewithhismother’ssupervision.”WangMin,amotherofa14yearoldboy,thinksplaytimeneedssupervision.Sheexplains,“PeopleusuallysayIliketocontrolmykid,butthat’snottrue.Iamjustworriedthathewillgetintotrouble.SomeguysmayhaveabadinfluenceonhimandsomegameslikeLARP(劇本殺)maymisleadhim.Hemightevengetindulgedinthestoriesandcan’tgetbacktoreallife.Mr.Ma,adoctorofsocialstudies,saysit’sunderstandableforteenagerstowishforfreedom.Freeplayhelpsthemtobeindependent.Parentscangivethemmorespace.Theydon’thavetosupervisethemallthetime.However,teenagersshouldfindouttheexactdetails(細節(jié))abouttheactivitiesbeforeplaytime.Thentheycanmunicatewiththeirparentsanddecidetogetherwhethertheycangoouttoplayalone.1.Accordingtothepassage,freetimeisagoodchanceforteenagersto________.A.studyhard B.havefun C.getintotrouble D.misleadparents2.LinTaosupportshisownideaby________.A.listingnumbers B.raisingquestions C.paringfacts D.givingexamples3.Theunderlinedwords“getindulgedin”inPara.(段落)3probablymean________.A.getlostin B.getinterestedin C.betiredof D.beproudof4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmayMr.Masupport?A.HeKai’sparentsarearoundeverytimeheplayswithhisfriends.B.FengZhongfan’sparentsneveraskhimaboutwhomheplayswith.C.LiuXianggoesoutwithoutknowinganythingabouttheactivities.D.XieHaotalkstohisparentsabouttheexactdetailsbeforeplaytime.【答案】1.B2.D3.A4.D【解析】本文是一篇說明文，就青少年空閑時間是否需要家長監(jiān)督進行討論，給出了幾個學生的看法以及專家的建議。1.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Freetimeisagoodchanceforteenagerstohavefun.”可知，空閑時間是青少年玩樂的好機會。故選B。2.推理判斷題。分析第二段內(nèi)容可知，林濤用自己和同學的例子支持自己的觀點，故選D。3.詞句猜測題。分析“SomeguysmayhaveabadinfluenceonhimandsomegameslikeLARP(劇本殺)maymisleadhim.Hemightevengetindulgedinthestoriesandcan’tgetbacktoreallife.”可知，有些人可能對他有不良影響，比如劇本殺，可能會讓孩子們無法回到現(xiàn)實生活中，所以此處getindulgedin的意思是“沉迷，迷失”，故選A。4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)“However,teenagersshouldfindouttheexactdetails(細節(jié))abouttheactivitiesbeforeplaytime.Thentheycanmunicatewiththeirparentsanddecidetogetherwhethertheycangoouttoplayalone.”可知，馬博士認為青少年應該在游戲前弄清活動的具體細節(jié)，然后他們可以和父母交流，一起決定他們是否可以單獨出去玩。選項D“謝浩在游戲前會和父母談論游戲的具體細節(jié)”符合，故選D。F（2023年安徽一模試題）Whileweoftenquestionourfailuresandagreethemwithluckorfate(命運),weproudlyrelateoursuccesstohardwork.Formostpeople,wedon’thaveachoice,ashardworkistheonlythinginourcontrol.Therefore,weshouldkeepworkinghardandgiveitashotratherthanplainingluckorfate.However,lifeisnotalwaysfair.Itdoesnotgiveequalopportunitiestoeveryone.Mostofthefamiliesinourcountrystrugglehardforaliving.Mostofthesepeopleworkhard,butonlyafewofthembeesuccessful.Sohardworkcannotbeadetermining(決定性的)factorforsuccess,thoughit’sanecessaryfactor.Thereisanotherwaytolookatluckorfate.Lifethrowsopportunitiesateveryone,butnoteveryonecatchesthemattherighttime.Peoplewhograbtheseopportunitiesaretheoneswhosucceedinfightingagainstdifficulties.Infact,itisnotbecausewehavefeweropportunitiesbutbecauseweareunabletoseetheseopportunities.Sometimes,wecanseethembykeepinganeyeonthem,butsometimesopportunitiesneedtobecreatedbyhardwork.Luckandfatecannotlimitwhatapersoncando;Itcanjustfacilitate(使……更容易)progress.Allinall,lifeisnotfair.Noteveryonehasequalopportunities.Butthatshouldnotstopusfromworkinghard.Weshouldkeepfightingagainstthedifficultiestoachieveourdreams.1.Theunderlinedphrase“giveitashot”inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans________.A.haveatry B.shootat C.giveup D.workhard2.Whatwouldtheauthorrelatehersuccessto?A.luck B.hardwork C.fate D.AllofA,B,andC3.Whichofthefollowingwouldbeagreedbytheauthor?A.Hardworkisnottheonlychoiceformostpeople.B.Peoplefailtoachievetheirdreamsbecauseofbadluck.C.Hardworkcandetermineone’ssuccess.D.Notallpeople’sdreamswouldetruethroughhardwork.4.Whatwouldbethemainideaofthispassage?A.Lifeisnotalwaysfair. B.Luckmatters,buthardworkisanecessity.C.Keepaneyeonopportunity. D.Workhardandfightagainstallodds.5.WhichsuggestioniswrongwhenyouworkedhardinEnglishlearningforaperiodoftimebutfailedinthelastexam?A.Askyourteacherorparentsforhelp.B.Thinkofwhatcausedyourfailureandfindbetterlearningmethods.C.Weshouldkeepfightingagainstthedifficultiestoachieveourdream.D.Workinghardisuselessandyoucandrawlotstochoosekeysforthenextexam.【答案】1.A2.D3.D4.B5.D【解析】本文是一篇議論文，本文討論了盡管人的運氣各有不同，機遇也不同，但是一定要努力工作和和生活，來實現(xiàn)自己的夢想。1.詞義猜測題。根據(jù)“weshouldkeepworkinghardandgiveitashotratherthanplainingluckorfate.”可知，應該持續(xù)的努力工作，努力嘗試而不是抱怨運氣或是命運，劃線短語的意思是“嘗試一下”，故選A。2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Whileweoftenquestionourfailuresandagreethemwithluckorfate(命運),weproudlyrelateoursuccesstohardwork.”可知，作者認為成功和努力以及運氣和命運都有關(guān)系，故選D。3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Sohardworkcannotbeadetermining(決定性的)factorforsuccess”可知，努力工作不能成為成功的決定性因素，所以作者認為并非所有人的夢想都會通過努力實現(xiàn)。故選D。4.主旨大意題。根據(jù)“Butthatshouldnotstopusfromworkinghard.Weshouldkeepfightingagainstthedifficultiestoachieveourdreams.”可知，本文主要表達了人生的機遇并不公平，運氣也許很重要，但是努力工作是必要的。故選B。5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Butthatshouldnotstopusfromworkinghard.Weshouldkeepfightingagainstthedifficultiestoachieveourdreams.”可知，文章說明即使努力可能會沒有結(jié)果，但是也要努力去做，來實現(xiàn)自己的夢想，選項D“努力工作是沒有用的，你可以抽簽選擇下一次考試的答案?！笔清e誤的，不能靠運氣，要依靠自己的努力，故選D。04模擬演練：應用文WeletothePaintingpetitionforWoolandsStudentsTheInternationalAnti-Drug(禁毒)Daythisyearisingsoon.Inordertoraiseteenagers'awareness(意識)tofightagainstdrugtaking,theCityArtCouncilisgoingtoholdapaintingpetitionfor