2023-2024學(xué)年北京市豐臺(tái)區(qū)高一下學(xué)期期末英語(yǔ)試題（解析版）

高級(jí)中學(xué)名校試卷PAGEPAGE1北京市豐臺(tái)區(qū)2023-2024學(xué)年高一下學(xué)期期末英語(yǔ)試題第一部分知識(shí)運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié),30分）第一節(jié)（共10小題;每小題1.5分,共15分）閱讀下面短文,掌握其大意,從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng)。Tenyearsago,IhadjuststartedmyfirstjobasaMedicalRepresentativeinasmalltowninIndia—butwas___1___everymomentofit.Ihadthe___2___topromoteandgetsalesregardlessofwhethertherewasaneedformydrugsornot.Tomakemattersworse,Iwas___3___frommyoriginalplanofpursuing(追求)aPh.Dinbiology.Allthesethoughtswerecrowdingthroughmymind,asIwasdrivingmyscooteraroundthetownvisitingonedoctorafteranother.Atoneofthetrafficlights,Ihitaredandhadtowaitforthesignaltoturngreen.Inoticedthattherewasahugerocklyingnearthesquare—aresultofsomebody’scarelessness.Yetnobodythoughtit___4___togetoutofthevehiclesandmovetherocktotheedgeoftheroadwhereitwouldlie,harmless.SuddenlyInoticedayoungkidcrawlinghiswayacrosstheothersideoftheroad.Hemusthavehadaseriousinfectionofpolio(小兒麻痹癥)whenhewasababy.Hewascrawlingonbothhishandsand___5___hisbodybehindhim.Thisguycameuptotherockwithalookonhisfaceshowingthathedidnotbelieveinhishandicap(殘疾).Hewaslookingatthatrockwith___6___—asifsayingtothestone“Youareaninstrumentofmywill.”He___7___topushtherocktothesideoftheroad.Icanneverforgetthatlookofprideonhisface,showingthathehas___8___somethingthatable-bodiedpeoplelikemewereavoidingdoing.Andlookingatthiskidforthisbrieftime,IwasremindedhowsmallmytroubleswereinrespecttohisandhowmuchIwasworryingaboutthem.SincethenIhavenever___9___.IdidpursuemydreamoffinishingaPh.Dinthebiologicalsciences.Tothatunknownmessengerofhopeand____10____,thisistheovation(鼓掌)Iwishtogive—thoughbelatedly.1.A.expecting B.regretting C.missing D.wondering2.A.pressure B.desire C.pleasure D.chance3.A.passing B.developing C.departing D.starting4.A.difficult B.dangerous C.possible D.worthwhile5.A.dragging B.shaping C.lifting D.folding6.A.anxiety B.determination C.confusion D.amazement7.A.planned B.failed C.learnt D.managed8.A.recalled B.considered C.preserved D.accomplished9.A.calmeddown B.givenup C.brokenin D.workedout10.A.cooperation B.generosity C.courage D.enthusiasm〖答案〗1.B2.A3.C4.D5.A6.B7.D8.D9.B10.C【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文，主要講述的是一位醫(yī)療代表在殘疾小孩的勇氣和希望激勵(lì)下，重新找回自我價(jià)值和追求夢(mèng)想的故事?！?題詳析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：十年前，我剛開始我的第一份工作，在印度的一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)擔(dān)任醫(yī)療代表——但我每時(shí)每刻都在后悔。A.expecting期待；B.regretting后悔；C.missing錯(cuò)過；D.wondering想知道。根據(jù)下文“topromoteandgetsalesregardlessofwhethertherewasaneedformydrugsornot”可知，作者很后悔干這個(gè)工作，因?yàn)闊o(wú)論是否有人需要作者的藥，作者都需要推銷。故選B。【2題詳析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：不管我的藥是否有需求，我都有推銷和銷售的壓力。A.pressure壓力；B.desire渴望；C.pleasure快樂；D.chance機(jī)會(huì)。根據(jù)下文“topromoteandgetsalesregardlessofwhethertherewasaneedformydrugsornot”可知，作者面臨的是推銷和銷售藥的壓力。故選A。【3題詳析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：更糟糕的是，我偏離了攻讀生物學(xué)博士學(xué)位的原計(jì)劃。A.passing經(jīng)過；B.developing發(fā)展；C.departing離開；D.starting開始。根據(jù)上文“Tomakemattersworse”可知，作者沒能按原計(jì)劃讀生物學(xué)博士學(xué)位，departfrom是固定短語(yǔ)，意為“背離”。故選C?！?題詳析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：然而，沒有人認(rèn)為值得下車，把石頭搬到路邊，這樣它就可以安然無(wú)恙地躺在那里了。A.difficult困難的；B.dangerous危險(xiǎn)的；C.possible可能的；D.worthwhile值得的。根據(jù)下文“getoutofthevehiclesandmovetherocktotheedgeoftheroadwhereitwouldlie,harmless”可知，沒有人會(huì)覺得把石頭搬到路邊是值得的。故選D?！?題詳析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：他用雙手匍匐著，身子拖在身后。A.dragging拖；B.shaping塑造；C.lifting舉起；D.folding折疊。根據(jù)上文“Hewascrawlingonbothhishands”可知，他用雙手爬，所以是拖著自己的身體。故選A?！?題詳析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：他堅(jiān)定地望著那塊石頭，仿佛在對(duì)那塊石頭說：“你是我意志的工具?！盇.anxiety焦慮；B.determination決心；C.confusion困惑；D.amazement驚詫，驚奇。根據(jù)下文“Youareaninstrumentofmywill”可知，那個(gè)孩子很堅(jiān)定地望著石頭。故選B?！?題詳析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：他設(shè)法把那塊石頭推到路邊。A.planned計(jì)劃；B.failed失??；C.learnt學(xué)習(xí)；D.managed設(shè)法做到。根據(jù)下文“Icanneverforgetthatlookofprideonhisface”可知，那個(gè)孩子是設(shè)法把石頭搬到了路邊，所以臉上才會(huì)有自豪。故選D?！?題詳析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記他臉上的驕傲，這表明他已經(jīng)完成了像我這樣健全的人避免做的事情。A.recalled回想起；B.considered考慮；C.preserved保護(hù)；D.accomplished完成。根據(jù)上文“He_____topushtherocktothesideoftheroad”可知，那個(gè)孩子設(shè)法把石頭搬到了路邊，所以是完成了健全人避免做的事情。故選D?！?題詳析】考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析。句意：從那以后，我再也沒有放棄過。A.calmeddown平靜下來(lái)；B.givenup放棄；C.brokenin闖入；D.workedout解決。根據(jù)下文“IdidpursuemydreamoffinishingaPh.Dinthebiologicalsciences”可知，作者追逐自己的夢(mèng)想，所以是沒有放棄。故選B?！?0題詳析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：對(duì)于這位不為人知的希望和勇氣的使者，這是我想給予的掌聲——盡管來(lái)得有些遲。A.cooperation合作；B.generosity慷慨；C.courage勇氣；D.enthusiasm熱情。根據(jù)上文“He____topushtherocktothesideoftheroad”可知，那個(gè)殘疾的孩子把石頭搬到了路中間，可見他是一個(gè)有勇氣的人，向作者傳達(dá)了勇氣。故選C。第二節(jié)（共10小題;每小題1.5分,共15分）閱讀下列短文,根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給〖提示〗詞的空白處僅填寫1個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~,在給出〖提示〗詞的空白處用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡指定區(qū)域作答。A閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容或括號(hào)內(nèi)所給詞的恰當(dāng)形式填空。In2023,13.9millionpeople___11___(visit)theSpain’sCanaryIslands—that’ssixtimesmorethanthenumberofpeoplewhoactuallylivethere.Localssaytheyarenot___12___alltourismbecauseitcreatesjobsandmoney,buttheywanttheirgovernmenttoputalimitonthenumberoftourists.Theythinkthegovernmentshouldworkouthowmanytouristscanbesupported,sothattheCanariescanbecomeanexampleof___13___(sustain)tourism.〖答案〗11.visited12.against13.sustainable【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道，主要講述了加那利群島旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀、當(dāng)?shù)厝说膽B(tài)度以及他們對(duì)可持續(xù)旅游業(yè)的期望?！?1題詳析】考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意：2023年，有1390萬(wàn)人參觀了西班牙的加那利群島，這是實(shí)際居住在那里的人數(shù)的六倍。由In2023可知，句子時(shí)態(tài)是一般過去時(shí)，空格處用過去式，故填visited。【12題詳析】考查介詞。句意：當(dāng)?shù)厝吮硎?，他們并不反?duì)所有的旅游業(yè)，因?yàn)樗鼊?chuàng)造了就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)和金錢，但他們希望政府限制游客的數(shù)量。由“becauseitcreatesjobsandmoney”可知，句子表示“當(dāng)?shù)厝吮硎荆麄儾⒉环磳?duì)所有的旅游業(yè)”，空格處意為“反對(duì)”，用against，故填against?！?3題詳析】考查形容詞。句意：他們認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)該計(jì)算出可以支持多少游客，這樣加那利群島就可以成為可持續(xù)旅游業(yè)的一個(gè)例子?？崭裉幱眯稳菰~作定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞tourism，此處表示“可持續(xù)旅游業(yè)”，空格處意為“可持續(xù)的”，形容詞是sustainable。故填sustainable。B閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容或括號(hào)內(nèi)所給詞的恰當(dāng)形式填空。Inspring,thousandsofbirdsflynorthtobreedinSiberia.Somebirdseatgrassshoots___14___starttogrowatthebeginningoftheseason.Thisfoodsourceisonlyavailableforafewweeksandrisingtemperatures___15___(cause)byclimatechangecansometimesmakethegrassgrowearlierthanusual.Thismeansthatsomebirdsarearrivingtoolatetoeatthegrass,___16___(leave)themwithoutafoodsource.Asmoreandmorelandisusedforfarming,thenaturalwetlands___17___birdsliketosearchforfoodaredisappearingtoo.〖答案〗14.that/which15.caused16.leaving17.where【語(yǔ)篇解讀】這是一篇說明文，文章講述了影響遷徙鳥類覓食的因素：氣候變化和越來(lái)越多的土地被用于農(nóng)業(yè)。【14題詳析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：有些鳥吃初春時(shí)節(jié)開始生長(zhǎng)的草芽?？仗幰龑?dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是grassshoots，指物，關(guān)系詞替代先行詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，使用關(guān)系代詞that或which引導(dǎo)，故填that/which?！?5題詳析】考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：這種食物來(lái)源只能供應(yīng)幾個(gè)星期，氣候變化引起的氣溫上升有時(shí)會(huì)使草比平時(shí)生長(zhǎng)得早。動(dòng)詞cause和risingtemperatures之間是邏輯動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，cause使用過去分詞形式作后置定語(yǔ)，故填caused?！?6題詳析】考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：這意味著有些鳥來(lái)的太晚了，沒有時(shí)間吃草，導(dǎo)致它們沒有食物來(lái)源。該空后內(nèi)容是前句造成的意料之中的結(jié)果，leave使用現(xiàn)在分詞形式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，故填leaving?！?7題詳析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：隨著越來(lái)越多的土地被用于農(nóng)業(yè)，鳥類覓食的天然濕地也在消失?？仗幰龑?dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是thenaturalwetlands，關(guān)系詞替代先行詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，使用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)，故填where。C閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容或括號(hào)內(nèi)所給詞的恰當(dāng)形式填空。DylanAllman,aged18,recentlyreceivedanawardforhisworktoprotecthedgehogs(刺猬).Theaward___18___(go)toinspiringpeoplewhomakechangesintheircommunity.Allman’smissionstartedfouryearsago___19___hebecameinterestedinthenumberofhedgehogsinhisgarden.Earlierthisyear,helaunchedaprogram,inwhichateamofvolunteersrescuedinjuredhedgehogsinpartsofWales.Allmanalsovisitedschoolstoteachpeopleabouthedgehogsandraisedmoney___20___(support)animalrescuecenters.〖答案〗18.goes19.when20.tosupport【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文。主要講述了DylanAllman因保護(hù)刺猬獲得獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，Allman四年前啟動(dòng)保護(hù)項(xiàng)目，救援受傷刺猬，普及知識(shí)并籌款支持動(dòng)物救助中心?！?8題詳析】考查時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：該獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)頒給那些在他們的社區(qū)中做出改變的鼓舞人心的人們。根據(jù)句中make可知，句子使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，go與主語(yǔ)Theaward之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且主語(yǔ)Theaward是單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。故填goes。【19題詳析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：Allman的任務(wù)始于四年前，當(dāng)時(shí)他開始對(duì)花園里刺猬的數(shù)量感興趣?？仗幰龑?dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，描述fouryearsago這一時(shí)間發(fā)生的事件，關(guān)系詞在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)從句。故填when?！?0題詳析】考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：Allman還參觀了學(xué)校，向人們傳授刺猬的知識(shí)，并籌集資金支持動(dòng)物救援中心。句中已有謂語(yǔ)visited和raised，空處作非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，且Allman籌集資金是為了支持動(dòng)物救援中心，空處應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞不定式形式作目的狀語(yǔ)。故填tosupport。第二部分閱讀理解（共兩節(jié),38分）第一節(jié)（共14小題;每小題2分,共28分）閱讀下列短文,從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng)。A2024HarvardWinterPrograminShanghai,ChinaThecityofShanghaihasbroughttogetherdiversepeoples,cultures,andeconomiesfromvariouspartsofChinaandaroundtheworld.Blendingculturalstudieswithsocialsciences,2024HarvardWinterPrograminShanghai,Chinawillhelpyouunderstandthecity.Programdates:November8,2024toDecember21,2024Applyby:August25,2024ProgramStructureThissix-weekprogramincludestwocoursesonShanghai’sculturalhistoryandeconomicdevelopmentexperiences.Youstarteachweekwithtwodaysofseminars(研討會(huì))designedtoletyouseeShanghaidifferently.OnWednesdaysandThursdays,thegroupmovestoafieldsiteforahands-onresearchpracticum(實(shí)踐操作課)incompanies,governmentoffices,andcommunities.Overtheweekend,youtryyourownhandsatexploringthecityanditseconomy,workingoncreativeprojectsand/orresearchpapers,withaflexiblefinalprojectformatthataccommodatesstudentpriorities.Theprogramcountsastwosemester-longcoursesofdegreecredit(學(xué)分),4creditseach.BothprogramcoursescancounttowardsEastAsianStudiescredit.AccommodationsYouwillliveinanon-campushotelinoneofChina’smostdistinguishedacademicinstitutions.Hotelservicesincludewi-fi,dailyhousekeeping,safeforstorageofvaluables,cafeteriaandgym.Apartfromallthepracticalconveniencesofastudentdistrict,thecampusalsoofferslibraryaccessandwillbeanidealbaseforyourcreativeandresearchprojects.ApplicationToapply,youmust:?Beatleast18yearsold?Havecompletedatleastoneyearofcollege?BeingoodacademicstandingStudentsenrolledatanyuniversityarewelcometoapply.TheWinter2024applicationwillbeavailableinearlyJuly.Eachprogramhasuniquerequirementsincludedintheonlineapplication.Beginningyourapplicationearlyisthebestwaytoensurethatyouhavesufficienttimetoreviewandcompletetheapplicationrequirementsbythedeadline.Ifyouhavequestionsabouttheapplication,pleasecontacttheHarvardStudyAbroadOfficebyemailatwinterabroad@.21.Ifyoutake2024HarvardWinterProgram,you_________.A.willliveinahotelnearHarvardcampusB.willspendtwelvedaysintotalonseminarsC.canget4creditstowardsEastAsianStudiesD.mustcompletearesearchpaperforaproject22.Ifyouwanttoapplyforthisprogram,youmust_________.A.beahighschoolseniorB.havereceivedhands-ontrainingC.haveworkexperienceincompaniesD.finishnolessthanoneyearofcollege23.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Tostressthevalueoftakingawinterprogram.B.Toattractmorepeopletoapplyforawinterprogram.C.ToshareamemorableexperienceatHarvardUniversity.D.TointroducerequirementsforafinalprojectatHarvardUniversity.〖答案〗21.B22.D23.B【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。主要介紹了2024年哈佛冬季上海項(xiàng)目的相關(guān)信息?！?1題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)ProgramStructure部分“Thissix-weekprogramincludestwocoursesonShanghai’sculturalhistoryandeconomicdevelopmentexperiences.Youstarteachweekwithtwodaysofseminars(研討會(huì))designedtoletyouseeShanghaidifferently.(這個(gè)為期六周的課程包括兩門關(guān)于上海文化史和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn)的課程。你每周都會(huì)參加為期兩天的研討會(huì)，讓你以不同的方式看待上海)”可知，如果你參加2024年哈佛冬季項(xiàng)目，你將在六周時(shí)間內(nèi)每周參加為期兩天的研討會(huì)，即你將總計(jì)花12天時(shí)間參加研討會(huì)。故選B?！?2題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Application部分“Havecompletedatleastoneyearofcollege(已完成至少一年的大學(xué)教育)”可知，如果你想申請(qǐng)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目，你必須至少完成了一年的大學(xué)教育。故選D。【23題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Blendingculturalstudieswithsocialsciences,2024HarvardWinterPrograminShanghai,Chinawillhelpyouunderstandthecity.(將文化研究與社會(huì)科學(xué)相結(jié)合，中國(guó)上海2024年哈佛冬季項(xiàng)目將幫助您了解這座城市)”、倒數(shù)第二段“TheWinter2024applicationwillbeavailableinearlyJuly.Eachprogramhasuniquerequirementsincludedintheonlineapplication.Beginningyourapplicationearlyisthebestwaytoensurethatyouhavesufficienttimetoreviewandcompletetheapplicationrequirementsbythedeadline.(2024年冬季應(yīng)用程序?qū)⒂?月初推出。在線申請(qǐng)中包含的每個(gè)程序都有獨(dú)特的要求。盡早開始申請(qǐng)是確保您有足夠時(shí)間在截止日期前審查和完成申請(qǐng)要求的最佳方式)”以及文章內(nèi)容可知，本文詳細(xì)介紹了2024年哈佛冬季上海項(xiàng)目的日期、申請(qǐng)要求、課程結(jié)構(gòu)、住宿信息等相關(guān)信息，其目的是吸引更多人申請(qǐng)參加該項(xiàng)目。故選B。B“Abirdwithabrokenwingwillneverflyashigh.”I’msurethatT.J.Warewasmadetofeelthiswayalmosteverydayinschool.Byhighschool,T.J.wasthemostcelebratedtroublemakerinhistown.Hewasalwaysimpolite,didn’tanswerquestionsandgotintolotsoffights.ImetT.J.forthefirsttimeataweekendleadershipprogram.Atthestartoftheprogram,T.J.wasliterallystandingoutsidethecircleofstudentswiththat“goahead,impressme”lookonhisface.Theicereallymelted(融化)whenthegroupsstartedbuildingalistofpositiveandnegativethingsthatoccurredatschoolthatyear.T.J.hadbrilliantthoughtsonthosesituations.TheotherstudentsinT.J.’sgroupwelcomedhiscomments.AllofasuddenT.J.feltlikeapartofthegroup,andbeforelonghewasbeingtreatedlikealeader.Thenextfollowingdays,T.J.wasveryactiveinallthesessions.LaterhejoinedtheHomelessProjectteam.Heknewsomethingaboutpoverty,hungerandhopelessness.Theotherstudentsontheteamwereimpressedwithhispassionateconcernandideas.Bytheendoftheprogram,thestudentselectedT.J.co-chairmanoftheteam.Manypeoplecouldn’tbelievethattheprincipal(校長(zhǎng))wouldallowthiscrucialbeginningtoathree-yearactionplantostayintheincapablehandsofT.J.Ware.Twoweekslater,T.J.andhisfriendsledagroupof70studentsinadrivetocollectfood.Theycollectedaschoolrecord:2,854cansoffoodinjusttwohours.Asthelocalnewspapercoveredtheeventwithafullarticle,T.J.startedshowingupatschooleverydayandansweredquestionsfromteachersforthefirsttime.Later,heledasecondproject,yielding9,000cansoffoodinonedayandtakingcareof70percentoftheneededfoodforthehomelessshelterforoneyear.T.J.remindsusthatabirdwithabrokenwingonlyneedsmending.Butonceithashealed,itcanflyhigherthantherest.T.J.gotajob.Hebecameproductive.Heisflyingquitenicelythesedays.24.Atfirst,whatwasT.J.knownforinthetown?A.Misbehaviorandrudeness. B.Popularityinhisgroup.C.Pooracademicperformance. D.Activenessinclassdiscussion.25.WhatchangedT.J.’sattitudetowardstheprogram?A.Gettingsupportfromtheprincipal. B.JoiningtheHomelessProjectteam.C.Beingtheco-chairmanoftheteam. D.Gaininggroupmembers’recognition.26.Whatcanbelearntfromthestory?A.Liketeacher,likepupil. B.Neverfishintroubledwater.C.Donotjudgeabookbyitscover. D.Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.〖答案〗24.A25.D26.C【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文。主要講述了曾經(jīng)的問題少年T.J.Ware在一次領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力培訓(xùn)中發(fā)生改變，發(fā)揮領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能，最終帶領(lǐng)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄地募集食物，證明了給予機(jī)會(huì)和支持能讓人展現(xiàn)出驚人的潛力和積極改變?！?4題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Byhighschool,T.J.wasthemostcelebratedtroublemakerinhistown.Hewasalwaysimpolite,didn’tanswerquestionsandgotintolotsoffights.(到高中時(shí)，T.J.已經(jīng)是鎮(zhèn)上最著名的搗蛋鬼了。他總是不禮貌，不回答問題，還經(jīng)常打架)”可知，起初，T.J.在鎮(zhèn)上總是不禮貌，不回答問題，還經(jīng)常打架，以行為不端和粗魯無(wú)禮而出名。故選A項(xiàng)?！?5題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Theicereallymelted(融化)whenthegroupsstartedbuildingalistofpositiveandnegativethingsthatoccurredatschoolthatyear.T.J.hadbrilliantthoughtsonthosesituations.TheotherstudentsinT.J.’sgroupwelcomedhiscomments.AllofasuddenT.J.feltlikeapartofthegroup,andbeforelonghewasbeingtreatedlikealeader.(當(dāng)這些小組開始列出當(dāng)年在學(xué)校發(fā)生的積極和消極的事情時(shí)，冰真地融化了。T.J.對(duì)這些情況有很好的想法。T.J.小組的其他學(xué)生對(duì)他的評(píng)論表示歡迎。突然間，T.J.覺得自己是團(tuán)隊(duì)的一員，不久之后，他就被當(dāng)作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者對(duì)待了)”可知，當(dāng)小組的其他成員歡迎他的評(píng)論時(shí)，T.J.感覺自己成為團(tuán)隊(duì)的一員，即獲得小組成員的認(rèn)可使得T.J.對(duì)項(xiàng)目的態(tài)度發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變。故選D項(xiàng)。【26題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段““Abirdwithabrokenwingwillneverflyashigh.”I’msurethatT.J.Warewasmadetofeelthiswayalmosteverydayinschool.Byhighschool,T.J.wasthemostcelebratedtroublemakerinhistown.Hewasalwaysimpolite,didn’tanswerquestionsandgotintolotsoffights.(“折斷翅膀的鳥永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)飛得那么高?！蔽腋铱隙?，T.J.Ware在學(xué)校里幾乎每天都有這種感覺。到高中時(shí)，T.J.已經(jīng)是鎮(zhèn)上最著名的搗蛋鬼了。他總是不禮貌，不回答問題，還經(jīng)常打架)”、最后一段“T.J.remindsusthatabirdwithabrokenwingonlyneedsmending.Butonceithashealed,itcanflyhigherthantherest.T.J.gotajob.Hebecameproductive.(T.J.提醒我們，折斷翅膀的鳥只需要修理。但一旦它痊愈了，它就能飛得比其他動(dòng)物高。T.J.找到了一份工作。他變得富有成效)”以及文章內(nèi)容可知，起初，T.J.被視為問題學(xué)生，但通過領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力項(xiàng)目，他展現(xiàn)了自己的潛力和能力，最終做出了顯著的貢獻(xiàn)，T.J.的故事告訴我們不要僅憑外表或表面行為來(lái)評(píng)判一個(gè)人，這體現(xiàn)了“不要以貌取人”的道理。故選C項(xiàng)。CForyears,scientistshavebeentryingtofigureoutwhether“brainworkouts”suchaspuzzles(字謎)andonlinecognitivegamescouldstrengthenourmindsandslowtheprocessofaging.Now,astudyhasfoundthatregularlyattemptingacrosswordmayhelpslowdeclineinsomepeoplewithmildcognitiveimpairment(障礙),anearlystageoffalteringmemorythatcansometimesprogresstodementia(癡呆癥).Whilethestudydidn'tinvestigatewhethercrosswordsbenefityoungeradultswhoarenotdealingwithcognitivedecline,itsuggeststhatkeepingyourmindactiveasyouagemaybenefityourbrain.Andtheresearchoffershopetothosediagnosedwithmildcognitiveimpairmentthattheymaybeabletostaveofffurtherdeclinesinthememory,languageproblemsanddecision-makingthatarethehallmarkofthecondition.TheAmericanAcademyofNeurologyestimatesthatmildcognitiveimpairmentaffectsabout8percentofpeopleages65to69;10percentofpeopleages70to74;15percentofpeopleages75to79;25percentofthoseages80to84;andabout37percentofpeople85andolder.Theresearch,whichwasfundedbytheNationalInstituteonAging,recruited107adultsages55to95withmildcognitiveimpairment.For12weeks,theywereallaskedtoplayoneoftwotypesofgames,fourtimesaweek—spendingeither30minutesonLumosity,apopularcognitivetrainingplatform,or30minutesattemptingadigitalcrossword.After12weeks,theparticipantswerereevaluatedandgiven"booster"dosesofgameplaysixmoretimesduringthe78-weekexperiment.Bytheendofthestudy,participantsweregivenstandardassessmentsusedtomeasurecognitivedecline,andfriendsandfamilyreportedontheirday-to-dayfunctioning.MRIscansalsowereusedtomeasurebrainvolumechanges.Researchersfoundthatinkeymeasurements—cognitivedeclinescores,functionalskillsandbrainvolumechanges—theregularcrosswordplayersfaredbetterthanthegameplayers.Thefindingsurprisedthescientistsbehindthestudywhohadexpectedthatchallengingweb-basedbraingames,whichwerespecificallydesignedtoboostcognitivefunction,wouldofferthemostbenefit.“Ourstudyshowsthatinpeoplewithmildcognitiveimpairment,crosswordpuzzlesbeatthecomputerizedgamesonmultiplemetrics,”saidMuraliDoraiswamy,aco-authorofthestudy.“So,ifyouhavemildcognitiveimpairment,whichisdifferentfromnormalaging,thentherecommendationwouldbetokeepyourbrainactivewithcrosswordpuzzles.”Peoplewithhigherdegreesofcognitiveimpairmentappearedtobenefitthemostfromdoingthecrossword,whichwasdesignedtobeamoderatelydifficultpuzzlecomparabletotheThursdaygame.Thestudyhaslimitations.Someoftheparticipantsmayhavejustbeenmorefamiliarwithcrosswordsandthat'swhytheyrespondedbettertothepuzzlesthantoLumosity'scomputergames.Moreyearsoffollow-upalsoareneededtodeterminewhetherinterventionssuchascrosswordpuzzlescan“trulypreventdementia,”Doraiswamysaid.27.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase"staveoff"inParagraph3probablymean?A.Promote. B.Prevent. C.Experience. D.Cause.28.Paragraph4iswrittento_________.A.showaconcerningcondition B.comparedifferentgroupsC.presentreal-lifeexamples D.proveanassumption29.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.One'sdegreeofcognitiveimpairmentdependsonhowoldheis.B.Solvingcrosswordpuzzlesisarecommendationtoelderlypeople.C.Theefficiencyofpuzzlesinpreventingdementiahasbeenproved.D.Crosswords'effectsarelinkedtohowseriouscognitiveimpairmentis.30.Whatmakesthefindingsofthestudyfarfromconclusive?A.Thelackofvariables. B.Theweaknessesofassessments.C.Theinsufficiencyoftimespan. D.Thesubjects'preferenceforgames.〖答案〗27.B28.A29.D30.C【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，定期嘗試填字游戲可能有助于減緩一些輕度認(rèn)知障礙患者的衰退。【27題詳析】詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞上文“Andtheresearchoffershopetothosediagnosedwithmildcognitiveimpairment(這項(xiàng)研究給那些被診斷患有輕度認(rèn)知障礙的人帶來(lái)了希望)”由此可推知下文theymaybeabletostaveofffurtherdeclinesinthememory意思是“他們可能能夠避免記憶力、語(yǔ)言問題和決策能力的進(jìn)一步下降”，可知staveoff意思是阻止，預(yù)防，和prevent同義，故選B?！?8題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“TheAmericanAcademyofNeurologyestimatesthatmildcognitiveimpairmentaffectsabout8percentofpeopleages65to69;10percentofpeopleages70to74;15percentofpeopleages75to79;25percentofthoseages80to84;andabout37percentofpeople85andolder.(美國(guó)神經(jīng)病學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)(AmericanAcademyofNeurology)估計(jì)，在65歲至69歲的人群中，約有8%的人患有輕度認(rèn)知障礙；70-74歲的人占10%；15%的人年齡在75到79歲之間；年齡在80到84歲之間的人占25%；大約37%的85歲及以上的人。)”和第五段“Theresearch,whichwasfundedbytheNationalInstituteonAging,recruited107adultsages55to95withmildcognitiveimpairment.(這項(xiàng)研究由美國(guó)國(guó)家老齡研究所(NationalInstituteonAging)資助，招募了107名年齡在55歲至95歲之間、患有輕度認(rèn)知障礙的成年人。)”可推知寫第四段是為了說明研究對(duì)象的相關(guān)情況，故選A?！?9題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段““Ourstudyshowsthatinpeoplewithmildcognitiveimpairment,crosswordpuzzlesbeatthecomputerizedgamesonmultiplemetrics,”saidMuraliDoraiswamy,aco-authorofthestudy.(“我們的研究表明，在輕度認(rèn)知障礙的人群中，填字游戲在多個(gè)指標(biāo)上都勝過電腦游戲，”該研究的合著者穆拉利·多雷斯瓦米(MuraliDoraiswamy)說。)”可推知填字游戲的效果與認(rèn)知障礙的嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān)。故選D?！?0題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Moreyearsoffollow-upalsoareneededtodeterminewhetherinterventionssuchascrosswordpuzzlescan“trulypreventdementia,”Doraiswamysaid.(Doraiswamy說，還需要更多年的隨訪來(lái)確定填字游戲等干預(yù)措施是否能“真正預(yù)防癡呆”。)”可知還需要更多年的隨訪來(lái)確定填字游戲等干預(yù)措施是否能“真正預(yù)防癡呆”，也就是時(shí)間不足，故選C。DAPerspectivearticlepublishedinNaturethisweeksaysthatAIsystemsposeafurtherrisk:thatresearchersenvisionsuchtoolsaspossessedofsuperhumanabilitieswhenitcomestoobjectivity,productivityandunderstandingcomplexconcepts.ScientistsplanningtouseAI“mustevaluatetheserisksnow,whileAIapplicationsarestillnascent(未成熟的),becausetheywillbemuchmoredifficulttoaddressifAItoolsbecomedeeplyembeddedintheresearchpipeline”,writeco-authorsLisaMesseriandMollyCrockett.Inthisarticle,MesseriandCrockettputtogetherapictureofthewaysinwhichscientistsseeAIsystemsasenhancinghumancapabilities.Inone‘vision’,whichtheycallAIasOracle,researchersseeAItoolsasabletotirelesslyreadanddigestscientificpapers,andsosurveythescientificliteraturemoreexhaustivelythanpeoplecan.InbothOracleandanothervision,calledAIasArbiter,systemsareperceivedasevaluatingscientificfindingsmoreobjectivelythandopeople,becausetheyarelesslikelytocherry-picktheliteraturetosupportadesiredhypothesisortoshowfavouritisminpeerreview.Inathirdvision,AIasQuant,AItoolsseemtosurpassthelimitsofthehumanmindinanalyzingvastandcomplexdata.Inthefourth,AIasSurrogate,AItoolssimulate(模擬)datathataretoodifficultorcomplextoobtain.Informedbyanthropologyandcognitivescience,MesseriandCrockettpredictrisksthatarisefromthesevisions.Oneistheillusionofexplanatorydepth,inwhichpeoplerelyingonanotherperson—or,inthiscase,analgorithm—forknowledgehaveatendencytomistakethatknowledgefortheirownandthinktheirunderstandingisdeeperthanitactuallyis.AnotherriskisthatresearchbecomesskewedtowardsstudyingthekindsofthingthatAIsystemscantest—theresearcherscallthistheillusionofexploratorybreadth.Forexample,insocialscience,thevisionofAIasSurrogatecouldencourageexperimentsinvolvinghumanbehaviorsthatcanbesimulatedbyanAI—anddiscouragethoseonbehaviorsthatcannot,suchasanythingthatrequiresbeingembodiedphysically.There’salsotheillusionofobjectivity,inwhichresearchersseeAIsystemsasrepresentingallpossibleviewpointsornothavingaviewpoint.Infact,thesetoolsreflectonlytheviewpointsfoundinthedatatheyhavebeentrainedon,andareknowntoadoptthebiases(偏見)foundinthosedata.“There’sariskthatweforgetthattherearecertainquestionswejustcan’tanswerabouthumanbeingsusingAItools,”saysCrockett.Theillusionofobjectivityisparticularlyworryinggiventhebenefitsofincludingdiverseviewpointsinresearch.Ifyou’reascientistplanningtouseAI,youcanreducethesedangersthroughanumberofstrategies.Oneistomapyourproposedusetooneofthevisions,andconsiderwhichtrapsyouaremostlikelytofallinto.AnotherapproachistobedeliberateabouthowyouuseAI.DeployingAItoolstosavetimeonsomethingyourteamalreadyhasexpertiseinislessriskythanusingthemtoprovideexpertiseyoujustdon’thave,saysCrockett.31.AccordingtoParagraph2,whichmightscientistsagreewith?A.Humanintelligencecan’tbeovershadowedinanalyzingdata.B.PrejudicehasbeenruledoutbyAItoolsinscientificevaluation.C.Studieswithdesiredhypothesisareusuallyfavoredinpeerreview.D.AIcanconductarelativelythoroughoverviewofthepriorresearch.32.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“skewed”inParagraph4probablymean?A.Declining. B.Partial. C.Dynamic. D.Irrelevant.33.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.RelyingonAItofillgapsintheteam’sknowledgeismuchpreferable.B.AIisn’tlimitedtotheoutlookandbiasespresentwithinitstrainingdata.C.InstantactionsmustbetakentorateAI’srisksbeforeitisfullyintegratedintoresearch.D.UserscountingheavilyonAItendtounderestimatetheirinsightofaconcept.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.ACallforConsideredUseofAIinScienceB.TheUnseenBiasesofAIinSocialScienceC.AI’sRoleinEnhancingHumanExpertiseD.HowAIIsShapingScientificDiscovery〖答案〗31.D32.B33.C34.A【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇議論文。主要討論了人工智能在科學(xué)研究中的應(yīng)用可能帶來(lái)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，包括對(duì)人工智能超人能力的錯(cuò)覺，以及由此產(chǎn)生的研究偏向和客觀性幻象。作者呼吁科學(xué)家人工智能工具尚處于初級(jí)階段時(shí)評(píng)估并應(yīng)對(duì)這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，提出通過識(shí)別使用人工智能的潛在陷阱和有意識(shí)地應(yīng)用人工智能來(lái)減少危險(xiǎn)的策略?！?1題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Inone‘vision’,whichtheycallAIasOracle,researchersseeAItoolsasabletotirelesslyreadanddigestscientificpapers,andsosurveythescientificliteraturemoreexhaustivelythanpeoplecan.(在一個(gè)“愿景”中，他們將人工智能稱為甲骨文，研究人員認(rèn)為人工智能工具能夠不知疲倦地閱讀和消化科學(xué)論文，因此比人類更詳盡地調(diào)查科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)。)”以及“Inathirdvision,AIasQuant,AItoolsseemtosurpassthelimitsofthehumanmindinanalyzingvastandcomplexdata.Inthefourth,AIasSurrogate,AItoolssimulate(模擬)datathataretoodifficultorcomplextoobtain.(在第三種愿景中，AIasQuant，人工智能工具在分析龐大而復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù)方面似乎超越了人類思維的極限。在第四個(gè)中，人工智能作為替代物，人工智能工具模擬太難或太復(fù)雜而無(wú)法獲得的數(shù)據(jù)。)”可知，人工智能工具可以更詳盡地調(diào)查科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)，分析龐大而復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù)，并模擬太難或太復(fù)雜而無(wú)法獲得的數(shù)據(jù)，由此可推知，科學(xué)家可能同意的觀點(diǎn)是人工智能能夠?qū)ο惹暗难芯窟M(jìn)行相對(duì)全面的概述。故選D項(xiàng)?！?2題詳析】詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第四段“AnotherriskisthatresearchbecomesskewedtowardsstudyingthekindsofthingthatAIsystemscantest—theresearcherscallthistheillusionofexploratorybreadth.(另一個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是，研究對(duì)于研究人工智能系統(tǒng)可以測(cè)試的東西變得skewed——研究人員稱之為探索廣度的錯(cuò)覺。)”可知，研究可能會(huì)偏向于人工智能系統(tǒng)能夠