考點(diǎn)24 閱讀理解議論文和其它文體（核心考點(diǎn)精講精練）高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)考點(diǎn)幫（新高考）（含答案解析）

考點(diǎn)24閱讀理解議論文和其它文體（核心考點(diǎn)精講精練）1.高考真題考點(diǎn)分布年份卷次主題語(yǔ)境字?jǐn)?shù)題型分類(lèi)細(xì)節(jié)理解推理判斷主旨大意詞義猜測(cè)2024年2024·新高考I卷議論文-人與社會(huì)：紙質(zhì)閱讀與數(shù)字閱讀、音頻和視頻學(xué)習(xí)方式的差異和效果349新高考II卷新聞報(bào)道--人與社會(huì)：：舊金山灣區(qū)快速交通引入短篇故事自助服務(wù)亭276+10722002024·北京卷議論文-人與社會(huì)：討論科學(xué)問(wèn)題：宇宙是否是由計(jì)算機(jī)模擬生成的408+11603012024·浙江卷1月卷議論文-人與自然：加拿大Alberta防雹千預(yù)計(jì)劃之爭(zhēng)313+12831002023·新高考=2\*ROMANII卷書(shū)評(píng)-人與社會(huì)：印刷書(shū)籍和閱讀對(duì)人類(lèi)的重要意義330+12612012023·全國(guó)甲卷書(shū)評(píng)-人與社會(huì)：介紹了TheSocratesExpress333+12822002023·全國(guó)乙卷議論文-人與社會(huì)：物品納入歷史敘事以更好地理解無(wú)文字社會(huì)的重要性343浙江卷新聞報(bào)道-人與社會(huì)：在辯論中戰(zhàn)勝人類(lèi)的軟件程序：ProjectDebater的314全國(guó)甲卷議論文-人與社會(huì)：悉尼發(fā)展中面臨的問(wèn)題342書(shū)評(píng)--人與社會(huì)：DorothyWickenden的書(shū)：NothingDaunted:TheUnexpectedEducationofTwoSocietyGirlsintheWest317+1222200全國(guó)乙卷2022·北京卷議論文-人與社會(huì)：量子計(jì)算真的會(huì)像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？400+10911112022·天津卷議論文-人與社會(huì)：美好生活的秘訣403+19432002.命題規(guī)律及備考策略【命題規(guī)律】從近三年的命題上看，議論文涉及的論題具有生活化的特征，與社會(huì)生活密切相關(guān)。從命題上看，議論文閱讀理解以考查細(xì)節(jié)理解、推理判斷和主旨大意題為主，但不排除對(duì)觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的考查；無(wú)論是新聞報(bào)道還是書(shū)評(píng)是主要考查細(xì)節(jié)理解和考查推理判斷題偶爾也會(huì)考查詞義猜測(cè)題?？忌谄綍r(shí)的閱讀訓(xùn)練中要閱讀一定數(shù)量的議論文，以了解和掌握議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)和行文特征。【備考策略】在閱讀解題時(shí)，應(yīng)該從結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容兩方面同時(shí)入手，先通讀全文，再區(qū)分事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)。通常來(lái)說(shuō)，議論文會(huì)采用三段論式結(jié)構(gòu)。首段會(huì)通過(guò)一個(gè)故事或?qū)δ撤N現(xiàn)象的描述來(lái)引入話題，明確論點(diǎn)；接下來(lái)是文章的主體部分，會(huì)用兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的段落引用事實(shí)和理論論據(jù)進(jìn)行論證，常用的論證方法有舉例、引用和對(duì)比，這一部分要注意作者選用的論據(jù)，它們往往與細(xì)節(jié)理解題的考查點(diǎn)相對(duì)應(yīng)，同時(shí)還要留意論證的方法；文章的最后一段是結(jié)論部分，要弄清作者最后得出了什么結(jié)論。在通讀全文并了解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容后再閱讀試題，到文章中去找相對(duì)應(yīng)的信息，比如事實(shí)、觀點(diǎn)、作者真正的意圖和結(jié)論等。議論文結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)寫(xiě)法一：正方（甲方），反方（乙方），我認(rèn)為寫(xiě)法二：提出問(wèn)題，分析問(wèn)題，回答（解決）問(wèn)題寫(xiě)法三：論點(diǎn)，理由（證據(jù)），重申論點(diǎn)。高考備考，重點(diǎn)練閱讀。因?yàn)殚喿x是綱，綱舉目張。閱讀量+詞匯量=高考英語(yǔ)前途無(wú)量。要做到精讀泛讀相結(jié)合。每天讀5篇，高考一百三。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，可以每天精讀2篇，讀懂每一句話，并完成文后的問(wèn)答題；泛讀3篇，材料要相對(duì)容易一些，但要有長(zhǎng)度，最好是文學(xué)作品。泛讀的方法是只求知道內(nèi)容，不記單詞或漂亮句子，也不做短文后的習(xí)題?！久}預(yù)測(cè)】從近三年命題的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)來(lái)看，預(yù)測(cè)2025年高考閱讀理解中議論文和其它文體可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)，試題難度會(huì)保持相對(duì)穩(wěn)定，但會(huì)繼續(xù)考查考生快速而準(zhǔn)確地獲取和理解文中具體細(xì)節(jié)信息的能力、推斷能力以及掌握主旨大意的能力?！颈貍浠A(chǔ)知識(shí)】一、【語(yǔ)篇特點(diǎn)】議論文說(shuō)理性強(qiáng)，語(yǔ)言莊重，邏輯縝密，常用難詞、長(zhǎng)詞和復(fù)雜句，給我們的閱讀理解帶來(lái)一定難度。議論文是運(yùn)用邏輯推理和證明來(lái)闡述某一觀點(diǎn)、看法和主張的文體。這類(lèi)文章或從正面提出某種見(jiàn)解，或駁斥別人的錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)，以說(shuō)服讀者同意自己的觀點(diǎn)為主要目的。議論文一般有論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證三個(gè)要素。論點(diǎn)是議論文的核心，即中心思想，是論據(jù)和論證的服務(wù)對(duì)象。論據(jù)是作者所引用的用以支持和證明論點(diǎn)的材料，這些材料可以是名人名言、事實(shí)例證或統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)等。論證是作者組織、運(yùn)用論據(jù)的手法。議論文文章類(lèi)型演繹論證議論文是從已知的一般原理，規(guī)律出發(fā)，推知個(gè)別事物本質(zhì)的論證方法。該類(lèi)文體一般先提出一個(gè)總論點(diǎn)，然后分別進(jìn)行論述，分析各個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，最后得出結(jié)論。歸納論證議論文是一種由個(gè)別到一般的論證方法。它通過(guò)許多個(gè)別的事例或分論點(diǎn)，然后歸納出它們所共有的特性，從而得出一個(gè)一般性的結(jié)論。比較論證議論文是一種由個(gè)別到個(gè)別的論證方法。通常分為類(lèi)比法和對(duì)比法兩類(lèi)。類(lèi)比法是將性質(zhì)或特點(diǎn)在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比較而引出結(jié)論的方法。對(duì)比法是通過(guò)性質(zhì)或特點(diǎn)在某一方面相反或?qū)α⒌牟煌挛锏谋容^來(lái)證明論點(diǎn)的方法。命題要點(diǎn)由于議論的目的是表明自己對(duì)事物的看法和態(tài)度，因此，命題時(shí)?？疾炱溆^點(diǎn)態(tài)度以及根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容歸納主旨大意等，有時(shí)也對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行考察。二、【解題策略】1.演繹論證議論文：注意文章的開(kāi)篇，因?yàn)槲恼碌拈_(kāi)篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓住了作者的觀點(diǎn)，從而把握了文章的中心思想。2.歸納論證議論文：注意文章的尾段，因?yàn)槲捕问菍?duì)前面所舉事例和分論點(diǎn)的歸納和概括。3.比較論證議論文：注意事物的相同點(diǎn)以及不同點(diǎn)，并由此來(lái)把握文章的主旨。做題時(shí)可使用以下三個(gè)步驟：重首尾，明方式，細(xì)推測(cè)。三、【議論文中的主旨大意題】主旨大意題考查的是考生對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的深層次理解,它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下,對(duì)整篇文章的主旨大意有一個(gè)較為清晰的印象。主旨大意題不僅考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會(huì)大意的能力,也對(duì)考生的歸納、概括能力提出了較高的要求。文章中沒(méi)有明顯的解題依據(jù),需要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進(jìn)行加工概括,才能歸納出文章的主旨。【常考類(lèi)型】題型1段落大意題每個(gè)段落都有一個(gè)中心思想,且中心思想通常會(huì)在段落的首句或尾句體現(xiàn)出來(lái),這個(gè)句子就是常說(shuō)的段落主題句。沒(méi)有給出明顯的主題句時(shí),要根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容概括出段落大意題型2文章大意題考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力,即考查考生的歸納概括能力題型3標(biāo)題歸納題概括出文章的中心思想,并對(duì)中心思想再次加以提煉,擬定出文章的標(biāo)題。文章標(biāo)題可以是單詞、短語(yǔ),也可以是句子01議論文長(zhǎng)?？碱}型之一主旨大意題之文章大意【常見(jiàn)設(shè)問(wèn)形式】①Thispassagechieflydealswith________.②What'sthetopicofthearticle?③Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?④Whatisthemainideaofthe...paragraph/thepassage?eq\a\vs4\al([正確選項(xiàng)特征])1．涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段。2．確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小。3．精確性強(qiáng)，不會(huì)改變語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的程度及色彩。eq\a\vs4\al([干擾選項(xiàng)特征])1．過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云所給選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容概括的范圍過(guò)大，超出文章所述內(nèi)容2．以偏概全，主次不分所給選項(xiàng)只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細(xì)節(jié)信息或個(gè)別詞作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)充當(dāng)全文的主要觀點(diǎn)3．移花接木，偷換概念所給選項(xiàng)被命題者有意識(shí)地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上，若不留神，極易選錯(cuò)答案4．無(wú)中生有，生搬硬套所給選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞雖然在文章中提到了，但經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀分析之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無(wú)聯(lián)系。【3個(gè)做法4個(gè)竅門(mén)，快速確定文章大意】一、文章是由段落組成的。段落的主題就是段落的中心思想，具體段落的中心思想又是為文章整體中心思想服務(wù)的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具體段落中心思想的基礎(chǔ)上的。具體做法是：1．找出每小段的主題句，各段的主題句常在該段的首句或尾句，各段主題句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。2．文章無(wú)明顯主題句，主題句隱含在段意之中，這就需要分步提煉，然后再進(jìn)一步加工概括。3．觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排，區(qū)別文章的“核心”和“支撐性細(xì)節(jié)”。核心是概括性的、理論性的；支撐性細(xì)節(jié)是碎片化的、事例性的。事例是為理論性的“核心”服務(wù)的，“核心”即是文章的主題。二、用瀏覽法(skimming)，即快速閱讀文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主題線索和主題信息的方法可以快速找到主題句。以下是找主題句的四個(gè)小竅門(mén)：1．段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(yǔ)(如however，but，infact，actually等)時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。2．首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，對(duì)該問(wèn)題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3．作者有意識(shí)重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。4．表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore，thus，inshort，conclude，conclusion等。(2023年1月·浙江高考·B篇)Livewithroommates?Havefriendsandfamilyaroundyou?Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadyto

jumponthatbandwagon.

IexperiencedthiswhenIstartedswitchingtoazerowastelifestylefiveyearsago,asIwaslivingwithmyparents,andIcontinuetoexperiencethiswithmyhusband,asheisnotcompletelyzerowastelikeme.I’velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough,whichIhopeyou’llfindencouragingifyou’redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanot-always-supportivehousehold.Zerowastewasaradicallifestylemovementafewyearsback.IremembershowingmyparentsavideoofBeaJohnson,sharinghowcoolIthoughtitwouldbetobuygrocerieswithjars,andhavesolittletrash!Afewdayslater,Icamebackwithmyfirstjarsofzerowastegroceries,andmydadcommentedonhowsillyitwasformetocarryjarseverywhere.Itcameoffasabitdiscouraging.Yetasthemonthsofreducingwastecontinued,IdidwhatIcouldthatwaswithinmyownreach.Ihadmyownbedroom,soIworkedonremovingthingsIdidn’tneed.SinceIhadmyowntoiletries(洗漱用品),Iwasabletostartpersonalisingmyroutinetobemoresustainable.Ialsoofferedtocookeverysooften,soIportionedoutabitofthecupboardformyownzerowastegroceries.Perhapsyourhouseholdwon’tentirelymaketheswitch,butyoumayhavesomecontroloveryourownpersonalspacestomakethechangesyoudesire.Asyoumakeyourlifestylechanges,youmayfindyourselfwantingtospeakupforyourselfifotherscommentonwhatyou’redoing,whichcanturnitselfintoawholehouseholddebate.Ifyouhaveindividualswhoarenotonboard,yourwordsprobablywon’tdomuchandcanoftenleaveyoufeelingmorediscouraged.Sohereismyadvice:Leadbyaction.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Howtogetonwellwithotherfamilymembers.B.Howtohaveone’sownpersonalspaceathome.C.Howtoliveazerowastelifestyleinahousehold.D.Howtocontrolthebudgetwhenbuyinggroceries.【解答思路】第一步:掃描題干,找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:What,thetext,is...mainlyabout第二步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,定位信息。定位原文信息:Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon.(第一段)I’velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough,whichIhopeyou’llfindencouragingifyou’redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanot-always-supportivehousehold.(第二段)第三步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞和定位信息可知,文章第一段中提出問(wèn)題的具體情形,第二段提出了問(wèn)題解決的可能性,下文敘述了具體的做法,據(jù)此可知文章主要講述了作者如何在家庭中過(guò)零浪費(fèi)的生活方式。故選

__C__。

【易錯(cuò)項(xiàng)分析】解題時(shí),考生很容易誤選A項(xiàng)。文章中涉及處理和家庭成員的關(guān)系,但是確實(shí)是圍繞著文章主題展開(kāi)的,也就是作者如何讓家人能夠配合過(guò)一種零浪費(fèi)的健康生活,這樣A項(xiàng)明顯是錯(cuò)誤的,需要排除。用瀏覽法(skimming)找主題句:段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(yǔ)(如however、but、infact、actually等)時(shí),【解題指導(dǎo)】該句很可能是主題句；首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí),對(duì)該問(wèn)句的回答很可能就是文章主旨；作者有意識(shí)地重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn),通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ),一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞；表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore、thus、inshort、conclude、conclusion等詞,通常是主旨。（2024·陜西·模擬預(yù)測(cè)）Youmayfeellikeamastermultitaskerasyoudrinkyourmorningcoffee,catchuponemailandtuneintoaconferencecall.Butdidyouknowformostpeople,inmostsituations,multitaskingmakesuslessefficientandmorelikelytomakeamistake.Thismightnotbeasapparentwhenwe’redoingsimpleandroutinetasks,likelisteningtomusicwhilewalking,orfoldinglaundrywhilewatchingTV.Butwhenthestakesarehigherandthetasksaremorecomplex,tryingtomultitaskcannegativelyimpactourlives—orevenbedangerous.So-calledmultitaskingdividesourattention.Itmakesitharderforustogiveourfullattentiontoonething.Forexample,attemptingtocompleteadditionaltasksduringadrivingsimulationledtopoorerdrivingperformance.Itcanalsoaffectourabilitytolearn,becauseinordertolearn,weneedtobeabletofocus.Dr.Kubu,aneuropsychologist,says,“Ifwe’reconstantlyattemptingtomultitask,wedon’tpracticetuningouttherestofthewordtoengageindeeperprocessingandlearning.”Anotherpitfall(缺陷)isthattryingtodotoomuchatoncemakesithardertobemindfulandtrulypresentinthemoment—andmindfulnesscomeswithaplethora(過(guò)量)ofbenefitsforourmindsandourbodies.Infact,manytherapiesbasedonmindfulnesscanevenhelppatientssufferingfromdepression,anxietyandotherconditions.Choosingtofocusononetaskatatimecanbenefitmanyaspectsofourlife.Takesurgeonsforexample.“Peopleassumeasurgeon’sskillisprimarilyintheprecisionandsteadinessoftheirhands.Whilethere’ssometruthtothat,thetruegiftofasurgeonistheabilitytosingle-mindedlyfocusononepersonandcompleteaseriesoftaskoverthecourseofmanyhours.”Dr.Kubuexplains.Butsurgeonsaren’tnecessarilybornwiththisabilitytomonotask.Rather,theydevelopandperfectitthroughhoursofpractice.Itistruethatweperformbestonethingatatime.Whynotgiveitatry?8．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Whymultitaskingdoesn’twork. B．Howtoimprovedailyperformance.C．Whichcareerlessneedsmultitasking. D．Whatpositiveeffectsmultitaskinghas.【答案】8．A8．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Thismightnotbeasapparentwhenwe’redoingsimpleandroutinetasks,likelisteningtomusicwhilewalking,orfoldinglaundrywhilewatchingTV.Butwhenthestakesarehigherandthetasksaremorecomplex,tryingtomultitaskcannegativelyimpactourlives—orevenbedangerous.(當(dāng)我們?cè)谧龊?jiǎn)單的日常任務(wù)時(shí)，比如邊走邊聽(tīng)音樂(lè)，或者邊看電視邊疊衣服，這可能就不那么明顯了。但當(dāng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高，任務(wù)更復(fù)雜時(shí)，試圖同時(shí)處理多項(xiàng)任務(wù)可能會(huì)對(duì)我們的生活產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響，甚至是危險(xiǎn)的)”文章主要從多任務(wù)處理為何不是一個(gè)有效的工作或?qū)W習(xí)策略展開(kāi)，進(jìn)而討論了多任務(wù)處理帶來(lái)的負(fù)面影響和專(zhuān)注單一任務(wù)的好處。因此，A項(xiàng)“為什么多任務(wù)處理不奏效？”符合文章主旨。故選A項(xiàng)。02議論文長(zhǎng)?？碱}型之一主旨大意題之標(biāo)題歸納【常見(jiàn)設(shè)問(wèn)形式】①Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe________.②Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage？③Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?【解題技巧】理解標(biāo)題的三大特點(diǎn)，巧用三大方法確定文章標(biāo)題。一個(gè)好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備三大特點(diǎn)：1．概括——準(zhǔn)確而又簡(jiǎn)短；2．針對(duì)性——標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符；3．醒目——能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨；2．反面否定法：撇開(kāi)原文，拿各個(gè)備選項(xiàng)去設(shè)想用它們寫(xiě)出來(lái)的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文章對(duì)照，一一排除不符選項(xiàng)；3．研讀備選項(xiàng)本身：研讀備選項(xiàng)里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等?！?022年北京卷】Quantum(量子)computershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensendingmearticlesonhowquantumcomputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.I’vealsohadexchangeswithtwoquantum-computingexperts.OneiscomputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeassomeonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.Fordecades,quantumcomputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechcompanieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumcomputingresearchers.”Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.HealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutPyQuantum,thefirmheco-foundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson’sconcernsabouthype,buthesaysthoseconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.IsJohnsonMoreCompetentThanTaylor?B.IsQuantumComputingRedefiningTechnology?C.WillQuantumComputersEverComeintoBeing?D.WillQuantumComputingEverLiveUptoItsHype?【答案】31A32.C33.A34.D【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇議論文。主要論述了“量子計(jì)算真的會(huì)像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”，計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家克里斯·約翰遜和物理學(xué)家菲利普·泰勒分別闡明了自己的觀點(diǎn)。34.【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二自然段“Now,bigtechcompanieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.”（現(xiàn)在，大型科技公司和許多小型公司都在量子計(jì)算領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行了投資。據(jù)《商業(yè)周刊》報(bào)道，量子機(jī)器可以幫助我們“治愈癌癥，甚至采取措施將氣候變化轉(zhuǎn)向相反的方向。這種炒作讓約翰遜感到惱火。”）”以及最后一段“CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所說(shuō)的那樣“以巨大的優(yōu)勢(shì)”領(lǐng)先所有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手嗎？我不知道。我當(dāng)然不會(huì)建議我的朋友或其他人投資量子計(jì)算機(jī)。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任約翰遜一樣。）”可知，本文主要論述了“量子計(jì)算真的會(huì)像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”，計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家克里斯·約翰遜和物理學(xué)家菲利普·泰勒分別闡明了自己的觀點(diǎn)。所以短文的最佳標(biāo)題為“量子計(jì)算真的會(huì)像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”。故選D。【技巧提示】

正面肯定法:在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上,揣摩哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨;

反面否定法:撇開(kāi)原文,拿各個(gè)備選項(xiàng)去設(shè)想用它們寫(xiě)出來(lái)的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容,然后和原文對(duì)照,一一排除不符選項(xiàng);

研讀備選項(xiàng)本身法:研讀備選項(xiàng)里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等。（2024·湖南衡陽(yáng)·模擬預(yù)測(cè)）Inaworldwhereeveryonehastheirownopinionsonjustabouteverything,it’scommonforpeopletobecriticalofeachother’smistakesandimperfectionswithoutnoticingtheirown.Someindividualsmistakenlythinkit’stheirresponsibilitytomakeyouintoabetterperson.Theydothisbyfirstpointingoutyourshortcomingsdirectlyandthenprovidingadviceonhowyoucanimprove.Sowhatisthepossiblesolutiontocriticism?Ifyouaretheoneforcingotherstofeelashamedofthemselves,pleasestop.Makeaconsciousdecisionratherthanhighlightthenegativeaspectofaperson’sperformanceorattitudes.Youaremorelikelytoofferhelpfulsuggestionsfromthebeginning.Ifyouareonthereceivingendofcriticism,the“OK”responseisaperfectsolution.Whensomeonecommentsnegativelyonataskyouaredoingorapersonalityissueofyours,anaturalresponseistodefendandattack.However,thisapproachisrarelyeffectiveasitputsbothpartiesonthedefensive.Instead,simplyreplywith“OK”.Thisbriefone-wordresponseacknowledgestheotherperson’scommentwithoutagreeingwithitorfeelingnecessarytoengageinadebateaboutit.It’scrucialtostayconnectedtowhattheotherpersonistalkingabout,andlistenwithoutgettingupset,tobeanobjectiveobserver.Infact,thereismuchthatonecanlearnfromanegativereview.Youcanaskyourself:DidImakeamistake?CouldIhavedonebetter?DidIgive100%ofmyselftothetaskathand?Ifso,howcanIimprovemyself?Asforchroniccriticizers:Itisimportanttosetstrictboundarywiththem.Removeyourselffromtheirpresencewhennecessary.Inanycase,onecanlearntobe“OK”withcriticismandnotallowittonegativelyimpactyourlifeorrelationshipwiththeotherparty.20．Whatisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．TheArtofGivingCriticism B．MasteringSelf-DefenseagainstCriticismC．DealingwithPersonalRelationshipsFlexibly D．ThePathtoSelf-ImprovementthroughCriticism【答案】20．D20．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Inaworldwhereeveryonehastheirownopinionsonjustabouteverything,it’scommonforpeopletobecriticalofeachother’smistakesandimperfectionswithoutnoticingtheirown.Someindividualsmistakenlythinkit’stheirresponsibilitytomakeyouintoabetterperson.Theydothisbyfirstpointingoutyourshortcomingsdirectlyandthenprovidingadviceonhowyoucanimprove.(在一個(gè)每個(gè)人對(duì)每件事都有自己看法的世界里，人們對(duì)彼此的錯(cuò)誤和不完美吹毛求疵，而不注意自己的錯(cuò)誤和不完美，這是很常見(jiàn)的。有些人錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為他們有責(zé)任讓你成為一個(gè)更好的人。他們首先直接指出你的缺點(diǎn)，然后就如何改進(jìn)提供建議)”結(jié)合文章探討了如何應(yīng)對(duì)批評(píng)，無(wú)論是給出批評(píng)還是接受批評(píng)，并提出了一些建議和策略。故選D“通過(guò)批評(píng)走向自我提升”最為合適。故選D。03議論文中的段落大意題【常見(jiàn)設(shè)問(wèn)方式】WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph...?Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________.WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizePara.1?Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?【歸納段落大意的2種方法】方法1：概括段落大意要準(zhǔn)確概括某段的大意，務(wù)必要知道該段的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。(1)如果該段是按總分順序組織，首句做總的說(shuō)明，其他句子對(duì)其進(jìn)行具體論述，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的主題句就在段首；(2)如果按分總順序組織，主題句就在段尾；(3)如果按分總分的順序組織，則主題句就在這段話的中間；(4)如果按總分總的順序，段落結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)難度較低，我們可以很明顯的看到一段的首句和末句的內(nèi)容幾乎完全一致，正確答案就呼之欲出了；(5)如果按并列式行文，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的段落一般會(huì)在一段中討論兩個(gè)平行的內(nèi)容，整個(gè)段落可以從中間處分開(kāi)，前后是平行關(guān)系，這樣的段落結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)應(yīng)的答案通常也會(huì)是很明顯的并列關(guān)系；(6)如果對(duì)比各事物，那么它們的共同點(diǎn)或不同點(diǎn)就是該段大意。方法2：揣摩段落大意有時(shí)，作者可能不直接寫(xiě)出主題句，而是通過(guò)各種方法暗示給讀者，這就需要充分發(fā)揮讀者的想象力與判斷力，揣摩段落大意?！?023年全國(guó)乙卷D片段】Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented. B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.C.Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords. D.Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.[思維可視化]Step1圈定題干關(guān)鍵詞：firstparagraphmainlyaboutStep2定位信息源：根據(jù)文章第一段“Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings”可推知，第一段主要講述的是歷史應(yīng)該如何呈現(xiàn)給我們。Step3得出答案：_______A_________[技巧點(diǎn)撥]方法1：概括段落大意要準(zhǔn)確概括某段的大意，務(wù)必要知道該段的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。如該段是按總分順序組織，首句做總的說(shuō)明，其他句子對(duì)其進(jìn)行具體論述，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的主題句就在段首；如果按分總順序組織，主題句就在段尾；如果按分總分的順序組織，則主題句就在這段話的中間；如果對(duì)比各事物，那么它們的共同點(diǎn)或不同點(diǎn)就是該段大意。方法2：揣摩段落大意有時(shí)，作者可能不直接寫(xiě)出主題句，而是通過(guò)各種方法暗示給讀者，這就需要充分發(fā)揮讀者的想象力與判斷力，揣摩段落大意。1、（2024·湖南長(zhǎng)沙·模擬預(yù)測(cè)）“Womanreadingbook,underanightsky,dreamyatmosphere,”ItypeintoDeepDreamGenerator’sText2Dreamfeature.Inlessthanaminute,animageisreturnedtomeshowingwhatI’vedescribed.WelcometotheworldofAIimagegeneration,whereyoucancreatewhatonthesurfacelooksliketop-rankartworkusingjustafewtextprompts(提示).Butcloserexaminationshowsoddities.Thefaceofthewomaninmyimagehasveryoddfeatures,andappearstobeholdingmultiplebooks.And,whilethere’saninitialthrillatseeinganimageappear,there’snocreativesatisfaction.AIimagegenerationcouldimpacteverythingfromfilmtographicnovelsandmore.Children’sillustratorswerequicktoraiseconcernsaboutthetechnology.TheysayAI-generatedartistheexactoppositeofwhatartisbelievedtobe.Fundamentally,artisallabouttranslatingsomethingthatyoufeelinternallyintosomethingthatexistsexternally.Whateverformittakes,trueartisaboutthecreativeprocessmuchmorethanit’saboutthefinalpiece.Andsimplypressingabuttontogenerateanimageisnotacreativeprocess.Beyondcreativity,therearedeeperissues.Tocreateimagesfromprompts,AIgeneratorsrelyondatabasesofalreadyexistingartandtext.Thiscouldleadtothecreationofimagesthatareintentionallymeanttoimitatethestyleofotherartists,withouttheiragreement.ThereisanargumentthatAlgeneratorsworknodifferentlytohumanswhenitcomestobeinginfluencedbyothers’work,However,ahumanartistisalsoaddingemotionandnuance(細(xì)微差別)intothemix.AIdoesn’tdothesame—itcanonlycopy.TheincreasinguseofAIwillalsoleadtoadevaluingoftheworkofartists.There’salreadyanegativeprejudicetowardsthecreativeindustry.Peoplewillbegintothinkthattheir“work”isasvalidasthatcreatedbysomeonewhohasspentacareermakingart.It’snonsense,ofcourse.Youcanuseyourmobilephonetotakeanicepictureofyourdaughters,butyouarenomatchforprofessionals.4．Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthelastparagraph?A．Artisthemirroroflife. B．Romeisnotbuiltinaday.C．Nomancandotwothingsatonce. D．Jackofalltrades,masterofnone.【答案】4．B4．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“TheincreasinguseofAIwillalsoleadtoadevaluingoftheworkofartists.There’salreadyanegativeprejudicetowardsthecreativeindustry.Peoplewillbegintothinkthattheir“work”isasvalidasthatcreatedbysomeonewhohasspentacareermakingart.It’snonsense,ofcourse.Youcanuseyourmobilephonetotakeanicepictureofyourdaughters,butyouarenomatchforprofessionals.(人工智能的日益普及也將導(dǎo)致藝術(shù)家作品的貶值。對(duì)創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)已經(jīng)存在負(fù)面偏見(jiàn)。人們會(huì)開(kāi)始認(rèn)為他們的“作品”與那些以藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作為職業(yè)的人所創(chuàng)作的作品一樣有效。當(dāng)然，這是無(wú)稽之談。你可以用你的手機(jī)給你的女兒拍一張漂亮的照片，但你不是專(zhuān)業(yè)人士的對(duì)手)”可知，人工智能的使用會(huì)使藝術(shù)家的作品貶值。人們會(huì)認(rèn)為他們用AI創(chuàng)作的作品和以藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作為職業(yè)的人的作品有同樣的價(jià)值。作者認(rèn)為這是錯(cuò)誤的，在最后一句中，作者認(rèn)為盡管普通人可以創(chuàng)作出漂亮的作品，也比不上專(zhuān)業(yè)人士，作者暗示藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作需要經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期的訓(xùn)練。由此可知，B項(xiàng)“Romeisnotbuiltinaday.(羅馬非一日建成)”意指任何偉大的事物都需要時(shí)間和耐心來(lái)建立。故選B項(xiàng)。2.（2024·湖北武漢·模擬預(yù)測(cè)）Isforgivenessagainstourhumannature?Toanswerourquestion,weneedtoaskafurtherquestion:Whatistheessenceofourhumanity?Forthesakeofsimplicity,peopleconsidertwodistinctlydifferentviewsofhumanity.Thefirstviewinvolvesdominanceandpower.Inanearlypaperonthepsychologyofforgiveness,Droll(1984)madetheinterestingclaimthathumans’essentialnatureismoreaggressivethanforgivingallows.Thosewhoforgiveareagainsttheirbasicnature,muchtotheirharm.Inhisopinion,forgiversarecompromisingtheirwell-beingastheyoffermercytoothers,whomightthentakeadvantageofthem.Thesecondviewinvolvesthethemeofcooperation,mutualrespect,andevenloveasthebasisofwhoweareashumans.Researchersfindthattofullygrowashumanbeings,weneedbothtoreceivelovefromandofferlovetoothers.Withoutlove,ourconnectionswithawiderangeofindividualsinourlivescanfallapart.Evencommonsensestronglysuggeststhatthewilltopoweroverothersdoesnotmakeforharmoniousinteractions.Forexample,howwellhasslaveryworkedasamodeofsocialharmony?Fromthissecondviewpointofwhoweareashumans,forgivenessplaysakeyroleinthebiologicalandpsychologicalintegrityofbothindividualsandcommunitiesbecauseoneoftheoutcomesofforgiveness,shownthroughscientificstudies,isthedecreasingofhatredandtherestorationofharmony.Forgivenesscanbreakthecycleofanger.Atleasttotheextentthepeoplefromwhomyouareestrangedacceptyourloveandforgivenessandarepreparedtomaketherequiredadjustments.Forgivenesscanhealrelationshipsandreconnectpeople.Asanimportantnote,whenwetakeaClassicalphilosophicalperspective,thatofAristotle,weseethedistinctionbetweenpotentialityandactuality.Wearenotnecessarilybornwiththecapacitytoforgive,butinsteadwiththepotentialtolearnaboutitandtogrowinourabilitytoforgive.Theactualityofforgiving,itsactualappropriationinconflictsituations,developswithpractice.A．Objective. B．Reserved. C．Favorable. D．Skeptical.16．Whatismessageofthelastparagraph?A．Forgivenessisinournature. B．Forgivenessgrowswithtime.C．Actualityisbasedonpotentiality. D．Ittakespracticetoforgive.【答案】16．D16．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Asanimportantnote,whenwetakeaClassicalphilosophicalperspective,thatofAristotle,weseethedistinctionbetweenpotentialityandactuality.Wearenotnecessarilybornwiththecapacitytoforgive,butinsteadwiththepotentialtolearnaboutitandtogrowinourabilitytoforgive.Theactualityofforgiving,itsactualappropriationinconflictsituations,developswithpractice.(值得注意的是，當(dāng)我們從古典哲學(xué)的角度，即亞里士多德的角度來(lái)看，我們會(huì)看到潛在性和現(xiàn)實(shí)性之間的區(qū)別。我們不一定天生就有寬恕的能力，但我們有潛力去學(xué)習(xí)寬恕，并在寬恕的能力中成長(zhǎng)。寬恕的現(xiàn)實(shí)性，它在沖突情境中的實(shí)際運(yùn)用，是隨著實(shí)踐而發(fā)展的。)”可知，最后一段主要傳達(dá)了原諒需要實(shí)踐的信息。作者通過(guò)引用古典哲學(xué)中關(guān)于潛在性和實(shí)際性的觀點(diǎn)，指出我們并不是天生就具備原諒的能力，而是需要通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)和實(shí)踐來(lái)培養(yǎng)和發(fā)展這種能力。因此，原諒并不是一種自然而然的行為，而是需要我們付出努力去實(shí)踐的。故選D。04詞義猜測(cè)題一、【設(shè)問(wèn)方式】Bysayingthat“...”inthefirst(second...)paragraph,theauthormeansthat________.InParagraph...,“...”canbereplacedby“______”．Themeaningof“...”inParagraph...isrelatedto________.Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningto...(Paragraph...)？AsisusedinLine...,theword“...”refersto________.Theunderlinedsentenceinthe...paragraphprobablymeansthat________.二、【詞義猜測(cè)題7大猜詞技巧】要做好詞義猜測(cè)題，考生除了必須熟練掌握《考試大綱》規(guī)定的詞匯外，在平時(shí)的訓(xùn)練中還要注意積累生詞和短語(yǔ)，掌握構(gòu)詞法的基本知識(shí)，對(duì)于各種前、后綴的變化形式了然于心，還要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行合理推測(cè)，掌握一定的解題技巧。1.根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進(jìn)行猜測(cè)有時(shí)短文中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)需要猜測(cè)其意義的詞或短語(yǔ)，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義或解釋。標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，如逗號(hào)后的解釋(名詞同位語(yǔ))、破折號(hào)后的解釋、括號(hào)內(nèi)的解釋等。這都是判斷該詞或短語(yǔ)意義的主要依據(jù)。例如：①Annealing

isawayofmakingmetalsofterbyheatingitandthenlettingitcoolveryslowly.句子給予了annealing一個(gè)明確的定義，即“退火”。②Itwillbeveryhardbutalsovery

brittle

—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.從thatis(也就是說(shuō))后的解釋中我們可以了解到，brittle是“脆的”意思。③The

herdsman,_wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650

yuan

ayear.定語(yǔ)從句中l(wèi)ooksaftersheep就表明了herdsman的詞義為“牧人”。④Theweatherinthisareais

treacherous;_itssuddenchangesoftenendangerthelivesofsailors.分號(hào)后的句子在解釋什么樣的天氣是treacherous,suddenchange與treacherous在語(yǔ)義上相對(duì)應(yīng)，因此含義是“突變的”。⑤Somegoodreadersfindithelpfultousetheirsenseto

visualize

—orpicture—whattheyread.visualize的意思由破折號(hào)后的picture(想象)給出了說(shuō)明，因此含義為“想象”。⑥WhenPresidentTorrijosofPanamametCarter,hetriedtogivehimafriendly

abrazo

(hug)．a(chǎn)brazo對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)都很陌生，但由括號(hào)內(nèi)的hug(擁抱)，我們不難推測(cè)abrazo也是“擁抱”的意思。例子1Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenationstateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,and

dominant

languagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.29．Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinparagraph2?A．Complex.

B．Advanced.C．Powerful.

D．Modern.[分析]根據(jù)畫(huà)線詞所在句子可知，人類(lèi)社會(huì)發(fā)展的很多因素導(dǎo)致許多語(yǔ)言消失，而逐漸被英語(yǔ)、西班牙語(yǔ)、漢語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)言取代，畫(huà)線詞前后的解釋暗示了這些語(yǔ)言逐漸占主導(dǎo)地位，故選C項(xiàng)powerful(強(qiáng)大的，有影響力的)。2.根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)閱讀中出現(xiàn)的難詞有時(shí)后面緊跟一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)，對(duì)前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋?zhuān)虼丝衫猛魂P(guān)系對(duì)前面的詞義或句意進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。例如：①Theytraveledalongway,atlastgottoa

castle,_alargebuildinginoldtimes.同位語(yǔ)部分“alargebuildinginoldtimes”給出了castle的確切詞義，即古時(shí)候的“城堡”。②Weareonthe

night_shift

—frommidnightto8a．m.—thisweek.兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的短語(yǔ)很清楚地表明nightshift是“夜班”的意思。③The“Chunnel”，atunnel(隧道)connectingEnglandandFrance,isnowcomplete.此句中“atunnel(隧道)connectingEnglandandFrance”是Chunnel的同位語(yǔ)。因此，Chunnel指的就是英法之間的海底隧道。例子2IamPeterHodes,avolunteerstemcell

courier.SinceMarch2012,I'vedone89trips—ofthose,51havebeenabroad.Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells(干細(xì)胞)inmylittleboxbecauseI'vegottwoicepacksandthat'showlongt