影像診斷學(xué)超聲成像課件

匯報(bào)人：xxx20xx-03-15影像診斷學(xué)超聲成像ppt課件超聲成像基本原理與設(shè)備超聲圖像特點(diǎn)與解讀技巧腹部臟器超聲診斷應(yīng)用心血管系統(tǒng)超聲診斷技術(shù)婦產(chǎn)科領(lǐng)域超聲應(yīng)用淺表器官及肌肉骨骼超聲診斷目錄01超聲成像基本原理與設(shè)備03超聲波與人體zu織相互作用超聲波在人體zu織中傳播時(shí)，會發(fā)生吸收、衰減、反射等現(xiàn)象，這些現(xiàn)象與人體zu織的聲學(xué)特性密切相關(guān)。01超聲波產(chǎn)生通過壓電效應(yīng)或電磁效應(yīng)等方式，將電能轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械振動(dòng)能，從而產(chǎn)生超聲波。02超聲波傳播超聲波在介質(zhì)中傳播時(shí)，遵循聲波傳播的基本規(guī)律，如反射、折射、散射等。超聲波產(chǎn)生與傳播機(jī)制超聲換能器是實(shí)現(xiàn)電能與機(jī)械振動(dòng)能相互轉(zhuǎn)換的器件，其工作原理基于壓電效應(yīng)或電磁效應(yīng)。根據(jù)換能器的結(jié)構(gòu)和工作原理，可分為壓電式換能器、電磁式換能器等。其中，壓電式換能器因其靈敏度高、穩(wěn)定性好等優(yōu)點(diǎn)而被廣泛應(yīng)用。超聲換能器原理及分類超聲換能器分類超聲換能器原理以下附贈各項(xiàng)管理制度英文版（不需要可刪）急救藥品、器材管理制度:1.Rescuedrugsandequipmentshouldbe"fivefixed"(fixedquantityandvariety,designatedplacement,designatedpersonstorage,regulardisinfectionandsterilization,regularinspectionandmaintenance)and"twotimely"(timelyinspectionandmaintenance,timelyreceiptandsupplementation).Theitemisclearlymarkedandcannotbeusedarbitrarily.2.Thenecessaryrescueequipmentiscomplete,ingoodperformance,andinstandbycondition.3.Therescuedrugsarecomplete,withcleardruglabelsandnodiscoloration,deterioration,expiration,ordamage.Theyshouldbeplacedandusedintheorderofdrugexpirationdates(fromrighttoleft).4.Emergencydrugsanditemsforeachdepartment'srescuevehicleshallbeuniformlyequippedaccordingtorequirements.Specializedemergencydrugsanditemsmustbereviewedandapprovedbythedepartmentdirectortodeterminethetype,quantity,specifications,anddosagetobeequipped.Rescuevehiclesmustbeplacedindesignatedlocationsandmanagedbydesignatedpersonneltoensuresafetyandeaseofuse.5.Afterusingrescuedrugsandequipment,theyshouldbefullyreplenishedwithin24hours.Iftheycannotbereplenishedduetospecialreasons,theyshouldbenotedonthehandoverregistrationformandreportedtotheheadnurseforcoordinationandresolutiontoensuretimelyuseduringpatientrescue.6.Thereisaregistrationbookfortheprovisionofdrugsandequipment.Ensureconsistencybetweenaccountsandmaterials,andhandoverbetweenshifts.7.Managementofsealedrescuevehicles:Beforesealing,theheadnurse(ornurseincharge)andanothernurseshallcountthedrugsandequipmentaccordingtotheregistrationbookofdrugandequipmentequipment,verifytheiraccuracy,andsealthemwithaseal.Twopeopleshallsignandfillinthesealingtime.Nurseschecktheconditionofthesealsoncepershiftandcompletethehandover.Theresponsiblenursescheckonceaweek,andtheheadnurseandresponsiblenursesopenthesealsandinspectthedrugsandequipmentintheambulanceonceamonth,withrecordskept.8.Nonsealedrescuevehiclemanagement:Eachshiftshallcountthedrugsandequipmentaccordingtotheregistrationbookandcompletethehandover.Theresponsiblenurseshallinspectonceaweek,andtheheadnurseshallinspectonceeverytwoweeksandkeeprecords,ensuringthattheaccountsmatchthematerials.護(hù)理文書書寫制度:

1.Nursingstaffstrictlyfollowthelatestrequirementswhenwritingnursingmedicalrecords.2.Thecontentofnursingrecordsshouldbeobjective,truthful,accurate,timely,complete,andstandardized.3.Allnursingdocumentsshouldbewrittenwithablueblackorcarboninkpen.4.AllnursingdocumentsshouldbewritteninArabicnumeralsfordateandtime,withdatesinyears,months,anddays,usinga24-hoursystem,specifictominutes.5.WritingshoulduseChinese,medicalterminology,andcommonlyusedforeignlanguageabbreviations;Completerecorditems;Thetextisneat,thehandwritingisclear,andthelayoutisclean;Accurateexpression,fluentsentences,simpleandconcise:correctformatandpunctuation,notypos.6.Whenerrorsoccurduringthewritingprocess,doublelinethemonthewrongwords,keeptheoriginalrecordclearanddistinguishable,signthemodifier,indicatethemodificationtime,continuetowritethecorrectcontent,anddonotusescraping,sticking,paintingorothermethodstocoveruporremovetheoriginalhandwriting.Eachpageshouldbemodifiednomorethantwotimes,otherwisetheoriginalrecorderwillpromptlycopyagain(exceptformodificationsmadebysuperiors).7.Nursingrecordswrittenbyinternnurses,probationarynurses,orunregisterednursesshouldbereviewedandsignedbynurseswithlegalprofessionalqualificationsinthismedicalinstitution.8.Furthertrainingnursescanonlywritenursingdocumentsafterbeingrecognizedbythemedicalinstitutionreceivingthetrainingfortheirworkability.9.Superiornursingstaffhavetheresponsibilitytoreviewandmodifythewrittenrecordsofsubordinatenursingstaff.Whenmakingmodifications,reddoublelinesshouldbeusedtomarkerrors,writethemodifiedcontent,signandindicatethemodificationtime.10.Temperaturerecords,medicalorders,patientcarerecords,andsurgicalinventoryrecordsshouldbearchivedontime.超聲成像系統(tǒng)組成超聲發(fā)射電路產(chǎn)生高頻電信號，驅(qū)動(dòng)超聲換能器發(fā)射超聲波。超聲接收電路接收超聲換能器接收到的回波信號，并進(jìn)行放大、濾波等處理。信號處理與圖像顯示系統(tǒng)對接收到的回波信號進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步處理，如數(shù)字掃描轉(zhuǎn)換、圖像增強(qiáng)等，最終將超聲圖像顯示在屏幕上。分辨率超聲設(shè)備的分辨率包括空間分辨率和對比度分辨率?？臻g分辨率指設(shè)備能夠區(qū)分相鄰兩個(gè)點(diǎn)的能力；對比度分辨率指設(shè)備能夠區(qū)分不同灰度級別的能力。靈敏度超聲設(shè)備的靈敏度指設(shè)備對微弱信號的檢測能力。靈敏度越高，能夠檢測到的信號就越弱。實(shí)時(shí)性超聲設(shè)備的實(shí)時(shí)性指設(shè)備能夠?qū)崟r(shí)顯示超聲圖像的能力。實(shí)時(shí)性越好，醫(yī)生就能夠更快地獲取診斷信息。穿透力超聲設(shè)備的穿透力指超聲波能夠穿透人體zu織的深度。穿透力越強(qiáng)，能夠探測到的zu織深度就越大。超聲設(shè)備性能指標(biāo)02超聲圖像特點(diǎn)與解讀技巧反映zu織器官對聲波的反射和吸收能力，不同zu織回聲強(qiáng)度不同?；芈晱?qiáng)度不同zu織器官具有特定的回聲形態(tài)，如實(shí)質(zhì)性臟器呈均勻性回聲，含液臟器呈無回聲或低回聲?；芈曅螒B(tài)反映zu織器官的輪廓和邊界是否清晰，有助于判斷病變的浸潤范圍。邊界清晰度聲波在傳播過程中遇到不同聲阻抗的界面時(shí)，會發(fā)生反射、折射等聲學(xué)現(xiàn)象，導(dǎo)致后方回聲增強(qiáng)或減弱。后方回聲超聲圖像基本特征分析肝臟正常肝臟呈均勻性中等回聲，肝內(nèi)血管呈管狀結(jié)構(gòu)，走行自然。病變肝臟可出現(xiàn)回聲增強(qiáng)、減弱、不均勻等改變。胰腺正常胰腺呈均勻性低回聲，邊界清晰。胰腺炎、胰腺癌等疾病可導(dǎo)致胰腺腫大、回聲不均等改變。膽囊正常膽囊呈無回聲區(qū)，囊壁光滑。膽囊炎、膽囊結(jié)石等疾病可導(dǎo)致膽囊壁增厚、毛糙，囊內(nèi)出現(xiàn)點(diǎn)狀、團(tuán)狀強(qiáng)回聲等改變。脾臟正常脾臟呈均勻性低回聲，邊界清晰。脾腫大、脾破裂等疾病可導(dǎo)致脾臟形態(tài)和回聲發(fā)生改變。器官組織在超聲下表現(xiàn)差異利用多普勒原理檢測血流信號，可直觀顯示血流方向、速度和性質(zhì)。有助于判斷血管狹窄、閉塞、血栓等疾病。彩色多普勒超聲定量分析血流速度和血流性質(zhì)，可判斷血管病變的嚴(yán)重程度和血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變。頻譜多普勒超聲血流信號的異?？煞从硓u織器官的生理和病理變化，如腫瘤的血流信號豐富程度與其惡性程度相關(guān)。血流信號的意義血流信號識別及意義解讀典型病例圖像展示與討論肝囊腫的超聲圖像特征及其鑒別診斷。膽囊結(jié)石的超聲圖像表現(xiàn)及手術(shù)指征探討。胰腺癌的超聲診斷及與胰腺炎的鑒別診斷要點(diǎn)分析。脾破裂的超聲圖像特征及急診處理措施探討。病例一病例二病例三病例四03腹部臟器超聲診斷應(yīng)用肝臟大小、形態(tài)及回聲特征評估占位性病變檢測與鑒別診斷血管走行及血流信號觀察彌漫性病變識別與評估肝臟疾病超聲診斷要點(diǎn)膽道系統(tǒng)結(jié)石及腫瘤檢測膽囊大小、形態(tài)及壁厚度評估膽道腫瘤檢測與鑒別診斷結(jié)石位置、大小及聲影特征識別膽道梗阻原因分析與定位胰腺炎程度與并發(fā)癥識別胰腺大小、形態(tài)及回聲特征評估胰腺占位性病變檢測與鑒別診斷胰腺血管走行及血流信號觀察01020304胰腺炎癥和占位性病變評估02030401脾臟腫大原因分析及鑒別診斷脾臟大小、形態(tài)及回聲特征評估血管走行及血流信號觀察脾臟腫大原因分析與分類相關(guān)疾病鑒別診斷與思路04心血管系統(tǒng)超聲診斷技術(shù)M型超聲心動(dòng)圖通過心臟各層組織和結(jié)構(gòu)的回聲強(qiáng)度和時(shí)間關(guān)系，評估心臟收縮和舒張功能。二維超聲心動(dòng)圖實(shí)時(shí)顯示心臟結(jié)構(gòu)和運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)，觀察心腔大小、室壁厚度及運(yùn)動(dòng)幅度等。多普勒超聲心動(dòng)圖利用多普勒效應(yīng)檢測心臟和大血管內(nèi)的血流速度和方向，評估心臟血流動(dòng)力學(xué)狀態(tài)。心臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能評估方法瓣膜狹窄和關(guān)閉不全檢測利用多普勒超聲心動(dòng)圖檢測瓣膜口血流速度和壓力差，評估瓣膜狹窄和關(guān)閉不全程度。瓣膜脫垂和穿孔診斷通過二維和多普勒超聲心動(dòng)圖觀察瓣膜脫垂和穿孔的位置、大小和程度。瓣膜形態(tài)和結(jié)構(gòu)觀察通過二維和多普勒超聲心動(dòng)圖觀察瓣膜形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)、活動(dòng)度和關(guān)閉情況。心臟瓣膜病變檢測技巧新生兒心臟超聲檢查出生后對新生兒進(jìn)行心臟超聲檢查，及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)和治療先天性心臟病。兒童心臟超聲檢查對兒童進(jìn)行定期心臟超聲檢查，監(jiān)測先天性心臟病的病情變化和治療效果。胎兒心臟超聲檢查在孕期對胎兒進(jìn)行心臟超聲檢查，篩查先天性心臟病。先天性心臟病篩查策略靜脈血栓診斷利用多普勒超聲檢測靜脈內(nèi)血流速度和方向，觀察靜脈內(nèi)血栓的位置、大小和形態(tài)。血管狹窄和閉塞檢測利用多普勒超聲檢測血管狹窄和閉塞的位置、程度和長度，評估血管功能和血流動(dòng)力學(xué)狀態(tài)。動(dòng)脈瘤和動(dòng)脈夾層診斷通過二維和多普勒超聲觀察動(dòng)脈壁的形態(tài)和結(jié)構(gòu)，診斷動(dòng)脈瘤和動(dòng)脈夾層等血管疾病。動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化檢測通過超聲檢測動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜厚度、斑塊大小和穩(wěn)定性等，評估動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的程度和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。周圍血管疾病超聲診斷05婦產(chǎn)科領(lǐng)域超聲應(yīng)用通過超聲成像觀察孕囊位置、大小及胎心搏動(dòng)，確認(rèn)宮內(nèi)妊娠。確定宮內(nèi)妊娠監(jiān)測胚胎發(fā)育發(fā)現(xiàn)異常情況定期超聲檢查可觀察胚胎生長發(fā)育情況，包括胎芽、胎心等。如胚胎停育、異位妊娠、葡萄胎等，及時(shí)采取相應(yīng)處理措施。030201早期妊娠監(jiān)測和異常情況處理通過超聲測量胎兒雙頂徑、頭圍、腹圍、股骨長等參數(shù)，評估胎兒生長發(fā)育情況。測量胎兒生長參數(shù)超聲檢查可觀察胎兒各器官、系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)育情況，如顱腦、心臟、肺臟、肝臟、腎臟等。觀察胎兒結(jié)構(gòu)通過超聲多普勒技術(shù)評估胎兒血流情況，如臍動(dòng)脈、大腦中動(dòng)脈等血流參數(shù)。評估胎兒血流動(dòng)力學(xué)胎兒生長發(fā)育評估方法123超聲檢查可發(fā)現(xiàn)子宮肌瘤、卵巢腫瘤等婦科腫瘤，并初步判斷其良惡性。篩查婦科腫瘤結(jié)合臨床癥狀和實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查，對婦科腫瘤進(jìn)行鑒別診斷，如巧克力囊腫與卵巢囊腺瘤的鑒別等。鑒別診斷超聲檢查可評估婦科腫瘤的分期及治療效果，為臨床治療方案制定提供參考。評估腫瘤分期及治療效果婦科腫瘤篩查及鑒別診斷計(jì)劃生育手術(shù)輔助決策輔助節(jié)育器放置超聲檢查可觀察子宮形態(tài)、大小及位